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Taking stock of global progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement requires consistently measuring aggregate national actions and pledges against modelled mitigation pathways1. However, national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and scientific assessments of anthropogenic emissions follow different accounting conventions for land-based carbon fluxes resulting in a large difference in the present emission estimates2,3, a gap that will evolve over time. Using state-of-the-art methodologies4 and a land carbon-cycle emulator5, we align the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-assessed mitigation pathways with the NGHGIs to make a comparison. We find that the key global mitigation benchmarks become harder to achieve when calculated using the NGHGI conventions, requiring both earlier net-zero CO2 timing and lower cumulative emissions. Furthermore, weakening natural carbon removal processes such as carbon fertilization can mask anthropogenic land-based removal efforts, with t

France generalUnited kingdomGlasgow cityGuidelines for national greenhouse gas inventoriesContribution of working groupIntergovernmental panel on climate changeIntergovernmental panel on climateInternational electronic conference on forestsUnited nationsTask force on national greenhouse gas inventoriesNational anthropogenic emissionsCarbon budgetTechnical assessment componentFirst global stocktakeDetermined contributionsRevised note