Fossil endocasts record features of brains from the past: size, shape, vasculature, and gyrification. These data, alongside experimental and comparative evidence, are needed to resolve questions about brain energetics, cognitive specializations, and developmental plasticity. Through the application of interdisciplinary techniques to the fossil record, paleoneurology has been leading major innovations. Neuroimaging is shedding light on fossil brain organization and behaviors. Inferences about the development and physiology of the brains of extinct species can be experimentally investigated through brain organoids and transgenic models based on ancient DNA. Phylogenetic comparative methods integrate data across species and associate genotypes to phenotypes, and brains to behaviors. Meanwhile, fossil and archeological discoveries continuously contribute new knowledge. Through cooperation, the scientific community can accelerate knowledge acquisition. Sharing digitized museum collections i
Tens of thousands of years before modern humans dominion over the planet, there they were on a Laotian mountaintop. Though, it seems their lineages went extinct
Tens of thousands of years before modern humans dominion over the planet, there they were on a Laotian mountaintop. Though, it seems their lineages went extinct
Homo sapiens remains found ‘sandwiched’ between layers of Neanderthal habitation in Rhone Valley cave push back the clock on earliest known arrival of modern humans in Europe by 10,000 years
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