The last million. Europes displaced persons from world war to the cold war. Im joel rosenthal, Prime Minister of Carnegie Council for ethics and international affairs. For those of us in the carnegie family of institutions, we have a special affection for david. His biography of Andrew Carnegie published in 2006 was a lifechanging event for us. Through davids work, weve come to know Andrew Carnegie in all of his humanity and complexity, and theres one lesson from the book that really stayed with me and has animated my work at the Carnegie Council, and that is the as david would put it cashtys carnegies cockeyed optimism was not entirely misplaced. For all the madness we see in the world, progress based on reason and a cando spirit is, indeed, possible. That idea keeps me going, and this occasion gives me the opportunity to say thank you, david. In addition to the carnegie biography, davids previous books include prizewinning biographies of joseph p. Kennedy and William Randolph hearst.