Introduction
Since the World Health Organisation declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020, governments worldwide have made significant efforts to cope with this unforeseen situation and control the spread of the virus. Numerous legal provisions, both temporary and permanent, have been introduced in an attempt to strike a delicate balance between public health and safety, individual freedoms and economic stability. As a result, a complex maze of laws, regulations, directives, recommendations and instructions has made it difficult to identify the obligations of air passengers.
This article is the first in a series which provides a snapshot of new Spanish legislation that affects the air travel industry. At the time of writing, the pandemic is far from under control, although substantial progress has been made with the approval of rapid detection tests and the imminent deployment of vaccines. Nonetheless, many of the measures passed by governments in recent months ap
According to the doctrine of equivalents, even when an accused invention includes a modified element in contrast with the elements in the patented claim, if they are practically equivalent, the accused invention infringes the patented invention. Despite court rulings which make it possible for patents to be protected according to the real value of the invention, there is arguably increased uncertainty about the possibility for equivalent infringement.
Employers can implement a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy, subject to some conditions and exceptions. There are a number of factors that employers should consider when determining whether to make a COVID-19 vaccine mandatory or voluntary, including the administrative burden, legal exposure and public relations issues. This article answers employers' key questions on the matter.
Introduction
Ensuring the effective enforcement of judgments is a crucial aspect of a successful litigation strategy. The Cayman Islands recognises that valid decisions made elsewhere should be as enforceable as domestic judgments. While the statutory regime for registration and enforcement has been extended to only some of the superior courts of Australia and its external territories, the Cayman courts are willing to consider extending assistance to all judgment creditors through the well-trodden common law route.
Additionally, rather than merely seeking recognition of a monetary judgment, a plaintiff may wish to consider direct recourse to insolvency proceedings or the holder of a non-monetary judgment may consider relief in aid of those foreign proceedings.
Future superbank
The planned merger of three banks into a new Hungarian bank holding (a so-called superbank ) was announced in Spring 2020. Budapest Bank, MKB Bank and the savings group Takarékbank will be owned by the newly created Magyar Bankholding and will thereby form the second largest banking group in Hungary after OTP Bank.
Government s power to exempt certain mergers from scrutiny – what this means in practice
Normally, such a merger would require competition authority approval. However, pursuant to a 2013 amendment to the Competition Act, in matters relevant to the public interest (ie, to preserve jobs and assure security of supplies), the government can declare that a certain concentration of companies is strategically important at a national level. Such a declaration must be ordered on a case-by-case basis by way of a government decree. This exempts certain specific mergers from the Hungarian Competition Authority s (HCA s) scrutiny (ie, merging parties have no obl