Our integrated review anticipated this and talked about the increasing competition from state based threats and identified these things, but as i said, what is new is the pace and intensity of where we arent seeing these threats emerge, and i commend to everyone the Chatham House speech which talked about this as well where we are seeing these threats. Asjens stoltenberg highlighted, the interconnectedness when you have state supporting each other and working together, that is what we have to recognise has changed. That is why it is important we make the investment and make it now and i believe it is the right thing to do. What was your second question . Inaudible that is the main thing, but the one thing i would point out, because we have been talking a lot about it, we should approach the question from a position of strength and confidence. Ukraine is a good example of that. If you think back a couple of years, and im sure this would be echoed by jens, Special Operation undertook by russia was meant to be over in a couple of weeks, everyone was meant to go home after ukraine was subjugated, but if you take a step back, Vladimir Putin has absolutely failed in all of his big strategic objectives, and you can see that in a lot of different ways. Half the land that russia initially took has been recaptured by the ukrainians, incredible bravery, and if you look at what is happening to Russian Armoured vehicles, they have had thousands and thousands that have been lost, which will take them years to recover that capability. If you look at what is happening in the black sea most recently, this is a country that did not have a functioning navy properly which has taken up 25 of vessels in the black sea and now is exporting more grain through the black sea than it did through the black sea than it did through the black sea than it did through the black Sea Grain Initiative and pretty much back to prewar levels. And more strategically, asjens can speak to, the allies are united and Defence Spending is growing and nato has a couple of new members, so russia has not succeeded on any of these measures, it has been a huge strategic failure for russia. There is talk about the geography and the territorial gains, but to put this in context, to places that russia just made some progress in geographically, yes, but to give you a sense of scale, one is the size of basildon and one is about the size of eastbourne. So that is the sum total of the russian gains over the past nine months of fighting and that has come at a cost of Tens Of Thousands of injuries or russian soldiers who have lost their lives. So yes, there are more threats and we should approach the situation from a position of strength and confidence because we have been making the right investments and nato is strong and the alliance is strong and people are doing the right thing and so on those objectives russia has not succeeded but we cannot be complacent and that is why we have made the announcement today. In is why we have made the announcement toda. ,. ,. , today. In terms of the prewar eriod, today. In terms of the prewar period. Well. Today. In terms of the prewar period, well, we today. In terms of the prewar period, well, we live period, well, we live in a more dangerous world, and we see that russia dangerous world, and we see that russia is dangerous world, and we see that russia is willing to use Military Force russia is willing to use Military Force against their neighbour ukraine force against their neighbour ukraine to achieve their goals and at the ukraine to achieve their goals and at the same time it we need to rememher at the same time it we need to remember that nato has won a core purpose. Remember that nato has won a core purpose. To remember that nato has won a core purpose, to prevent war and preserve peace, purpose, to prevent war and preserve peace, and purpose, to prevent war and preserve peace, and that is why nato was established and why we exist, and nato has established and why we exist, and nato has successfully been able to prevent nato has successfully been able to prevent any armed attack against any nato aliv prevent any armed attack against any nato ally over 75 years, even in the most nato ally over 75 years, even in the most difficult period of the cold war, most difficult period of the cold war. We most difficult period of the cold war, we preserved peace. Ouraim is to continue war, we preserved peace. Ouraim is to continue to war, we preserved peace. Ouraim is to continue to do so and im confident to continue to do so and im confident that we will be able to do that as confident that we will be able to do that as long as we stand together, north that as long as we stand together, North America and europe, we have allies North America and europe, we have atties tike North America and europe, we have allies like the uk which is now investing allies like the uk which is now investing more and taking this seriousty~ investing more and taking this seriously. So that applies to authoritarian powers who are becoming more closely aligned, and because becoming more closely aligned, and because we take that seriously which was why because we take that seriously which was why we because we take that seriously which was why we address in nato and why we are was why we address in nato and why we are investing more but again, ust we are investing more but again, just a we are investing more but again, just a nato we are investing more but again, just a nato allies, we are 50 of the Military Power in the world, the strongest the Military Power in the world, the Strongest Military power in the world Strongest Military power in the world and if you then add our partners. World and if you then add our partners, japan and south korea, which partners, japan and south korea, which i partners, japan and south korea, which i very partners, japan and south korea, which i very much with us in addressing these challenges, we are safe, as addressing these challenges, we are safe, as long as we stand together which safe, as long as we stand together which are safe, as long as we stand together which are very much with us. What i which are very much with us. What i can which are very much with us. What i can tell which are very much with us. What i can tell you which are very much with us. What i can tell you is which are very much with us. What i can tell you is that if we stand together i can tell you is that if we stand together we will be able to protect and preserve peace for nato allies. I am and preserve peace for nato allies. I am up and preserve peace for nato allies. I am up against the clock a bit so i will try to go through a couple more. Now we have gb news. Secretary general, you said that we cannot secretary general, you said that we cannot expect secretary general, you said that we cannot expect america secretary general, you said that we cannot expect america to secretary general, you said that we cannot expect america to always secretary general, you said that we i cannot expect america to always hear the Burden Cannot expect america to always hear the burden and cannot expect america to always hear the burden and pay cannot expect america to always hear the burden and pay up, cannot expect america to always hear the burden and pay up, and cannot expect america to always hear the burden and pay up, and althoughl the burden and pay up, and although donald the burden and pay up, and although Donald Trunrb the burden and pay up, and although donald trump but the burden and pay up, and although donald trump put it the burden and pay up, and although donald trump put it very the burden and pay up, and although donald trump put it very bluntly, the burden and pay up, and although donald trump put it very bluntly, he | donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right that donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right that poland donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right that poland is donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right that poland is paying donald trump put it very bluntly, he is right that poland is paying their. Is right that poland is paying their way and is right that poland is paying their way and the is right that poland is paying their wayand the uk is right that poland is paying their way and the uk is is right that poland is paying their way and the uk is but is right that poland is paying their way and the uk is but there is right that poland is paying their way and the uk is but there are l is right that poland is paying their way and the uk is but there are many members way and the uk is but there are many members of way and the uk is but there are many members of nato way and the uk is but there are many members of nato not way and the uk is but there are many members of nato not paying way and the uk is but there are many members of nato not paying the way and the uk is but there are many members of nato not paying the 2 , | members of nato not paying the 2 , so how members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do you members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do you get members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do you get them members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do you get them actually members of nato not paying the 2 , so how do you get them actually to l so how do you get them actually to pay their so how do you get them actually to pay their fair so how do you get them actually to pay theirfair share . So how do you get them actually to pay their fair share . And so how do you get them actually to pay their fair share . And also, pay their fair share . And also, prime pay their fair share . And also, Prime Minister, pay their fair share . And also, Prime Minister, a pay their fair share . And also, Prime Minister, a lot pay their fair share . And also, Prime Minister, a lot of pay their fair share . And also, Prime Minister, a lot of bravel Prime Minister, a lot of brave service Prime Minister, a lot of Brave Service MenPrime Minister, a lot of Brave Service Men and Prime Minister, a lot of Brave Service Men and women Prime Minister, a lot of Brave Service Men and women here| Prime Minister, a lot of Brave Service Men and women here today, but there service men and women here today, but there is service men and women here today, but there is a service men and women here today, but there is a Crisis Service men and women here today, but there is a crisis in service men and women here today, but there is a crisis in recruitment. But there is a crisis in recruitment of the but there is a crisis in recruitment of the military, but there is a crisis in recruitment of the military, so but there is a crisis in recruitment of the military, so how but there is a crisis in recruitment of the military, so how do but there is a crisis in recruitment of the military, so how do you but there is a crisis in recruitmentl of the military, so how do you that and how of the military, so how do you that and how you of the military, so how do you that and how you encourage of the military, so how do you that and how you encourage people of the military, so how do you that and how you encourage people toi and how you encourage people to realise and how you encourage people to realise that and how you encourage people to realise that this and how you encourage people to realise that this is and how you encourage people to realise that this is a and how you encourage people to realise that this is a career and how you encourage people to realise that this is a career worth| realise that this is a career worth having . Realise that this is a career worth havin . ,. ,. ,. , realise that this is a Career Worth Havinu . ,. ,. ,. , having . First of all, several us president s having . First of all, several us president s have having . First of all, several us president s have called having . First of all, several us president s have called for having . First of all, several us| president s have called for more defence president s have called for more Defence Spending from nato allies in europe Defence Spending from nato allies in europe and canada, and we had a call from john europe and canada, and we had a call from john kennedy asking european allies to from john kennedy asking european allies to pay more and it was president allies to pay more and it was President Biden at the cardiff summit, President Biden at the cardiff summit, that is when we agreed to spend summit, that is when we agreed to spend more summit, that is when we agreed to spend more as allies together at that summit, and President Trump also expressed is very strongly to nato also expressed is very strongly to nato allies as President Biden has done, nato allies as President Biden has done, so nato allies as President Biden has done, so this has been a consistent us message, and a uk message that allies us message, and a uk message that atties were us message, and a uk message that allies were spending less than 2 , that they allies were spending less than 2 , that they should be spending more, and the that they should be spending more, and the good news is that we have had a and the good news is that we have had a significant increase. I will give had a significant increase. I will give you had a significant increase. I will give you final numbers injuly ahead of the give you final numbers injuly ahead of the nato give you final numbers injuly ahead of the nato summit but i expect it will be of the nato summit but i expect it will be two thirds of allies who will be two thirds of allies who will be will be two thirds of allies who will be at will be two thirds of allies who will be at 2 which is not all of them will be at 2 which is not all of them but will be at 2 which is not all of them but significantly better than ust them but significantly better than just a them but significantly better than just a few years ago. I expect all allies just a few years ago. I expect all atties who just a few years ago. I expect all allies who are not at 2 , first of allies who are not at 2 , first of all they allies who are not at 2 , first of all they have moved closer to it, and every all they have moved closer to it, and every ally has increased, and expect and every ally has increased, and expect that those allies who are not at 2 expect that those allies who are not at 2 will expect that those allies who are not at 2 will have clear plans in place to be at 2 will have clear plans in place to be there at 2 will have clear plans in place to be there very soon. Therefore, we have a to be there very soon. Therefore, we have a much to be there very soon. Therefore, we have a much fairer Burden Sharer amongst have a much fairer Burden Sharer amongst the allies injust have a much fairer Burden Sharer amongst the allies in just a few years amongst the allies in just a few years ago amongst the allies in just a few years ago. Burden sharing. The amongst the allies in just a few years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doinu years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its part years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its part and years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its part and it years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its part and it is years ago. Burden sharing. The uk is doing its part and it is right is doing its part and it is right that we demonstrate to our american friends that we are prepared to make the sacrifices and invest in our own security, as we did in 2014 we have stepped up and lead by example to help galvanise others to do the same and make sure continued american support for our security as well. Im very privileged, my constituency is in North Yorkshire and i have a great privilege of representing a garrison which is our largest army base, and also raf leeming, and i have at the enormous privilege of representing everyone here and maybe some of you, and i have the enormous privilege of representing all of the armed forces in my currentjob, we are very lucky, everywhere i go i hear nothing but praise for the professionalism of the armed forces. They are the people that Everyone Wants to work with and they are very excited when they are on joint exercises with all of you, which im sure jens exercises with all of you, which im surejens will exercises with all of you, which im sure jens will attest to with all our nato partners. I spent the night on one of our for our nato partners. I spent the night on one of ourfor it our nato partners. I spent the night on one of our for it destroys some time ago and they had just been on a nato exercise frigate destroyers. Everyone was talking positively about what was brought to the table but it is important that we continue to support you, because yes, its about pay and making sure that you are paid properly but making sure that the accommodation that you and your families live in that the accommodation that you and yourfamilies live in is fit that the accommodation that you and your families live in is fit for standard and i acknowledge that has not alw