I want to show our mosaic of the pluto system. This has twice the resolution of the previous best global image and its just mouthwatering. The level of detail is spectacular. This image has a resolution of about 2. 2 kilometers per pixel. Just looking at it you can tell as our science team can that pluto has a very complicated story to tell. Pluto has a very interesting history, and theres a lot of work that we need to do to understand this very complicated place. I want to stress that. I want to drive it home by showing you this image of higher magnification. If i can go to the next set were going to look at just the northern half of that image. We can easily blow it up even further, and you can see across the northern terrains here which include the north pole, by the way this is a true color image. Essentially true color as your i might see it a whole range of geologic expression. Kathy and bill will be talking about this quite a bit more, so i will not steal their thunder but just let your eyes gaze from the left across the disk over to the east. You can see different geologic units, different kinds of features telling that complicated story again, which is there for us to unravel. If i can have the next set of we go to the south, you see a still more cup located story with the great equatorial regions. The heart on pluto and what looked like massive tectonic features both radially emanating as well as others that run more or less northsouth. You will hear more about that later. I do want to tell you about one aspect of the interpretation weve been making over the last week they looking more carefully at the imagery. Like a real heart, it has two loads on the left and right side. The left is the western side and i think even to your eye, you can distinction difference tween those two. The right lobe looks like a much thinner deposit that has been painted on the topography. Our interpretation of that material in the right lobe as well as the material imitating to the south below the western lobe is that in both cases, we believe the source with that material is the western lobe probably nitrogen snow is being transported off source region of the western lobe, but perhaps by wind and alien transport perhaps by sublimation and wind and recondensation or perhaps by a process we have not thought about. But in any case, we think we are coming to understand this feature just a little bit. It is early days. Bill may have a little bit more to say about that. What i want to talk about next is our next timestamp, which is a false color image, which has been stressed to show the dramatic differences in color units on pluto and how they coordinate with the geology. This is pretty mind blowing. Kathy will have a lot more to say about it and what it means in the bigger picture, but as you can see, for example, with the western and eastern lobes we just talked about, they have different colors. They are telling us something in that, and soon we will have composition spectra city to support that at very High Resolutions. You can see that the polar regions have a different color still, and as we get down in the dark equatorial regions, there is still more information. This tells us that the payload that we brought to bear on the reconnaissance of the pluto system is really the right payload because we have on board the spacecraft now tremendous data sets with higher resolution color than this, higher resolution mapping for doing the geology, and a spectacular data set with compositional information with over 64,000 pixels we have put on the surface. Weve got a spectrum at every location. Were going to be able to tell the story very well over the next year. Really looking forward to that. Im going to move on to the next time set. Im going to tell you more about Atmospheric Science where we have also made some advances. This is to illustrate something about our ultraviolet occultation of plutos large moon charon. We designed this user go to look for an atmosphere around plutos largest moon. Theres been a pretty big body of literature speculating about how it could have an atmosphere. We just got the summary data down in the last few days. We do not yet have the full Spectral Data set. We will not have it until september. But if you look at that, you will be able to see the little yellow line represents the path of the sun as seen from the spacecraft moving behind charon. You see it just clips the northern regions of the moon. Thats exactly what we planned. That is exactly how we planned this trajectory to go. Just as you clip on either side of the body, you can see in that red and white graph that the light level from the sun just plummets straight to zero. Does not look anything like the data we showed you last week for pluto where we could clearly see a refractive signature, a slow decline in light levels. Here, its just basically a square wave, telling us it has much less atmosphere than pluto if any. We really cannot put strict browns on that yet because we do not have the spectra. We really cannot put strict bounds on it. For now, all we can say is its a much more rarefied atmosphere, confirming our preencounter notions. We are really looking forward to seeing just how rarefied that is. It may be that there is a nitrogen layer in the atmosphere or methane or some other constituent, but it must be very tenuous compared to pluto. Again emphasizing just how different these objects are despite their Close Association in space. I want to also speak to another part of our Atmospheric Science, which is that weve got some of the data for pluto where the deep Space Network transmitted a powerful signal up to pluto timed to arrive just as the spacecraft was passing behind the planet so we could measure the refractive index of the atmosphere. As you will hear more from mike, we got the data. They are beautiful data, and they have a wonderful scientific surprise the pressure in pluto press atmosphere measured a the base of the atmosphere for the first time in history is lower substantially lower than predicted and that is probably telling us the story, and mike will have more to say about that. I would like to close with one more timestamp. This is really a spectacular image. This is a silhouette of pluto looking back after the flyby. I think this is just fantastic. This is our equivalent on new horizons on the apollo first rise photograph that proves we were there. You can only get this image are going to pluto and crossing to the far side and looking back. As striking and spectacular as this image is emotionally, it also represents a huge scientific discovery because you see above the dark risk of pluto a band of light, which is actually telling us pluto has a haze layer in its atmosphere and mike is going to tell you more about it. Thank you alan. Good afternoon, everyone. Mr. Summers alan. Im going to talk about two new results on the atmosphere that are basically changing the way that we think about the atmosphere. Could i have the first graphic please . This is one of our first images of plutos atmosphere. This was the image that stunned the encounter team. For 25 years, weve known that pluto has an atmosphere, but it has been known by numbers. This is our first picture. This is the first time we have really seen it. This was the image that almost brought tears to the eyes of the atmospheric scientist on the team. What i want to tell you now is what we are seeing here this is the atmosphere. The light, the crescent you are seeing is sunlight scattered by small particles in the atmosphere, and these particles constitute a haze layer. This is a crosssection of that haze layer showing structure. The colors have then enhanced. They are not real colors, just so you can see that there is structure. There is an argument going on if this is dynamics or chemistry. This probably both, but the real answer is this is our first peek at weather in plutos atmosphere. To illustrate that a little bit more, theres a hint that there is either a layer of hayes at 30 miles, 50 miles, or a combination of layers and waves in this region. Those are the kinds of things we will have to sort out the coming weeks, and that will help us sort out how the atmosphere works, but the hayes is extensive, at least 100 miles above the surface. Thats a big surprise, five times further than our models predicted. Pauls predicted models predicted they would form where temperatures are called, but its forming high in the atmosphere where temperatures are hot from plutos specter, which is not hot from our perspective. Its a mystery. Its one of the things we will have to sort out in the coming days. Ok, the hayes haze is pretty. But it is a piece of the big story we are trying to understand, and thats how the atmosphere on the surfaces are connected. This is to illustrate one aspect. Could i have the next timestamp please . This shows how methane in the atmosphere is broken apart by ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and radicals, the small atoms and molecules that react trigger a Chemical Reaction that form complex hydrocarbons like ethylene and acetylene which were detected by new horizons. As time goes on, these buildup. They become supersaturated, and they should nuclease, form haze particles, which then grow and eventually, they will get big enough so you will see a haze layer, and then it will fall to the ground. At some point in this cycle these particles are chemically processed to produce chemically altered hydrocarbons that have a red color. We think that is how plutos surface got its reddish hue. In a minute, kathy will talk about the color and composition but this is just one piece of that story, not a coherent piece. There are some mysteries. As i said, we do not understand why there is a haze layer of the 100 miles altitude. It really is a mystery. The next story regards surface pressure. I will give you a little bit of context here. The surface pressure at any level is a measure of the weight of the air above that level and thats gravity acting on mass. If you know the surface pressure, you think you have a pretty good estimate of the total mass of that atmosphere, and it is important because that is a way of quantifying the global space of an atmosphere. Can i have been next graphic please . Ok this shows surface pressure on pluto as a function of time. The units might be strange to you. They are in micro bars. A micro bar is one million 1 one million of sealevel pressure on earth. What is interesting here is that in 1989, pluto was at its closest distance to the sun and now, pluto was moving away from the sun in its very elliptical orbit. As it moves away, it should be cooling. The nitrogen should be condensing onto the surface, and the mass should be decreasing, but we dont see that. We see the exact opposite. That has been very interesting. Nonetheless, we have been trying to figure this out. What im going to show you now is a new data point, more information that we had to add to this story. It is just one data point, but i do want to say it is significant, and we are going to have to figure it out. This is it. This is what the radio science experiment has contributed to this story a new data point which shows the surface pressure is at most 10 micro bars, so the mass, if you will, of plutos atmosphere has decreased by a factor of two in about two years. That is pretty astonishing, at least to an atmosphere scientists. That is telling you something is happening. It is just one data point. These are early retrievals. We got more data coming, as alan says, and theres more to the story, but its another mystery we will have to deal with over the next few weeks, months years, and so on. Ok, now, im going to turn it over to kathy, who will talk about the color and composition of plutos surface. Ms. Olkin ok. Now what i will tell you now is what we are seeing here this is the atmosphere and the light across as what you are seeing is light scattered. I want to talk about what were seeing scientifically and some of the things we know and understand from looking at this image. You can see the dark region. Remember, the stark regions all around that area. Just above it its a little bit brighter and a little bit less red. Remember, theres dark regions all around that area. If i can have the next graphic. Putting this latitude and longitude grid on this image allows you to help see, draw your eye to that banding pattern. I want to talk a little bit about it because it goes to the complexity mike was just talking about about the atmosphere and the surface and the interaction. Pluto has a very complicated seasonal pattern of transport it takes 248 years for pluto to go around the sun. Pluto has a very eccentric orbit, so sometimes its much closer to the sun than at other times. Also, additionally plutos north pole is tilted over at an angle of about 120 degrees relative to the plane that it orbits in. All of these factors together cause different parts of pluto to get different amounts of sunlight, and the sunlight is powering the sublimation from the surface into the atmosphere. Some parts are kind of eight like new the equator, and other parts received this condensation as you can see on the north here. Weve got a different pattern that you can see manifested on pluto that we understand from modeling of the seasonal transports, but there is one glaring difference in this pattern i just called out, and that is what clearly the reps this pattern of latitudinal variation of colors and brightness is, and one thing i should add is that the darker regions in the story i was telling of the seasonal transport are likely what mike was describing that was raining out from the hazes or falling from the atmosphere and a thesis. What is really special is we are seeing methane, nitrogen, and Carbon Monoxide there telling us something we need to understand. On the northern part, we see methane and nitrogen to jim, but not Carbon Monoxide. Maybe were seeing a source region for some of these. Well be looking at that in the future. As youve heard, we have a small bit of our compositional data down, and will get a lot more information when we get the rest down, but weve got some great images, and Bill Mckinnon is going to tell us about the geology of the region of the nearby vicinity. Mr. Mckinnon thanks, cathy. Ok, could i have my first graphic . Next, please. We will be looking at the fabulous near encounter hemisphere. I know you can see it. You can start the animation. What we have now is the full seven games of what will ultimately be a 12frame mosaic at higher resolution, but not even the highest resolution. That will come down later. This area on the next slide next. Yes. This mosaic covers in its entirety this vast more or less flat icy plain that we have been that we havent formally named. Its pretty big. Its just about the size of the state of texas. All around the periphery and in the interior geological wonders. I would like to share some of those with you. Could i have the next slide please . First, i would like to look at that orange box, the rectangle you see at the upper left of the mosaic. Next slide please. This is the northern boundary. Theres a little scale bar down there, but basically this is about 250 miles across, about the difference between kansas city, missouri, and st. Louis, a city which i picked completely at random. [laughter] mr. Mckinnon ok, next slide. Most of the picture you see is it the famous for having the segmented or cellular structure. You can see this really well a she move to the next side of the image. At the top of the picture, its really different. There is a rugged landscape, a degraded landscape, and something that to the eye of geologists looks like something that has been very deeply and extensively eroded. We can tell its old because you can see with your own eye various impact craters of large size, but what is really interesting to us is the actual interaction between it and this rugged terrain to the top. If you look carefully at the image, you can actually see a pattern that indicates a flow of viscous iced towards the stark or cliff boundary of the terrain. When you look at these streamlines, which ive marked with these curved arrows you see here, they look just like and we interpret them to be just like glacial flow on the earth, but i do not have to remind you that glaciers on the earth are made of ice you know, like in antarctica and greenland but waterice at plutos temperatures will not move anywhere. It is immobile and brittle, but on pluto, the kind of isis we think make up the planet, the kind of ices we think make up the planet are soft and malleable, even at pluto conditions, and they will flow like in the same way that glaciers doing here. Is one thing hiding of the 12 00 decision. We can see a flow of what is probably solid nitrogen ice flowing through a breach partially filling in the interior of the crater. We knew there was nitrogen ice. Weve known this for years. We imagined it was sublimating or evaporating one place and condensing in another place. I want to back up just one little bit and say when i say recent, i do not necessarily mean yesterday. I mean geologically recent, but the appearance of this terrain tells us this is really a young unit. We have models of what these objects would be, and they give various answers, but the best ones would be the ices in the flow we see as you point out that this curved arrows at the upper left there we could see them going around. Its really less conclusive evidence, but to get that to the age, the age is only a fraction of the total age of the solar system. Probably no more than a few tens of millions of years. What we know or can theoretically estimate about the heat flow coming from the interior of pluto, theres no reason why this stuff cannot be going on today. Ok, lets go to the next. Now we go down to the bottom of sputnik planum. This is a very busy scene ok . Its a bit bigger than the one i just showed you. This one is about 400 miles across, like taking a drive from l. A. To phoenix, although its a bit colder than that. Anyway next. Here are some things actually, at the very top of the image, you can still see sputnik planum. You can still see its polygons. At the very bottom is this ancient black, heavily cratered region, which we have been informally calling cthulhu regio. Our group up mountain blocks, which we discovered last week. In this picture, you can see economy the center actually, if you go a little bit above in the center and toward the left another arrangement of mountain blocks. These mountainous regions are actually somewhat similar. You might think the ones on the left are different, but thats just because the sun is higher in the sky when that one was taken, so you do not see the shadow. The arrangement appearance is similar from one region to another. We have given an informal name to this new mountain block after sir edmund hillary, who first summit of everest Summited Everest back in 1953. Most fascinating part to me is that the ice seems to have moved and surrounded the mountain. They cover up not just the mountain blocks, but they extend all the way down, and they just seem to feather out just onto the edge. When you