Conversation about a recently released science census report card reducing generational poverty. My pleasure this morning is to introduce you to the panelists today. We will from the people coauthors on the report telling you he highlights from the report. I encourage you to read the report, theres a lot of detail we will be able to cover today and then a broader discussion. Introducing greg duncan, the university of california irvine he has a Long Research career. He previously spent 25 years that diversity of michigan and was director claimed by harry halter, senior fellow garrett georgetown. Also in the black these department, her research focuses on shaping black communities, families. Look at policies and structural for income and other factors across generations. Fellow of the american economics. This conversation will be moderated as the visiting fellow here at brookings and economics programs. We join after spending 36 years as a staff writer at the Washington Post covering social policy shared Pulitzer Prize for her coverage as 9 11. Thank you. Thank you for coming. A bit of an introduction for the committee and the recommendations in 2021 Congress PassedNational Academies to put together a Consensus Panel to come up with ideas for programs and policies for which evidence indicated that a chance of reducing intergenerational poverty. Some of you may know the report in 2019, roadmap Child Poverty was all about short term policy. What can we do to reduce short poverty tomorrow . What can we do today for children, their families and environment 20 or 30 years from now will reduce the chance of being poor when they become adults bus the National Academies request in the committee. The full committee is quite numerous consensus committees everyone agree so it is an interesting process. They are given a statement in the assignment is to write a report and focused. For the committees . First with the drivers in the policies and programs shown to reduce intergenerational poverty and structural contributes generational poverty and identify the data and research that our efforts to learn more about intergenerational poverty. Its very straightforward, a situation in which children grow up lower income families and the income and ms. Defined as a child within the case in the bottom 20 of the Income Distribution. In this case they were in the 30s, 39. Erica results and its 20 . In his 34 and when i use numbers, i think the averages about 2 , 60 maybe but its 34 . A lot of those who rise above month is 34 chances still twice as high chance of a child growing up in a family outside the data is the extent to which rates differ by race and ethnic. 34 is 29 growing on in the low income for asians its much less. For latinos, every is similar to white that is across different majors on economic mobility or in mobility what stands out our black children and native American Children who have higher rates persistence any other group. Information you can find intergenerational processing with income data in the ranking shows up so rates for black children and interracial art particularly high quite a bit of attention. More descriptive results, i would encourage you to report. The first 250 pages to report, its very. Designed to read like a novel but there is an appendix the most important thing identify the drivers of poverty and come up with policies and programs proven to intergenerational poverty so heres the actual wording identifying policies and programs that have Proven Ability committee spent a lot of time with a standard that. Thousands of operational studies. Some studies are strong the higher test was and poverty. They had to be longterm studies to adulthood at least think about their Higher Education and completed education something about that Health Earnings in adulthood. It had to be a long enough study a particular program or policy for the next generation. Its not included with that evidence but once you relax and open up to many more questions about which does have a long affect or not so with that introduction, drivers and programs and policies the drivers of intergenerational artery. And these factors influence longterm poverty and that we have evidence policies can reduce that. And structure and treatment. And were also impact of these factors on longterm poverty as well as policy evidence that reduces while i start marching into the house. We saw with education, its not hard in the area of education to show two things, number one there is large lasting disparities in Educational Achievement and attainment between income groups racial and ethnic groups in number two disparities have large impacts on earnings and income for adults so an important area to look for evidence that we found evidence in these three realms caps on policies seem to have Lasting Impacts. He might notice Early Childhood education is missing and what to differ during the q a but we did not find we had a number of conditions for cap policy, is relatively at least since the 1990s another one that had scale evaluated and Early Childhood programs that have Lasting Impacts and ill just put it there and follow later but we did find good evidence. We found evidence that increasing k12 spending really did have an impact and you may remember theres conventional wisdom education and i think that was overturned in regard evidence. There were two other areas that were strong. Increasing teacher Workforce Diversity you can match teachers and students by race and gender so having black male teachers to be an effective way to teach black boys school in the other thing is reducing School Discipline which is very harmful for children and young men of color. We got that was Foreign Policy as well. On the secondary front we found two buckets of lessees important. One, expanding effective Financial Aid programs from college students. Pell grants it turns out, the evidence was more but to programs for for your programs and they generated strong success in increasing campus supports such as tutoring and Case Management and career guidance, quite a few rigorous studies improving completion rates but this was that will get College Degrees we found evidence of Occupational Training programs that have Lasting Impacts. Highquality career and three examples of the career academies, high schools and pathway programs and they have generated long and Lasting Impacts and Occupational Training programs for adults in the training is designed to match employers in high demand actors and wellknown programs and vocational programs and others in project quest generates impacts. How do we improve income employment . There is strong evidence employed matters. How do we improve that . The best way is one i recovered. What about for people who dont improve their skills enough for strong labor market earnings . A win win win programs up with income in the pockets of people who needed and encourages employment and positive effects on children and families. We came up with a number of possible ways. You may notice we dont have the child tax and a Panel Discussion later in the tax credit raises shortterm and reduces poverty shortterm but not longterm although we did include combining itc in one of the several ways which they could increased. On health the most important one in regards to assistant medicaid coverage among 12 month eligibility for people and postpartum coverage and given the importance given the persistence of poverty for native americans and access to Health Services improves for native americans. The snap benefits for all legal permanent resident and undocumented parents and air quality for poor kids. It turns out we had strong evidence to distinct crime and criminal justice. Number one, exposure of children to Violent Crime turns out negative. Going in ways that hurts their outcomes but juvenile detention has negative impact. It turned out to have negative effects. And it turns out time right. In high crime. If the cops are abusive, it will offset positive effects use of effective strategies Like Community policing. Reducing gun violence, the evidence that bonds are tied to harvest homicide is overwhelming. We know Second Amendment issues are important we came up with a number of examples promoting limited child access to guns restricting and addons for violence of our firms. A few other programs were investing in children had strong preventative effects like becoming a man program in chicago. We need to see if that has Lasting Impact and improves education and reduce crimes. We are in the same bucket of policies and programs without second reduce intergenerational poverty. We only had one in the Doctoral Program and coupling it with customized Case Management so comes from a randomized controlled trial in seattle but found some reasons why people dont move to high Opportunity Areas is about the bears tooth mobility and lack of information and inability to work with boards so the Management Services could intervene. The voucher is one that goes underutilized, underfunded and underutilized report of the families who are eligible get access to the sponsor so the family stability and opportunity factors act first introduced in 2019 and again in 2021 hasnt yet passed but an example of bipartisan evidence based legislation aimed at this goal. Going to switch gears because part of our statement of task focused on racial and ethnic disparities and intergenerational poverty so you recall and beside that white families are children, 29 of white children for low income children are also as adults and rates are higher for black and native American Children so we were charged with race and ethnic disparities plans analyzing the drivers and policies and programs that would reduce the gap in intergenerational poverty so when we look at this, we wanted to start with history and various practices of what we would call impoverishment experienced by black and native American Families and these are examples illustrated and cultural resources. As we show in the report, theres a sizable appendix in racial and ethnic chapters contribute to that. We really work through contemporary ramifications of these historical expenses. Ill just talk about the dogs act of 1887 a lot of native American Lands for private ownership handheld in trust. Native americans who lived currently and develop cap income from their peers on reservations less fractionated. This 19th century policy of lantern appropriation correlated with economic wellbeing in the 21st century. Roughly 35 acres of the greenwood section of the city of tulsa were burned to the ground called black wall street because of the concentration of black Business Owners and other black institutions. They are met with violence. Bearing to the 1940s had repercussions on the grades them across the country and he 2000. Again, we need to think historically economic status today. Covered although the drivers mentioned in Racial Disparities and how it might contribute to the disparities in the intergenerational poverty we saw. I will just talk about three for time purposes. Her School Discipline from releasable ages. In preschool there suspended that two and a half times the representation in the top the preschool population and native american toddlers are suspended that one and a half times. Were talking about toddlers. Correlational experiment of studies showing negative effects on standard test scores and has gone College Graduation and increases the chance of involvement in the criminal legal system and received food assistance. In neighborhoods we call high poverty neighborhoods 30 of the neighborhoods are poor. The greater concentrations of properties encounters with segregation and mobility in those neighborhoods. In the criminal legal system, black and native American Children have greater rates of exposure to Community Violence and as harry mentioned, exposure to Community Violence increases the likelihood School Dropout increases the risk of young adulthood and reduces performance on standardized tests especially for lack students. That is the exposure to violent side but the criminal Legal Systems so we know about side Racial Disparities for adults and children are and banding. Native american use three times as likely so negative effects juvenile incarceration. We can imagine the programs that would be effective in reducing Racial Disparities targeting drivers so 12 programs and policies that would reduce these disparities and it goes through a whole list which im not going to talk about. Ill piggyback on something mentioned which is School Funding so initially we thought about segregation as a policy or program that would reduce intergenerational poverty but it shows it is for resources that is the mechanism that supports reduction disparities and intergenerational poverty. Roger say whats interesting is you look at numbers one and two we probably importance up teacher Workforce Diversity in our studies about the importance of black Student Success that might seem to go in the opposite direction probation policy or program. These are things we teach so yes, while it is important to increase teacher Workforce Diversity, it is important to teach the same kinds of strategies we find black teachers utilizing the classroom that will approve the outcomes especially of black children. We are very much supporting longterm studies that can connect data so the evidence to policy acts which will increase the data policy research and super important for this. We are using data for numbers on intergenerational poverty. It would give us more leverage without having the expensive panels required. A number of discussions and the policies across which these policies are made. The capability and the rest of the panelists, i think we are going to do q a. We are going to continue. From georgetown we are going to pivot to discussion which will have time for questions at the end of think about what you want to ask. A wide range of policy solutions so in general, committed or that. So i view the report as opportunity to begin important policy conversation. Datadriven conversation so there really emphasize this around Research Design claiming, as if i were in the same position i probably would wind up trying to combine evidence to these studies. I can also say there and being large body of descriptive rigorous studies. I think there is Even Stronger evidence that supports underlying factors that drives poverty. Already jump into something even just the structural labor market intergenerational poverty implications, we have trysting recent evidence in the journal of literal economy. They looked at moms and daughters who both received cash welfare so independent children and predecessor program. Far fewer dollars in this traditional cash welfare. When you expand the definition in the same rates across generations and they are really stringent incentives and temporary cash supports in the program. You are not necessarily breaking up intergenerational government support. How to get us system and with the report finds, economic factors underlying challenges of persistent poverty. A lot about neighbor markets and lower wages so we have that of the mens but some of it makes it into the report, i think it winds up being cautious but they accept the evidence so it is worthwhile and discussion that we do have this body of rigorous evidence the evidence is there such methods, but there is a question of how forceful to be on the evidence we have. I would say we have quite a bit of evidence economic instability, the same households with low resource and lowball, resources will be more unstable and we believe that this is going to have a whole host of consequences for Mental Health and so on and so forth. Order to identify intergenerational consequences there and in part because instability is low and stable incomes. I do think more datadriven set of practices and businesses after stock torres you might worry theres more work scheduling instability for personal faith security to put more strain. Moving at a decent pace because i want to allow for time, i like that the report touched on housing. Obviously the role after decades of research is shaping the outcomes where they are standing on the shoulders of salons. The role of neighbors so with that said, i think the report grappled with what is assistant on the housing economists refer to a monopoly so in the u. S. Context, be a long run where black families and income