I think you could see some attempt to modify that but i thinkthink more broadly is going to be two things. One is a general statement of ethicacy that Investment Decisions that are industries with terms of the deal are not helpful. Under the authorities given to the government there should be the supremacy clause should grant that to the federal government. Second i think theres a big concern about overuse of federal authorities by local jurisdictions including sanctions that may be suspended. I think what this is intent is bigger financial regulator and the federal government has the sanction, this covers you. What this may set up in the future is legal challenge between the federal, state and local levels to deal with particular cases. We will just have to see frankly of the courts will deal with that if and when that comes up. As we said its complex, theres a lot to this agreement. We hope we have clarified a good bit about how the agreement is supposed to work, whats at stake, what are some of the other considerations down the road. And also we hope to provide some insight as to why so many believe this is in on palestine Just National security interest and a major step forward for the Nuclear Nonproliferation efforts, especially in the worlds most volatile region in the middle east. I want to thank everybody who came here today in our audience. Want to thank the audience on cspan and more than anything i want to thank our speakers for the great presentations. The transcript of this event will be on the Arms Control Association website within a couple of days. Theres more information about the agreement, irans program the timeline and history at efforts to get to the point. So please join me in a round of applause for our great speakers today. [applause] and we are adjourned. Thank you [inaudible conversations] to [inaudible conversations] athis week on newsmaker, thomas perez talks about the minimum wage, overtime payroll, family leave and unemployment. Nasa scientists told a news briefing to discuss the latest linux of the new horizons spacecraft which is great took the first closeup images of the dwarf planet pluto and its moons. From nasas headquarters in washington, d. C. Is in one hour. Nasa he well good afternoon and welcome to nasa headquarters and our nations capital. Dwayne im dwayne b brown from nasasfice of office of communications. Following the july 14 historic pluto flyby by nasas new horizons spacecraft the Research Team has begun sharing theby the unprecedented images andrese science findings with the world. And today they have more. Ladies and gentlemen thiseen nation has clearly been embraced by the entire world of all ages. In fact, the numbers are coming in with multimedia of social media, the internet radio, tvradi is in the billions. Bill we also want to give a nasa headquarters shot out ashley shout out to the Johns Hopkins the john center in maryland for the unforgettable moment at their physic facility this week. We have now transition. To nasa with the future media briefings will be here. We will have a brief presentations and then well open it up for questions frommeeting here, our nasa centers social media and the phone lines. Social media is absolutely exploding with this mission. Follow the conversation at plutoflyby, twitter, facebook, youtube, and other nasaif you accounts, and if you have questions, send them in at h asknasa. Inserted all the inllformation you have been hearing over herewee today and in the weeksks and mo months will be online at www. Nasa. Gov new horizons. Let me introduce you to todays participants. First up jim green director of military Science Division at nasa headquarters. Stern, alan stern new horizons Principal Investigator southwest features institute in boulder, colorado. Randy gladstone to investigateo at Southwest Research Institute in san antonio. Bel, n Frances Bagenal university of ra colorado boulder. And Jeffrey Moore coinvestigator at nasas amescaliforn research center. Dr. Green, chickasaw. Off. Chickasaw. Thank you very much, thank you. Today will talk to s omebody fantastic discoveries about the heart of pluto. Pluto. But before we start what i would like it is really talk a little bit about the heart of the new heart horizons o mission. Horizo for someonens to to thank apl thank been done from them. Apl hosted a fabulous event that many attend personally but million millions attended on the internet. The heart of new horizons is beating and beating well and still was put on and produced by the department of energy. One of our major government partners and they enable us to move out into the solar system and on the trajectory to leave. If i can have our first graphic, here we see new horizons past pluto. This is through the solar system you can get access through to the web. As you can see it is more than two million miles away from pluto. For ten years, or nearly ten years the new Horizons Team was also talking about each day being closer to pluto and now each day we are further away from pluto. Here is where it comes out that it is important to remember and that is it is this time we will get the data from the flyby. We have only received 12 of the data by next week we will have as much as 56 percent. Some of the discoveries you will hear about today have only been the tip of the iceberg and the few percent we have been able to get done since the ent encounter occurred on tuesday. Let me turn it over to dwayne to introduce our next speaker. Alan good free throw it. All who doesnt n introduc were happy andour our ent am weve had the communicat exploration an about how ar system this we but i th pluto of a so ofitself. Really all that nt recognize team membe. Quite number of f the new horizons ssion m, they wo to be ause ] th [applause] we have and i would like to recognize new Horizons Mission educators who are in the audience. If you would stand up to be recognized. [applause] and i would like to recognize one of the science Team Collaborators who came over from europe. Some of you may know dr. Brian may. Dr. Brian . [applause] i am the guy, i am one of those people who have been following your every move. It is thrill to be here and what an amossazing achievement. You have inspired the world. Thank you. [applause] while you enjoy this beautiful eye candy, the pollute charon system is revealed in color by new horizons and you see a binary planet. Enjoy the view while i tell you a little news about new horizons. The spacecraft is doing very well. As jim said we are little over two million on the far side of pluto, the spacecraft is performing according to plan. We exited the nineday close approach encounter load yesterday. We are in the first of our departure science load. So we are looking back at the planet and looking at the night side and doing various experiments and spending our time down linking data. We have been downloading a lot of data. So we have big news. And i expect we will have more big news next friday when we downloaded even more. I will have to tell you, i am a little bias but i think the solar system saved the best for last. I am going to show you some things here. I will start off with a little news. If i can have the next time stamp or graphic here. Lets see if we can bring it up. There it is. Okay. That is not very many pixels but that is plutos satellite nix in the first well resolved image. Lets set our expectations properly. As little as three months ago we didnt have pictures of pluto this good. This is twice as many pixels and the best earth base views of pluto we are able to determine nixs size, 25 miles across able to measure the brightness between charon and pluto. We are looking down the pole of an elongigated object and it is as twice as narrow in one direction as it is long. We will have more to say more more about nix when we get more images on the ground. I will move to the next time stamp. This is an overlay of data from the ralph insturument that identifies the Carbon Monoxide rich planet that was obserb served from earth. That is a new product overlayed with contours. You can see the peak is on the side of the heart there. You can see it is pretty concentrated spatially and we are not sure we understand the origin of that. There could be a source region there or another explanation. But either way it catches our eyes because across the rest of this disk there is no other Carbon Monoxide concentration or anything like this. We already know that. It is a special place on the planet. Randy will shortly show you some pretty profound results concerning the atmosphere. In fact the first results we will share and fran shows you the detection of escaping ions from pluto and jeff will talk about new terrains High Resolution photo. Have a look at the icy frozen plains of pluto. Who would have expected this kind of complexity . And this scene is essentially ad adjacent to the mountain ranges. You can see the stark contrast. Jeff will show you more. I will show you a graphic. It is a flyover made as if your eye was 25 miles over pluto and we can start that flyover of far away mountains in the belt. If they could call that up i think you will enjoy seeing it. If you can lower it probably cant lower it given the television. Is that graphic available . The animation . We cannot see it back here. There it is. What you are looking at is a scene that is about total width of 250 miles across and 400 kilometers and they soar like the Rocky Mountains here in the united states. The second flyover is over the plain i showed you that we are informally calling sputnick. This is giving you a scale of the features you are looking at. Really beautiful surfaces and we will see a lot more of this. This is 400 meter per pixel imagery and by next week we will have more than twice as much. The three frames we have been able to share by the end of the day we will share with you as well covering her terrains. I think i will turn it over to andy gladstone. Thanks alan. If we could go to the first time stamp and i will show you what the Atmosphere Team is looking at. We have had to wait until we got past pluto and we are looking back toward the sun to get the best data set. This shows you on the left an animation of what it is like when pluto goes in front of the sun as seen from the spacecraft. And the curves on the right show you two plausible models for plutos atmosphere and we show you the data coming down. Each one of those points is ten seconds. But we get for every point on there we get a whole spectrum. And on the way out if we flip it you see the green line going back to exactly the same spot so the atmosphere is suymmetric and it is more consistent with the red line that is more stagnant. We eliminated the glimpse of the data that shows a couple model we were content with. The next slide shows you and this is how the count went from the beginning on the left to the end on the right. We see the atmosphere all the way to the ground. From earth that inner circle around the post of pluto is the highest you can see from earth and they cannot see to the ground. They can only see 30 miles from the surface. We see out to a thousand miles above the surface. You can see this is not a straight simple curve. It drops picks up and has another bend and picks up again at the highest altitude that is nitro nitrogen, the pain component, and lower down methane kicks in and lower down where it is steepest that is heavier hydro carbon absorbing the sun light. Each point on this graph will be a spectrum of colors in the ultra violet light we get the signal from and we are looking forward to getting that data in a month or two. But right now it is already able to do science with it. But that nitrogen atmosphere has pluto so small it escaped into space and fran will tell you what it does out there. We have nine and a half years of this flight to pluto to think about what we will see with the plasma instruments. And we have seen all sorts of things. We havent got all of the data down like the other experiments and we are looking forward to getting it down. But in the mean time let me tell you about what we think is happening . We know the atmosphere is nit jo nitrogen and we thought it was escaping because the gravity is weaker and we know it is going away. What we think is happening is that the subtle wind coming from the sun, the protons and electrons that are charging out, eventually crash into and interact with the escaping atmosphere and that this will then produce, we suspect a shot upstream. Maybe it is not quite so stark. We know that there is an up stream amount of nitrogen and that is energized by the solar wind and careried away by the solar winds. What happens and this graphic you are looking at gives you a sense of what we think happened is that as it escaped the atmosphere is ionized and picked up by the solar wind and the size of the interaction spills out beyond the scale of the satellite. We have flown through this and the next slide shows you what we think it is happening. That swath detected the ionized molecules molecules. What we behind pluto is a tail. An ion tail of the atmosphere that is being pulled away and carried away in the solar wind. When we get the data back in august we will get to quantify and the team put that together and we will be able to quantify that escaping atmosphere. What we think it is based on models and a pretty good guess, is about 500 tons per hour of material that is escaping. We know it is about one ton per hour and this more because of the weaker gravity on pluto. If you add it up over the age of pluto schillings this is going to be equivalent lnt to something on the order of 19,000 feet and that is a substanial mountain of nitrogen ice that is being removed and escaping into the atmosphere. And alan stern is working with another to predict what this will do and they have a prediction paper. But they will look at the geology. I am still reminding myself to take deep breaths. The landscape is astounding. Lets go back to this picture we talked about a few days ago with a global view and remind ourselves the view shows some surfaces of pluto are peppered with craters and relatively ancient or several millions of years old. Where wherea other regions, such as the interior of the heart shows no craters and shows it is younger. And this tells us plutos experienced a long and complex history. There are active land form creating processes operating in the current tie. Some of the craters appear and there are parts of plutos crust that have been fractures and there have been forms. Higher resolution images show craters have been eroded away. So erosion is operating on the surface of pluto. Here you can see the province which are located in the lower left there is extensive large scale pitting. You can see in the lower right and there is young plains that make up the northern half of the image. By the way this image is oriented north to south. It is in the unsent data. Here is name. As a mission before, we decided to name this after the first artificial satellite launched into space and creating the space age and that is after the person who went up to mount everest. And is the first to person from nepal to have a name in the solar system. Lets look at the region in the middle of sputnik here. I decided to call this not easy to explain terrain. This is the frozen plains of pluto. When you look at this plains you can see we have discovered a vast craterless plain. For convenience, we tried to think about it in various types of geological metaphors i will get to. It could not be over a hundred million years old and still being shaped by geological processes. You can see things as small as half a mile across. Lets talk about the things we see in this scene. Lets go to the next slide. The surface is broken into segments you see listed on the slide. They are 1220 miles across. They are borded by shallow troughs and some of the them do have what appears to be dark stuff. Much more enmatic are these clusters of mills i think you can see pointed out in the upper right of the grandma frame. They trace out the shape that in circle the polygons. The hills are higher than the surrounding terrain. We dont have a value for that. But this is part of a Bigger Picture we took. When we get the data we can tell you how high and how they were shaped and it will go a long way to tell us what created the hills. We have, speaking of the hills, we suspect it may have been pushed up but alternatively a different explanation is they are erosion resistant knobs that are standing out as the surface is being massive leo eroded and lowered. You can see they are popping up or emerging from an erosion lowering process lowering the entire plains. In the terrain in the lower right, i think you can see polygons seem to be etched there. This is tentive because of the artifacts in the first batch down to the ground. The compression will receive the same images about compression and i think the issue of whether that is indeed vast scenes of pitts will be verified in a straightforward way. Similar things can be seen on glaciers here on the earth. On tupluto the erosion mechanisms had to be when the ice turns from solid to gas and frozen Carbon Dioxide does on earth is similar. What do the features tell us about sputnik . They are size of confection occurring with methane and nitrogen driven by the heat of pluto itself. You look at the boiling pot of oat meal. Alternatively, these polygons could be mud traps and created by the materials. We have various ways to test ideas which we will be using and reporting in scientific papers. We will learn more about the features and terrains in higher resolution that is on the spacecraft coming down in the next few months. This is just a pure coincidence that you know the face of face this. This is going to be really fun. May i have the next slide . Lets look northwest of the one we looked at. There you go. Okay. So, these dark smudges appear to be a line running from the upper left to the lower right and may have been produced by wind blowing across plutos icy surface. This is what is called wind streaks produced when wind cause erosion or dep riivation material behind obstacles and we dont know what they are yet. Alternatively and this is more of a guess they might be plume deposits like seen on neptunes satellite. If the plumes exist, they have not been spotted yet. So this is not an announcement of plumes or guyseysers on pluto but why we have looking for them. These are thirl dayearly dayoffss of the analysis. This is the preliminary stage of the investigation. We are entertaining the widest ra