To create kind of a ball of charge. So the model was knowledge in a valid charge. These churches interact with themselves using the photons and if you calculate this using direct theories, which was developed in the 1930s are late 1920s and early 1930s, behaviors ranging their which is like dividing one by zero on a calculator. You didnt answer at infinity. That cant be right because the amount of energy of an electron which if you consider to be a ball of charge cant be infinity. Many different calculations give you an answer of infinity which is very unsatisfying. Its a crazy answer. In order to address this, however radical idea and set the problem youre getting an affinity with these answers could be eliminated if you eliminate the intermediary. You eliminate having a photon or a light particle exchange between the two electrons. We all know that there is like a pair. The play would be produced by the electrons themselves through their mutual interactions, which would take place over a distance. This is known as the action at a distance theory. The action at a distance theory was not new. Isaac newton when he was talking about the planets going around the sun use the action at a distance theory to explain why birds and the other planets are gravitationally attached to the sun. Newtons idea was there Something Like an invisible thread connecting the other planets with the sun. Well, later maxwell the great scottish physicist in the 19th century said wait a minute, lets come up with an idea of intermediaries like something called a field which would be an intermediary which would convey a force from one thing to another and in the case of electromagnetism come of electromagnetism, that field was called the electro mag medic field, which would be kind of like a wave going from one to the other. The quantum version of that is to say in quantum physics a wave is the same as the particle. So its kind of like a particle going back and forth between the two and a particle was known as a photon or light particle and this is technically known as a wave packet from the kind of like imagine an ocean wave, but confined to a small region so its a little bit like a particle. Like he took heart in the notion laid been created a ball around it and that is the wave packet. So that is the idea that quantum physics was considering and this is what decided to eliminate to get the right answer in the calculation. He was a little bit of retro going back to the newton adf action at a distance with one modification. A time delay because as we knew, electrons interacted with another electron must do so at the speed of light. He said lets come up with the idea of direct interactions between electrons and maybe we can get somewhere with this. Well are pointed a conundrum. He said well, if you have an electron go into space, there is something called radiation resist to, which is interaction between electrons that will slow it down which means you need light hair. Feynman was a little bit disappointed in himself because the very first time you mentioned the idea from a wheeler immediately saw the drawback in a while, my atm must be so bad that wheeler immediately solve the problem with it within five minutes, but the real answer is that wheeler had been thinking about the same idea coincidently and wheeler had worked through the atm and saw there was this drawback, so wheeler and feynman were really on the same wavelength at that point and not light waves, but the signals. They both talk about signals, a way that if you shape one electron from the sometime later you shake another electron. They tried to get this right for the radiation resistance. The original model doesnt have a come as so wheeler came up with the suggestion, what if i knew she can elect trying the other elect runs in the area send a signal back to the electron that it slows it down through space and instantly get signals from all the other electrons and not worked. The only kong, the only problem is the other signals have to travel backward in time so violent the law of cause and effect. We live is like lets get rid of the law of cause and effect in the psyche or the professor so okay, lets get rid of the law of cause and effect. So they combined the weights that go forward with a signal that goes forward in time from the signal backward in time, mix it up 50 50 makeup for dancers, good calculations. But they werent done yet because that was the classical picture, classical meaning if you didnt have any quantum argument from any quantum easiness. They both need to get the full picture you couldnt have exact ties between the electrons. You couldnt have a direct signal. You need something that was a little hazy. Quantum physics involves easiness. They needed to quantize this by making it a little bit murky. Wheeler tried that a little bit but then he had to quantize the problem. While feynman was working on the problem, he was one time in a dorm room and a phone call and it was wheeler and the sudden in these electrons interact directly. Get all the electrons in the universe are one in the same and an electron, a single electron going backward and forward in time, represents all the elect runs in the universe. Not just signals that travel backward in time, but electrons and we would see these backward in time negative electron as positive electrons. While they both knew then. They are called positrons and they have been discovered a couple years earlier. They were another series that predicted positive electrons. Wheelers idea was negative electrons backward in time is the same as a positive electrons forward in time and vice versa. That would explain why all the electrons in the university here has the same electron. I would like to think of this as something that the movie back to the future to to and marty mcfly needs to return to the same 1950s town is in fact to the future one and correct some problems. At that point when he goes backwards again they were to marty mcflys in the 50s. The sequel is there is only one sql but suppose you had thousands of that movie so popular marty mcfly kept going backward to the 50s again and again and he could have or even millions. That is what the electron is doing. The idea that electrons going backward in time or positrons. They got rid of the rest of the theory. The theory cant possibly be right because we dont see as many positrons as we do that electrons in space. Feynman was brilliant enough to distill the best part of the theory and representing electrons going backward in time much later in life at a restaurant in pasadena, simon would meet another student of wheeler and after he talked about some of his ideas they sounded kind of zany, simon said he think wheelers gone crazy in his later years. Its always been crazy and mentioned one a lot trying universe inside, well, the trick is to take the offense kind of like peeling the layers of an onion. You take a hard get the idea and forget this can come in the outer part. You take one bit of wheelers ideas and theyre usually on the mark. At the time of Simons Research grandstand, he married his childhood sweetheart and matt art lindgren bomb in queens from a throw from queens and they met at a dance and kept in touch with her throughout m. I. T. And stayed in touch with her princeton and at one point decided it was time to marry her because theyve been going together for so long, going to be. Unfortunately, she developed a cough in the cost turns out to be tuberculosis, which at the time there was no medicinal cure for tuberculosis. There was a rest and if you are very lucky, it would cure itself. You would go into remission. A lot of people die from tuberculosis because there wasnt a way to treat it the sites from hoping the past. When simon got married, his parents were completely opposed to the marriage. They were very upset, especially his mother. His mother wrote to him and said ritchie, its not like writing spinach. Its not like something you have to do because youve been going steady with this girl. Its not like you have to force yourself to get married even if you dont really want to. He wrote that to her and said its not like that at all. Im in love with her and we do so much for each other. She cheers me up. I learned so much from her. Shes an amazing person and i saw dr. Princeton and he said this will be fine. You just need to take some precautions that you find to get married. So feynman and darlene went to a city office in Staten Island, got married by a clerk in the honeymoon was the Staten Island ferry ride and you drove her in his car in new jersey now known at the bar a hospital in new jersey and not let their honeymoon. It was really very sad, but he was outside at the time. He really loved her and she was a very creative person. She had a great sense of humor, she was an artist. She taught piano lessons and she does manage to cheer him up. She was the one who cheered him up. He didnt have to cheer her up. She was always very proud we than they have high hopes for a long life together. She inspired him to become interested in art for which led eventually to the diagrams, which you would show electrons would interact, violate the greek letter to mrs. Olay particle. This is a diagram and if you ask a physicist with time in his most famous work this is one of things hes most famous for. Notice he eventually added the light particle back in. He would have to get the theory to work eventually for his nobel prizewinning work. So he was very proud of his feynman diagrams and later in life when he was at caltech in his later years, he bought a dodge van, had it painted with feynman diagrams on the side so people could park somewhere, the service station in someone with a 10, whether its a strange diagrams on the side. So he was a bit and modestly bad. He liked to brag about what he actually did. He liked to talk about his accomplishments. He didnt like necessarily the word for honors, but elect to go to the average person on the street and say look at this cool thing that i didnt amaze people that way. You may have seen the dam on the tv show the Big Bang Theory. The actual feynman band was preserved from a fixed for the Big Bang Theory and in the final scene of an episode of the big game theory, a replica was blown up. Happy to know it was a replica. This is not pretty or her will close the van and hes trying to donate a to the institution. So i dont know how that is progressed, padilla something on twitter where he talks about a little bit. Hes traveled around the country and the replica band at the end of the show was blown up. So let me go back to the Feynman Wheeler theory and talk about the implications of it. This theory to quantize the theory, to make it easy for feynman came up up with the brilliant idea of looking at all the possible ways the ballot trunk and interact and then adding them up any kind of weighted average and saying the most probable cost is the one taken in classical physics, classical meaning on a daytoday scale for viewing me. But then i particle level there is a quantum haziness and murkiness which is due to how the other hostile crowds that are less likely. Let me give you an example of how this works. Suppose you work in d. C. But you live in Silver Springs and you commute every day and somebody says how did you come in today . I took the metro and i took a taxi and they drove it and i taken over we did all of those things that once . Those are different possible ways of commuting, but a margin somebody said they did all of them at once. That the life of a quantum electron. It has all the interactions in the most likely one is weighted heavily, but the other ones are somehow out there in the haze had to do a quantum calculation you need to take all of those into account. So with the commuting whatever the shortest distance are the least expensive night we most likely, let say the metro is the most likely because its inexpensive and quick and pay a taxi would be the least likely because its very expensive and be given a smaller weight in the quantum picture. So this is similar in some ways if you read fiction to the work of somebody, an argentine writer who at the time was coming up with some of the histories and came up with the idea of in the classic shorts are recalled the garden of working paths, which imagines how people in one parallel universe can be friends, but because of warfare and their enemies and imagines books in which all the possibilities happen. The book mentioned in the story someone could die but the next chapter they are back again and so forth. All the possibilities in nature have been in a kind of labyrinth of time. This is an idea of time very different from a linear time or cyclical time, which are more of the older models. Simon and creator writers like jorge said just time as a labyrinth. A maze of possibilities in which a bunch of things can happen that one. As i mentioned in 1942 they had to take a break from their work to work in the manhattan project. When he was a los alamos he went out there in their lane sanatorium in albuquerque and he would tell her about all the crazy things he did at los alamos, which is a Top Secret Military project at the time to build a military bomb. One thing he would do out first day on key kulaks, buddha figure out how to jimmy the moping. Combination locks on how to crack them open with likely combinations or by listening to them. I would tell her, one of the leading people in the projects left classified papers in his desk drawer and said theres no way he can get to that. Finding reach through the back of the desk and got the papers out. And show them to aggregate and said i have your secret papers here. He said he was trying to show the security less then. He was sneak through a hole in a fence, with the bus and come back and say where did you sign out to do is say yes, where do i sign out . And then he would go drive to albuquerque and carlos, his friend ugly teller leans these stories and she was really amazed to know what kind of cheer her up. Unfortunately, in 1845, arlene died of tuberculosis and it was also a sad year in many other ways. The culmination of los alamos led to first the trinity test where they tested the bomb in hiroshima and now the sake and around the same time in late 1944, john wills younger brother, joe, died in italy. Right before joe died, he sent a postcard to john saying hurry up, meaning hurry up with the project. From that point on, they had different approaches. Feynman at first didnt really register with him but have been because he was so upset about arlene died. But then it hit him he was having lunch with his mother in manhattan and thought about the idea of cities being destroyed and got very, very depressed and he vowed to Something Like it happened again he wouldnt get involved. He can change the past but he didnt want to get involved. He shouldve gotten involved earlier in the would have perhaps saved the lives of millions of people at the bomb was used in 1844 or 1943 if it had been developed earlier. Maybe world war ii wouldve ended earlier with millions of lives saved. So because of this, wheeler continued to be involved with Atomic Energy and later joined the hbomb product. The stimuli was caused. He stuck around, was that los alamos and got involved in Atomic Energy later and really was on Atomic Energy in wheeler remembered making an offhand comment by, well, the main problem with reactors is not necessarily how it designed, but the saboteur clouse didnt say anything in a few months later they found out he had been a soviet spy and the soviets launched their own bomb. People were very upset how they find the information so quit we and was arrested in england and later ended up in east germany and everybody realized he was the spy in los alamos. Simon later joked he should have been a spy because he was the one who violated security all the time but it was really few from his quiet friend who turned out to be the spy. So, wheeler was involved in the project for a couple of years and witnessed the first test of an hbomb and then when the project was winding down, he was given a secret report, which was estimated how much he knew about the bomb and whether he knew about the hbomb or not because they started talking about the hbomb that los alamos called the super bomb the certain ideas for it. Did the soviets know anything about the hbomb . Does the question of the walker report in wheeler was commuting or traveling to d. C. And brought the report with them, which was a classified report in the union station, you read Something Like 3 00 a. M. And as a convenience, they lowered the lights and said well, if you want you can sleep until 6 00 a. M. When most people get up and go about their business. So they fell asleep and when he got up, the papers were gone. And to this day, we dont know what happened, who took these classified papers in the walker report. Around then, president eisenhower took office, found out about this and was serious and sent to reprimand. And looking into gravity and so it didnt affect his career that he got this reprimand. So, wheeler looked back at this issue of physical review, which had two papers, the oppenheimer paper on black holes in the wheeler paper in that cave him the idea to explore black holes, so he told them to general and then he had a revelation. Couldve everything been a lack on thursday to let him, everything is geometry, which is einsteins theory. The geometric perceptions. At cornell because of his wife and because of the atomic bomb and started getting interested in physics again, to because he saw crossed the plate with the cornell logo and he thought i can still do this. And they started getting involved in physics again. They still let off steam. Then, the mid1950s he got remarried to his second wife. He met mary luis validate cornell cafeteria and they talked about her history. They had a few conversations that were memorable. A sabbatical in brazil where he learned how to play other drums, had a great time about that time he thought well, i really should be married. Hey, that young women come in young woman, married louise bell. A great conversation. Maybe ill write her and see if getting married. He wrote her and she accepted by mail, postal mail and they got married in simon took a job at caltech and they move together to Southern California and they were married for four years, but what she didnt realize is that he did a couple of things that would annoy her greatly. Calculus and bongo drumming. Those were the grounds for the divorce. [laughter]. I got married. So that is gweneth, his third wife. You see how happy he was to be married to her. [laughter] and the best man at the marriage at the wedding was this very cool artist and sculptor named jerry whos an armenian artist who was kind of of a wild figure. Started dancing to the bongo drums, and they taught each other their trades. Feynman tried to teach dorothy in physics which was sort of semi