Good morning, everyone. Hi. Welcome. My name name is leeann. United States Institute of peace. I am delighted to welcome you here today. We were founded by members of congress who were also veterans of world war two. Returning from the battlefield convinced that the u. S. Needed greater capacities to reach peace as we wage war. It was a bipartisan effort. In 1984, president reagan signed into law the united States Institute of peace. An independentrt nonpartisan National Institute charge with owthe mission of preventing, mitigating and resolving violent conflict abroad. We fulfill that mission by linking training and analysis, research and policy by working with local partners on the ground and conflicts around the world. We have offices in iraq and afghanistan, pakistan, nigeria just to name a few. They continue to pose obstacles. A Global Consortium of researchers and research organizations. Committed to more rigor and more understanding. Our work and research that the rise and evolution is one of the most today. Especially as it interacts with existing conflicts or creates new ones or further damages. On many people today following the massil shootings over the weekend in texas and ohio. I amm still at a loss for words. The newly empty sides of the bed and the people that are reading that text message over and over again. Those that are at hospitals right now asking why did i live and others died. This week and more families and friends to the list of the forever injured. Forever scarred, forever harmed by violence. This is a typetr of grief and violence that exists in way too many countries around the world today. The task force on extremism, worldwide attacks have increased fivefold since year 2001. Extremist groups extremist groups have 19 out of 45 countries in the middle east. Undermining already challenging circumstances. Here at an institute committed to the notion we want to help uncover new ways to help doing better at addressing the most Wicked Problems surrounding violent extremism. Today we are tackling the problem of the government and communities. Return home with the extremists. More than 100 countries could finish the task of not only reintegrating their citizens, perhaps tens ofso thousands in total, but also preparing their communities for aev future with living with people next door. Some who were part of these violent extremist groups will face trial and some will face incarceration, but not all. Some will eventually be released from prison and many others will reintegrate directly back into communities. Local communities need to be prepared. An imperative for rehabilitation and reconciliation. People need processes to enable them to abandon their violet attitudes and behaviors. Communities also need attitudes to avoid further violence,em revenge and reradicalization. We lack the language inst our Public Discourse to even talk about people who are disengaging from violent extremism. Most of us are concerned, once the the terrorists, forever a terrorist. While the radicalization is a very complex process, there are many, many different pass to to violent extremism. It is social in nature. Disengagement and rehabilitation needs to address social factors, too. Also rebuild the bond to tween that person and society and generate a new sense of belonging. Currently, wero scholars, media, government, Community Members, can you be unintentionally using language that underscore anger and fear. Reinforced a persons identity as reinforce a persons identity as a terrorist or fighter and it may contribute toe a prophecy. Leverage language as a tool to shape attitudes and behaviors, to reduce the burden of stigma, and to ease open spaces for engagement. In the spaces, communities can be presented with opportunities let me be clear im notin callig about the violent risk that violent extremist groups of people who are part of them pose. This conversation does not take away the need for clear justice and accountability mechanisms for those who committed atrocities and other crimes or enabled others to do so but this is not about forgiveness or absolution. But once Justice Systems meet out their sentences, present time has been served are those who do not commit crimes were pp charged this need to call a spade a spade must grapple with the other reality of how we communities new to the front lines to get reintegration and reconciliation right because all our safety and security depends on it. This is a tall order which is why im delighted today to be joined by four incredible experts to help us further unlock and unleash new avenues for adjusting the challenge. Todays event for a quick rundown i will introduce each speaker individually and they will give about a 15 minute or so presentation and then i will introduced the next speaker and they were present. When everyone is finished presenting will move to a moderated question and answer session. Of take groups of questions from audience in three or live online and twitter. With that, i will start introducing our speakers and get today going. It is my pleasure to introduce [inaudible]. Hes a social psychologist with Extensive Research experience on githe dynamics of violent radicalization. His model doing from human needs for respect is significant is outlined in his this book from Oxford University press, the three pillars of radicalization. He will provide context on the social ecological drivers of violent radicalization with Group Dynamics significance and respect. With that, please help me welcome the doctor. [applause] thank you very much. Good morning. Good morning to all. Im honored and pleased to be here for arranging this event in organizing this event and im thankful for being invited. As you know radicalization that progresses into violent extremism has been and continues to be a major issue for a nation around the world. Isis has lost its caliphate but far from being defeated and neither is al qaeda and they continue to launch attacks and attract followers individuals to joinin them all over the world with hundreds of attacks in different parts of the planets. The question is how do we understand this global threat and what can we do about it . Into the stock i like to present psychological perspective on this issue that i believe to be important. Many psychological phenomenon Many Political phenomenon that shape history and determine the fate of nations are rooted in human psychology. Poverty, poor education or oppression occasionally contribute to radicalization sometimes they matter less and sometimes they matter not at all. Why . Because they matter only when they activate when they are in circumstances that activate the psychological mechanisms that promote radicalization. Psychology is the basic disciplinese that addresses radicalization. Most importantly if we understand these mechanisms we cannot only understand it but also prevent radicalization the world over. Over the last decade several decades we have been carrying out research in various parts of the globe with Empirical Research with hundreds if not thousands of extremisms and terrorists in jails and other locations and on the basis of that empirical work we have developed an integrity model. A model on one hand that capitalizes on important insights of Understanding Social scientists and disciplines and the model integrates in the sense of showing how their diverse insights combined into and their understanding of the process whereby radicalization [inaudible] takes place. We suggest in fact that three barometers of the process are critical and they have been emphasized by different models and we combine them together into three parameters are individual motivations, the need component and the narrative that tells individuals how to set aside their motivations and the network that validates and dispenses rewards for those who serve their needs in terms of violent extremism. Let me say a few words about these three and the need is critical. After all radicalization is located at the individual and its an individual who decides to don a suicide belt to pick up a weapon and to travel thousands ilghof miles in order to justifd kill wherever they might be. Therefore very important question that was posed by terrorism researchers is what is the motivation and why do they do that and what makes them take those risks and make those sacrifices and risk life and limb in order to join the fight. The terrorism researchers have provided an answer in terms of a list of different motivations or motivations as [inaudible] for example the afterlife is one example. They do it to enjoy the perks of afterlife or becauseaf there is adulation and commitment to the leader or do it because for families and that women can do it or vengeance and all of these motivations are important in specific cases but i submit to you that underline all these motivations there is one universal need and this is the need to mentor and be significant and to have respect, both selfrespect and respect from others in one community. Now, this quest for significance how we call it like with all motivations is an active at all times. We do not quest for significance 247 and the question is how is this quest activated and its activated when significance acquire a special value. We acquire a special value primarily when ones experiences humiliation and this empowerment in disenfranchisement and this can be ones own failures and lack of luck in ones ownwn circumstances that promote ones of suffering. For example, stigma women who are accused of an extramarital affair or who are in for dial or disfigured by fire so we can be a personal thing having nothing to do with International Conflict but it can also be something that has to do with social identity when you group religious or ethnic group racial group is disseminated, humiliatedar you feel discrimination as your own thing and youre then motivated to restore your significance and that humiliation and discrimination provides an opportunity to great significance gain to become a mauphero in market for the group that was discriminated against and million in an experience the grievance. Now, the quest for significance is a universal human need as [inaudible] put it, all of us have secret desires to be seen as saints, heroes or martyrs with the quest for significance is something that all of us have and this is a quest for attention because otherwise it will not survivey nobody wantso feel disrespected how then we acquire respect . We acquire this sense of significance and the simple answer is we acquire significance through living up to our values and its values t trickle down to those who serve them and lend them significance. Of course, the values vary by different cultures and different groups. What the narrative element is of our and network does is type violence to the values that show how to identify significance through violence and tells you to gain significance in this particular circumstance you have to join the fight and kill other people and be ready to take risks must sacrifice yourself, maybe die on the altar of the cause and that gives you significance. The narrative functioning is very important. We all great significance and were not all terrorists or violent extremists but we have other avenues and we serve other values but if youre exposed to a narrative that tells you you have been insulted or disempowered in your group has been slighted and insulted and you have to stand up for the group, join the fight and protect the groups glory and significance and at that point you become a violent extremists. Finally, its the network. By the network . Network is important because we are social beings and the whoof wef people are respect and it defined for us what is the social reality and what is real and it devalues the narrative because about the social network we would not know that you have totoha fight and s important to fight in the Network Tells you yes, it is what you need to do. The agreement of the network and beyond validation and defense of rewards and its admires people who serve the values through violence and through extremism. It tells you that you are a hero and a martyr and you will be forever engraved in memory of the group and we go to parasitee what are we talking about . The networks very widely from facetoface networks of the kind that was made famous. A bunch of guys get together and invite each other to action all the way to virtual networks. Networks on the internet are particularly influential these days that people attend so you dont have to be in physical residence of these networks but you know that if you carry out or should be if you ram into people and kill them to pick up and ask and kill enemies of your group you will be appreciated. It will be implicit network that you do not have to be in physical presence of. What is unique about our mode model [inaudible] social scientists have been studying violent extremism for many decades and they have provided very important insight. What is important about our model is that it brings these insights together into a unified function of portrayal of a violent extremism. Some people in some models through life illuminated one part of the response that our restoration is to embrace the entire elephant and provide the reasons why the different parts work together. We illustrate that by examining some very important contributions in this domain that occurs in 1970, white men rebel emphasized the idea of relative deprivation. Its the idea that your group does not receive justice and its a slight discriminated inht comparison to other groups and of course, this is on the quest for significance. Its a lot of significance but there are other ways of losing significance as i mentioned. Even sources of a significant [inaudible] personal failures with plenty of evidence that personal failure these peoplet o embrace collective causes in the interest in service of regaining their significance. Of course, [inaudible] does not empathize the ethnic narrative and ideology and emphasize the network so it does identify important elements but i think those other parameters are also important and we bring them togetherer. People talk about micro factors with poverty, oppression, poor education and they all came to the conclusion that neither of these alone Remote Island extremism. In terms of our model defectors also address a lot of significance. If you are poor or oppressed you do not feel very good and you feel insignificant and do not matter but of course not all poor people in all oppressed people become violent extremism. There are other ingredients is needed to be added to the mixture. You have to have narrative and social group that supports the narrative in order for this to combine into combustible mixture that creates violent extremism. My great colleague emphasize the issue of sacred values and the devoted extras as an important ingredient into violent extremism. Yes, definitely but its important becauseut they allow people to serve them and become significant. It also comes to the individual and their motivation for significance is served wonderfully if you sacrifice life, take risks and are ready to die on altar of sacred values. Sacred values are important in conjunction with those other elements. Mark made famous the issue of networks and networks are important as i said they are important because they validate the narrative and dispense rewards and pronounce you a martyr or hero. What about their radicalization. Radicalization is in some sense a reversal of radicalization so the same three elements that promote radicalization if you reverse them they promote the radicalization. For example, the importance of narrative and the importance of counter messaging is paramount significant where you have to counter the idea that islam is served by jihad again and promote the idea where there is tolerance in islam and the ideology is misinterpretation of all the profit intended and you got to have a counter narrative. We are a sentient being and listen to reason and narratives that will provide to vacation with the rational for our actions. Narrative is important the network is very important in radicalization. We have recently completed another book on german neonazis and those who left the movement often left because they connected to a network and they meet somebody and meet a friend, romantic relationship that draws them back to the mainstream ways of thinking so the network importance is very important in promoting the radicalization. Finally, production of the dominance of the quest for significance activation of other needs and need for having a life and nobody expresses better than former matter former member of the terrorist organization who explained why he wants to de radicalize. You say to yourself [inaudible] i better get myself a light. In my case, specifically wanting to get married. You are going on 40 years old going to get married next yearyo and you say to yourself well, f word at this stage of the game [inaudible] you got to live a bit. The other needs are activated the quest for significance is reduced. I mentioned our theorizing has been based in time is too short and probably already exceeded my time but i would like to share with you a story of one Research Project on the reader radicalization of islam radicalization and you all know who they are. They waged a 30 Year Long Campaign to create independent state and they were recognized as a terrorist organization and the employed violent and brutal tactics and highprofile assassinations, suicide bombing, child objections use of humans as human shields and they did a lot of damage with 100,000 civilian victims over the course of 30 euros and 30000 others killed. One of the most vicious terrorist organizations in the history of this phenomenon. They had their air force, air tigers, navy, see tigers. In 2009 more than 11000 surrendered to the military after a follow body bloodied battle in 2009. Government at that point launched an effort to rehabilitate theirth surrender terrorist. They were placed into facilities of a different kind and was our great luck to be able to enter those facilities and carry out research on the 11000 extremists [inaudible] was the architect of the militant tigers. The programs were adopted from other programs launched the head educational, vocational, Psychological Community programs and the idea was to [inaudible [inaudible]s are some of the pictures of the program. Examples of our trade work had to do with respect and dignity and reported really a respectful treatment and not even referred to as detainees or terrorists but called beneficiaries and this was the