Want to run. It is like saying, with all due respect [laughter] grimm in my courtroom. We do have some great scholars with us this morning. Aephen angle, the author of great book about lincoln and the nations governors. Ofathan white, author midnight in america. Soon to be with us a book called a little monitor. Catherine clinton is no stranger to us, author of many books. He told me, and i hope i am not revealing any confidence, he has. Glint in his eye good luck with that. Abouture we will hear secretary of the treasury salmon chase from professor clinton. Let me start with this. John barr, one of our members, wrote a great book but it is a door stopper, it is huge. Lincoln. Ed lonely he says in his introduction that William F Buckley junior once said americans shall not remember why lincoln was locked until we come to understand why he was hated. Until lincoln was loved we come to understand why he was hated. , as williamho whorsen said, even those commemorated or tried to memorialize secretly harbored a wish for his demise. Have is aat we thought of when this dislike of lincoln began and i think it is true, even before he was elected president , and throughout his administration, certainly his political outlook in contrast to slaveholders contributed to this, his reliance on Thomas Jeffersons declaration of , clearlynce republicans supported him, antiwar democrats called copperheads despised him, especially since they believed, becausehe southerners. E subverted the constitution overview,general which i think we all get and understand, even if we do not accept this dislike of our 16th president. What about particular enemies administration . Ive asked our panelists to give a two or three minute overview of what they would like to discuss to get us going, especially for our questions and discussion among the panelists about what they think is important to know about lincoln s specific enemies. We will start with stephen. Thehen in regards to governors i studied, there are i do not know if they would be called enemies. Andrew, ahe war, john radical john andrew and radical republicans andrew, a would come to regard lincoln in a frustrating way because the war is a conciliatory war to maintain the border states within the union and john andrew becomes fairly exercised about the slow progression of the war, especially during the fall of 1861. These governors began to find ways to move the administration along to advance the work quickly in order to end it quickly to maintain the volunteer spirit that they were struggling with back at home. Early in the war, i would say the radical governors were oppositionists to lincolns mentality to how to fight the war. Andrew and washburn would be among the leading advocates for raising lack troops black troops. Course, in the fall of 1861, this is a radical idea. They believed if the union would have embraced this early on, it would have shortened the war. War would comeer about. As the war progresses, and they ,chieve some modest victories then you find there is a nether opposition rank another opposition rank among the conservatives. And the people who lead that would be seymour, who was elected in 1862 and would believe that lincoln is moving the war to quickly because he is a tool of the radicals and it is not until seymour becomes governor, recognizing the war has changed very quickly in two years. Seymour comes to resent lincoln for expanding the war to quickly too quickly. He believes that lincoln has been moved and prodded by these radical political leaders to advance the war and to establish a the revolutionary nature of emancipation and National Conscription and black troops. For most conservatives, this was inadically different war 1863 than it was in 1861. Especially in reaching out to the citizenry to meet the demands for this rather new war that the governors there would be no border state governors elected. In the states that have large populations to draw from, new york in particular, how would they be able to sell the war to a fairly conservative population that opposed emancipation and construction conscription. In the ways in which we see the governors react to the ongression of the war, early with a frustration that it is not moving fast enough, and in 1863, a frustration that it is moving too quickly. So frank jonathan white, you did write a very good book on Abraham Lincoln. I suppose the appropriate it would be appropriate for you to discuss why this caused so many people to turn against lincoln. Out the steve lays grand narrative to the opposition very well. I hope you will forgive me for being as i was thinking about this, i thought, if lincoln was on twitter, who would have trolled him . [laughter] there are some obvious candidates. Steve mentioned some of these governors, andrew on the republican side or seymour on the democratic side. The millennials have a good term renemy. F it is somebody with him you associate with whom you associate even though you have an entity towards them emnity towards them. There are democrats in the civilian population and the army who oppose lincoln. They see his policies on Civil Liberties and on confiscation and emancipation, they see his support for a 13th amendment, and that pushes them to turn against lincoln. They may have been moderate supporters of the war early on. They see the changing nature of the war and they begin to see lincoln in a much darker light. During part of the discussion, that is what i will want to discuss talk about. Soldiers in my research, i found many soldiers who came to loathe lincoln. Frank thank you, jonathan. Catherine clinton, i think it is appropriate for you to discuss suppose he will lay his spot heevery rotten can find. [laughter] ofherine on the matter nureading my newer ma everywhere, i think salmon chases daughters were quite active in washington at the time. Lincoln certainly believed in keeping his friends close and enemies closer. ,e can see it really paid off especially after his untimely death. On this matter, being invited to ,alk about lincolns enemies , sinceve suggested to me i worked on mrs. Lincoln, that would be a start. I was working on lincoln in new york and found this backbiting, and when ipublicans the emnityooking at between chase and lincoln, i found it was an intense sense of theambition, selfrighteousnesn salmon chase that led to his belief that he would make a better president. Lincoln, youenged get a deeper appreciation of lincoln, who understood quite well the motivating force with chase. Lincoln kindly recognized his kate chase. Y with charm spread around washington. When lincoln finally did accept. Ne of chases many resignations how could lincoln ever live without him . Lincoln had great plans for him. By cementing his role on the , he did not know what lay ahead. Lincoln was not precedent enough to predict the exact timing but he did appoint them to the court did appoint him to the court later that year. What ever he knew about his ambition, he knew about his selfrighteousness and therefore chase did inadvertently make himself an ally of lincoln because what he was busy trying to cut lincoln down to size, he contributed later to lincolns immortality. Frank thank you, catherine. Walter, the thing that has impressed me for many years is the plurality of lincolns reelection in 1864. He won the electoral votes in ,ll but two states, new jersey the home of his democratic opponent, and i think, kentucky, the place of his birth. That is a great victory in the midst of war, where elections were allowed to be held, to lincolns credit, but i have often wondered, what is making up this 1. 8 Million People who voted against him . They certainly were not friends of lincoln and his administration. Walter to measure the closeness of that election, we need to look i did not bring the numbers with me at lincolns own handwritten document in which he will predict the electoral vote. He thinks he is going to lose new york and pennsylvania, those are the two most popular states. He thinks he is going to win by votes, asve electoral narrow margin as one can imagine. I think that was a very good prediction. When you look at how did he win new york . I think defending Benjamin Butler to new york city, butler sent a note, i think i have done a good job of discouraging the democrats. About this. Ks if it had been what we would talk about today as a free and fair election, there might have been even more votes against jonathan is nodding. There might have been even more votes against Abraham Lincoln in 19 in 1864. I think we should set get to, lincolns in a means south of the mason lincolns enemies south of the masondixon line. By the end of the work, they view him as a pirate operating outside the laws of war. People do notof realize is that in Early September of 1864, some new york journalists were very fearful of what might happen in the election. They decided to write every governor a private letter to gain their sense of what their states results might be. Do you think lincoln could carry the state . The interesting thing, the response among most governors, the election is a foregone conclusion. It is too late to pull lincoln out of the race. That would be a political calamity. Unionllout would make the look vulnerable. But a number of governors, andrew included, who would recommend chase as a possibility. Those who not those who would not recommend somebody, they said lincoln was unfit but to pull out of the race would lose the credibility of the political process. There were very real questions about the opposition within the public sector. There were three new york journalists who sent a series of letters to every governor to sense,he on the ground would lincoln carry their states. I think it is a great indicator of how the selection was to be. Those letters go out about the time that sherman is in atlanta and atlanta falls. The news of the day, these responses were influenced by what was happening militarily. It was about moving the contest forward. They thought they were winning in the field. Catherine do you think if the pomeroy circular would have been ,t a different point in time the Party Leaders were pushing andnd chase therefore, it is interesting because we do look at contingency theory and political contingency theory that chase overplayed his hand. Because of the way things turned out, we forget just how unbelievably chaotic and how much opposition there was. That these is elections are taking place every year and this incredible election takes place in a year with overwhelming opposition bubbling up from a variety of places for a variety of reasons. There is a lot to be said for the miracle of this election. Frank most of that opposition was not just based on failures in the battlefield but the ongoing struggle since our founding of National Security versus Civil Liberties. Walter, picking up on that, what help the stanton do to enforcements far as of the draft and filling up what many opponents called best deals of the north bastilles of the north . He creates a system, provost marshals in every constitutional district Congressional District and they are given Broad Authority to arrest those opposing the draft, and these are energetic men and they take that to heart. Hundreds of folks are arrested for interfering with the draft if a is almost democratic strategist were writing for stanton what not to do in order to help democrats get votes in the fall of 1863 and 1864, it would be a perfect script. It gives the democrats a great argument that the constitution, as it was, a key element is lincoln and stanton are throwing editors and others into prison for opposing the draft. Segue and then we will get to catherine, but issuesn, what about the confronted lincoln and the decisions he made . Mark neelys pulitzer prizewinning book the state of liberty shows most of the civilians arrested were people doing things to be there materially hurt the Union War Effort or help the confederate war effort. These are people who would have been arrested anyway. The reality is, the arrests that got the attention of the American People and continue to get our attention today are of the great political leaders. People like there was a congressman from maryland named henry may, a judge named richard carmichael. It advances the narrative that lincoln is using claims of necessity to go against the constitution and do what ever he wants to do. From the democratic perspective, they argue this is simply to silence their opposition. He is using the laws of war to silence his political opponents. From lincolns perspective, he is doing what he needs to do to help win the war. , i could have arrested robert e lee and other great confederate leaders he does not call them great and if i had done that, you would have raised the hell of free speech and free press. He suggests one day people would look back and suggest and think he would and think you should have arrested more people. Frank today, it is called preventive detention. About teaching civil war each semester, and even in the summer devoted wee teach the script furloughing the margin foren a wider lincoln. I have read recent books contradicting the filter and i am wondering if some of the other panelists might comment. I published a book three book, io and in that wanted to look at how did Union Soldiers view emancipation and lincoln. The general argument was, 80 of the soldiers that shows they supported him and emancipation. I wanted to get behind that 80 number and see what it really meant. Many soldiers chose not to vote in the election, even though it was quite easy to vote. Youve have to walk down your company street. You had to walk down your company street. Why did these men choose not to vote . And what i argue in the book is that there were a lot of democrats and the army who just did not come around to support emancipation and they did not come around to support lincolns war policies. They believed in fighting for the union. 1863, lincolns war policies change but their views do not change. I have chapters in the book on desertion and soldiers who were courtmartialed for opposing emancipation. Looking at how these soldiers behaved and how lincoln treated the soldiers. The Lincoln Administration, the republicans in higher positions in the human army worked diligently to silence in the union army worked diligently to silence those against emancipation. Cases, these guys chose not to vote in 1864. 21 of the soldiers who voted voted against lincoln. Another 20 or more chose not to vote. A lot of them were intimidated or felt like they did not have a good choice in the election. They could vote for the democrats who are calling the war a failure. They could vote for the republicans who are calling for a new 13th amendment. They choose to stay home. Ofherine in the election 1864, there are number of states who required people to vote in person. Regimentss that the that get to go home are the regiments thought to vote for lincoln. Comments in the democratic newspapers that it cannot be nearly and private letters. I found letters were a colonel irn found some democrats writing their letters home. I will vote like a republican or tell them i will because i want to go home. All sorts of different intimidation going on. We know this was the first time soldiers were allowed to vote in any election. You are right, walter, some states like indiana did not permit soldiers and it was not a secret ballot. When you got to the box, you take the ballot that everyone could see what slate you are using to vote. I love telling this to my students. It blows their minds how different it was. The parties printed their own ballots. You would go to your Party Operatives to pick up your ballot and each party would use distinctive colors. Everyone knows. You then walked through a crowd of people who are going to see you carrying your distinctively colored ballot and then you drop it into the ballot box, which, by the way, is glass. Everyone knows how you are voting. Politicians today would kill for that information. [laughter] frank catherine, can you say a word about the cabinet crisis in december 1862 and how lincoln, through brilliant political maneuvering, turned it in his favor . [laughter] see. Rine well, let me if i search my memory bank, i would like walter to take over. Walter there is a huge outcry. Republican senators are up in you, the caucus meets and would think a failure on a ballot battlefield would lead to the resignation of the secretary of war. ,nstead, he pointed out sewer who led lincoln to a soft war policy. Remove him, that was the headline of a newspaper in boston. Lincolnan senators tell in these meetings that they want sewards head. Lincoln is reluctant to remove him. He knows seward is an ambitious guy and he knows seward is doing good work on foreign policy. Chase as well,rs tenders resignation, almost grabs the resignation from chase , and says this is what i need. He has letters from both seward and chase. Lincoln writes a wonderful wantr to both, i do not your resignations. Seward graciously, and chase less graciously, continue working. It is a great example of lincolns masterful dealings with the senators, his cabinet members. You could name a lot of the folks in this picture who you renemies. Are f lincoln is managing to keep all of them marching forward for the union. Catherine balancing the egos, too. Bye thing them against ,itting them against each other chase is out there with his daughter working overtime to engineer things and lincoln, always aware of the egos involved i am really struck by the way lincoln was charmed by kate chase and use that to his advantage and by showing up at her wedding. Mrs. Lincoln refused to go. She was always want to be aware of dress and presentation and was probably not willing to be outdone by a bride. Therefore, lincoln saw that this recognition of chase and his daughter in making a president ial visit to the wedding and staying for two hours so that there would be i could see the smoke coming out of the white house waiting for him. It would have been interesting to be a fly on the wall to hear what she had to say. Catherine she did warn him about the politicians and she was so right in so many cases about people she thought were taking advantage of his good nature. He was willing to be taken advantage of. Lincoln was for the union and for moving forward. He was always for conciliation. The notion that he was a flipflopper is quite offensive. He was willing to let his ego go in order to assuage those who found themselves in positions of pettiness. He was very willing to be empathetic. Of course, we are looking for empathy and our leaders. That is how he managed crisis after crisis with a particul