Lessons we have learned in going back to the next thing in Spacesuit Development be it going to the moon, an asteroid, or mars. In order to save time, i will introduce all four speakers and they will come up sequentially and tell their stories. Then we will have time for discussion and questions from the audience at the end. Our speakers in order of a recentlyare retired test engineer at ilc ther, the company that made apollo spacesuits and makes the current spacesuits our astronauts used to spacewalk from the iss when they leave via the american port on the International Space station. The next speaker will be ryan an artist and maker from Southern California who did a unique approach to becoming a model maker. He started out as a film director, and discovered his real passion was making models, props, and costumes for hire. They are featured in many movies. Ryan will talk about his erience rear creating recreating the suits used in the biopic. A russian lead spacesuit in ther at the company ussr, in russia. Has come to this country and participated in spacesuit glove design. He now has a company of his own based in brooklyn, and he is going to talk about his perspective on spacesuits in light of his career as a russian spacesuit designer and engineer, and an american spacesuit entrepreneur. Our last speaker will be dr. Dava newman, the apollo professor of astronautics and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of technology. She is one of the few people i can say has a better job title than i do. Really amazing. About the will talk next generation of responsive materials for spacesuits to make these formfitting spacecraft truly a perfect fit for exploration. I will call on our first speaker to talk about the apollo legacy and spacesuits. [applause] bill thank you for that wonderful introduction. It is quite an honor to be invited to join this panel. I thank you for coming tonight. Lets start with the slide presentation. I have five minutes to cover 40 to 50 years of history of apollo, so i will make this pretty fast. I start with the humble beginnings. This is a very early spacesuit developed by our engineer developing suits at the time. To support the vision of future humans working in space. Glenn sheppard was an engineer working on the helmets. You can see one in the photo. They were used by the air force in High Altitude suits. He realized that the future of humans in space was not far off. No true spacesuits out there. This is early, the 1950s, but we knew eventually humans would fly into space. To the company they provide funding to suits, ultimately split 5050 through the 1950s and 1960s. Few othersrge and a were hired to take the torch to the next level. He was quite an inventor that carried the suit to the next level and brought it to the apollo suit that it ended up being. This is our first entry into the apollo contract. Through the 50s and early 60s we developed this suit. It won the first spacesuit contest. There were several companies. We were one of the few that had a true suit. It, we were ahave subcontractor to hamilton standard. Had to the others at ilc be thrilled. They felt they had the solution. Nasatunately for them correctly recognize the Small Division had little in the way of Systems Engineering management and quality liability. They teamed up with an aerospace company. It was probably the right decision, because we did not have the rigor. We had very good engineers that could build a oneoff suit, but to have the rigor that nasa is looking for, it wasnt going to happen the way we were set up at the time. Suit appeared in 1962 as we are working as a subcontractor between 1962 in 1965. The basic design had taken shape. If you can imagine how comfortable it might have been working in that suit not very. If you look at it, you will see the rubber. Convolutes. Shoulders, and elbows had good mobility. When you tried to put the helmet on it increased the size of the torso, it made for a bulky suit. This was the early stages. It wasnt going to happen overnight. That is the way anything happens. You have some failures and you have to explore along the way. The second contract bid, here we round. E second the basicned was concept was decent for the time as early suits, but due to conflicts between ilc and hamilton management, ilcs perspective was that hamilton othered a story the day about the fact they would design something and hamilton would want to test it and test it and test it. You have to test, i am the guy that tests things, but there is a time to call it quits and hamilton did not know when to call it quits. That was part of the problem. There was part of the move of hamilton to take the helmet business away from ilc. They were not something to wear for a longduration mission. Hamilton pursued that. They thought the helmet idea was okayed. They took that away to free up our engineers. We didnt see it that way because we were making money off it. T didnt sit well in february 1965 hamilton announced an asset they would be dropping ilc from the team and working with goodrich on future suit designs. They had already started helping them design different joints. Nasa decided to open the contract back up. They were nervous. They would have a contest to decide who the winner would be. Gemini suits by david clark were having some success. Serious some problems, problems with overheating and mobility, but they had groundwork. In nasas mind they thought maybe david clark and be the suit to go to. Hamilton came with goodrich. Goodrich,ht hamilton, and david clark will have a contest. Ilc went to nasa in protest saying, we got the short end of the deal when you forced us to team with hamilton. We want a second shot. Nasa agreed. They learned their lesson and said you have six weeks. For six weeks aroundtheclock, we had a few engineers and seamstresses to put the suits together. They busted their neck to put the suit together that you see. It turned out to be the winning suit. The other two did not have good mobility. There were a lot of issues. Even our suit had issues, but issues that we knew could be fixed. When you design something new you start with something and then you develop it. You could see that the suit was more formfitting, tailored, the suit that we wanted from the beginning without the hamilton engineers telling us how to build it. In ended up being the lunar suit used for apollo seven through apollo 14 missions. It started out with what you saw previously. Job givenoutstanding the stateoftheart technology at the time. It had four waist mobility. They had to strap into pull the t together. The arms were not very good, there were a lot of problems with it. Model into the 1968 before we were flying in apollo 11 we had our engineers go to houston on september 20, 1968 and present the model suit, we called the omega suit. It provided increased mobility. On the side view you can see a zipper from the chest to the back. It was a zipper that was spiral wasisthat freed up the section waist section that allow the astronauts to sit in the rovers and more are mobility. Arm mobility. That did it justice. It was first presented in 1968, as i said. They were definitely looking for it. At the time they were looking for the hard suites that could be suits that could be used in later apollo missions. Maybe put money into the lenten suit. They liked this suit. They asked ilc to certify the arm designed so the first crew for apollo 11 could have the arms. They expedited the certification process. Late april, 1969 we began to remove the arms and replace them with new arms and configuration. This was accomplished by the first week of june, 1960 nine a few weeks prior to the apollo 11 mission. We would constantly get suits back after trainings and runs to put in new zippers. This was a turnaround to rip the arms off and put on new arms with a new design that was just certified weeks before. You see what our troops are going through at the time. Quite a bit. 1976, the company had downsized to 25 people because we put all of our eggs in one basket. We ran out of gas. There were no other contracts for apollo. We were down to 25 people. We knew if he held on we could win the shuttle contract. We did. We knew we did not have the resources to do this on our own. Came to us, or we came to them, and hamilton said youve established yourselves as the spacesuit providers for nasa. We think we should team up and we wont tell you how to build the spacesuit. We will provide the primary support system to do the management, configuration management, Systems Engineering, and support you. We figured at the time as 25 people that was the only choice. We teamed up and ended up winning the contract, which is the International Space station suit now. Our history, and it is constantly evolving we had 21 different suit designs. More than 280 different suits. We are probably a little over that, but it is hard to keep track of all of the suit designs, but that is a rough number. We built for nasa. We have the suit that alan eustis wore. The jump that he made from 25 miles up, we built that suit for alan eustis. Any mishapsife or due to any assembly. We have had minor things, but nothing that caused the mission any issues. On the moon, for sure. And moreided 440 evas than 3100 total eva hours. Ilc, we have a Houston Office where we are developing the next generation suits, focusing on lightweight design, less hardware, reconfigurable to fit a Diverse Group of astronauts. So it can be reconfigured in size. Suits designed for zero g or planetary use so that we can have a lower torso that can be used for vehicular activity and zero g with a lower force on the soft upper torso that could have planetary more lower torso mobility with ankle flex and good fitting boots. They are scheduled to complete design testing by 2019. One of the engineers i talked to aoday i think said the iv suit completed testing this week. Thats it. Thank you. I will turn this over to my good friend, ryan nagata. [applause] ryan thank you. I click this . Sorry. Nagata, an artist and maker in los angeles. I am probably best known for making accurate replicas of spacesuits. The suits in this photo are not real, they are replicas that i made for a photo shoot. There are no photos of both astronauts on the moon, so this isnt real. To prove it, thats another one from the same photo shoot. That also never happened on the moon. I make all of these spacesuits in my studio in los angeles. A7lb model suit. I fabricate everything from scratch. Silkscreen the patches and pattern the fabric pieces. I machine the metal fittings. Neoprenest replica notolutes for the suits, to hold pressure, but to make sure the suits are the right shape. It has taken a tremendous amount of research to make these suits as accurate as possible. In the years i have been doing this, i have been fortunate enough to measure some real components of the a7lb cover layer that i got to measure. There is the familiar front face. I was doing research at ilc a few months ago, actually. The pieces i make are almost indistinguishable from the real thing. This is an apollo bubble helmet i made recently. Just blown poly carbonate, like the real thing. Almost a real helmet. I guess the real question is why do i do all this stuff . I used to work in hollywood as a alwaysr, but i would make props and costumes for films and tv shows on the side. I have always been very interested in the space program, particularly spacesuits. About five years ago i decided i wanted to make a really accurate apollo suit. This gentleman happened to see it. This is adam savage from mythbusters. He has been a big champion of my work. He commissioned me to make him an apollo suit that he wore in an episode of the show. Ever since then, ive just had lots and lots of requests to make replica suits for private collectors, museums, and movies. Apollo 12 astronaut wearing a replica i made. He said it was the most accurate replica of an apollo suit he had ever seen, which was high praise from him, because he was also a great artist and looking at the forms and proportions of things. I thought that was very nice of him to say. That is a mini apollo suit that i made for my daughter a few years ago. I dont just make apollo suits. This is a pressure suit from 1934. This was the first pressure suit. I made this for the stafford air and space museum. That is also a photograph i staged. That is me in the suit. The real suit was on display here. Im told it will be on display again. This is a mercury suit that i did for a film. This is a gemini suit that i made. Asked to do stuff from science fiction. This was William Shatners spacesuit costume from an episode of star trek. The helmet was missing. They used the costume helmet on an episode of mork and mindy and they never sought again. This was the real suit missing the helmet, so i fabricated that by watching stills of the show and doing a lot of research. An interesting thing. That is alan eustis. He donated the pressure suit that he wore to this museum, but he wanted a replica of it. One, so me if i get do i made this. It has a lot of the real components, so i cant take credit for the real thing. The reason i am probably here is probably because of this suit. This is a replica of the x15 pressure suit. The real one is on the left. I made this for the Neil Armstrong biopic first man last year. This is the costume ryan gosling wore recreating one of armstrongs flights. I was also i made a number of other things for that film, but i was also a suit consultant and helped with a lot of things because of all of the research ive done. I get called to advise on these sorts of things. I did a tremendous amount of research for that suit. This is the last living pilot of the x15 program, a technical consultant on the film. He absolutely loved the suit. He said i got it completely right. He also said this was his favorite suit that he ever wore. He trained for apollo, so he wore apollo suits. He flew on the shuttle. He has worn a lot of pressure suits. He had an emotional moment looking at the suit again. Those emotional moments have made the line of work i am in now very rewarding. That is it for my intro. I would like now to introduce nikolai. [applause] nikolai hello, thank you for coming. I am from russia. I have worked on final frontier events. I am a designer. I live in new york. A company after getting first prize in a glove competition. People from final frontier design. Background, i am a spacesuit designer. I worked on spacesuit design all my life. I am one of the only men in the world that have fitted russian and american spacesuits. The pictures are colored pictures that i am on mars. [laughter] i made that suit in 2001. I have a background in spacesuit design and technology. Card as aeen scientist in 2007. Last year i got american citizenship. [applause] partner has an outstanding performance and design. Have new it and we spacesuit designs. We have some of our work. We make real spacesuits. In 2019 we are wanted for moon spacesuit boot design. Elbow shoulder assembly in 2007. Our elbow joints outperform more than twoity times. For mars inpacesuit 2015. We have outstanding mobility for the glove. , sometacarpal joint metacarpal joints with induction. Our micro material has advanced from the bestions thermal insulation in the world. Flexible and very effective. We have unique mechanical counter pressure design for glove assembly. Out of our studio in six hours. In brooklyn, new york city. We have unique service. We provide spacesuit experience. Since 2014, 250 people have tested our spacesuits and most people of them. Most people loved them. We have had people fitted for gliders and highaltitude aircraft. High mobility. The suit in is in the adjustment range. 2017 we have the opportunity suit retested it in zero gravity. Unique four days and zero gravity conditions. Champacesuit tested in a ber and high fidelity flight and we passed oxygen and with the space act certification of our spacesuit for all orbital spaceflights. In 2018 five people and one wore them for skydiving. A very promising market for High Altitude jumps. ,2019, in connecticut survival systems. We tested our spacesuit from the orion capsule into water. Vehicleorking on spacesuit prototypes. It will be in october. To make a lot of testings with that seat. That suit. Real spacesuit, only a prototype. My spacesuit design on the International Space station, but commercial has a long way to do that. Thank you for your attention. Newman. Uce dava [applause] dava how is everyone doing . It is a great evening, i am be here. To this is a National Brain trust of spacesuit knowledge, design, and a History Lesson for all of us. It is my great pleasure to be here with all of you. I will dare to take us into the future a little bit. Worldsesuit is the smallest spacecraft. The spacesuit equals spacecraft, alright. These are my apollo bloopers. The reason i like to show these is because we are going back to the moon. We have been there. We have this amazing suit. Can you imagine that 50 years ago . I had the honor to be the apollo professor at m. I. T. And i have been waiting 50 years. We have to get back there. We are going there to do a lot of science this time. Spacecraft smallest shrunk around a person. It is heavy, not very mobile, hard to do your science. In the middle we talked about the mobility suit, the current one on the shuttle and flown for 19 years on the International Space station. We are doing a lot of experiments out there. You take all of the systems of a spacecraft, provide your pressure, oxygen to breathe, scrub your carbon dioxide, thermal temperature control, you shrink them around a person and you want the person to stay alive, be safe, and get their work done. Is a look atthat future designs. These are gas pressurized suits. Balloon. N a you are in a balloon, alive, applying pressure, but they are hard to move. I am a researcher. We like to look at the design paradigms. Rather than shrinking spacecraft around a person, what if i said this is a person and i study design, i what if i am an aerospace designer, what if i design a suit from the skin outcome a second skin suit. You shrink wrap someone. We still have to provide pressure. It is a pressure suit and we need one third of an atmosphere. It is about one third of an atmosphere is the design goal to reach. One third of an atmosphere. In our research we are going to the moon. I cant wait to get there. It has been 50 years. Lets get onto it. We will become interplanetary. We will have people on the earth and mars. Earth is my favorite planet, mars is second. It will be a roundtrip. Youll want to come home and see your family. I like thinking about the materials for the suit of the future. My students grow up and become astronauts.