That. The things you do for your, asset youll do anything reasonable. I think its in that book but typically you give the money, but not enough so that they can expose themselves by conspicuous spending, were always trying to preserve our assets lives, and telling them that they need to dial it back, and i think we gave him i do know we gave him particular gifts, to give to his superiors, to curry favor, so they liked him so they would promote him, so they would give him good jobs and at one point we gave him, a bottle of brandy i think, that was doctored to make it look like it was the vintage year of the birth of his boss, a soviet general. Who just love that you found this for me. You know, we will do the sorts of things. Okay. So anything else . Okay so next week a quiz on thursday, and i will see you on tuesday. Thank you for your attention. Climactic moments of the democratic convention, as a place to nomination before the Democratic National convention. That reflects a party tradition, of the infighting, despite a steam roller drive of john f. Kennedy. And johnson poses the principal challenge. After the strong showing, he was named Vice President candidate, and a bid for party unity. But the man to watch was a hard senator from massachusetts, wow. Lead us to a purposeful Peaceful World for mankind everywhere, was a great senator of massachusetts, john f. Kennedy. Now but the front runner, came to another popular democrat, unaided by eugene mccarthy. This favorite son i submit to, you. I stevensons nomination touched off one of the demonstrations most spectacular outbursts. Among his supporters helena roosevelt, a new york governor to the partys most prominent figures and on the balloting. Was a kennedy landslide. Ladies and gentlemen, to senator kennedy. Before the first ballot is completed, a kennedy defeat with this deciding vote. A tremendous first ballot victory, and he makes his appearance. In our devotion to this country we wish to keep it strong, and we wish to keep it clean. That requires at this critical time, the best of all of us. And i can assure all of you, who have put this confidence in me, that i wobbly worthy of your trust. And im willing to fight, and we shall win. As a gop, competes in chicago under Nelson Rockefeller of new york, he dominates the scene in the early hours. Although declared the candidate for Vice President nominations, his proposals for the republican platform, agreed to by Vice President nixon, touched off a storm of controversy. Mr. Nixon overwhelming position as a gop favor, is unshaken. But the convention was roused among early expectation. As the convention got underway, i see no doubt that Richard Nixon would be the bearer of the grand old party. But the contest, for his running mate seemed wild. Perhaps to be significantly influence, by the argument over the party platform. Which threatened the convention itself. The 27th republican convention, on the foregone conclusion, generates True National excitement. Giving promise of one of the centurys most electrifying president ial campaigns. The weeknights this month, we are featuring American History tv programs as a preview of what is available every weekend on cspan three. Tonight, San Diego State university professor, pierre ethylene, lectures on the vietnam war. He looks at the conflict from u. S. Military escalation in 1965 to the fall of saigon ten years later. And the competing interests in the americans, chinese and soviets in the region. Watch tonight, beginning at eight eastern, enjoy American History tv this week and every weekend on cspan three. Paul up next on lectures in history, professor brenda grittier talks about some of the myths about rosa parks in the montgomery bus boycotts to. Professor says that she was not the first African American woman to give up her seat. She also explores why civil fight version of this history has become so widespread. Can our focus today is going to be the montgomery bus boycott. That is what you read all of your sources for accept the article that gave you a larger focus. Today that were going to go back to our discussion of the origin point, our favorite slight, which are going to be so sick of. They representing the narrative arc of the popular story of the Civil Rights Movement. Two and we are going to our origin points, with the objective of troubling it. Putting those events in context but also troubling the idea of them as origin points. An last week pick we discuss brown versus board of education, we discussed the decision, response, the impact, but also the legacy and i want to talk more about the legacy as we go forward. Were not going to do that today. And then on tuesday, we spent time talking about the emmett till case. And which the lynching of emmett till in august in 1955. We used a mix of secondary and primary sources to consider how ideologies of race, gender and justice impacted that case and impacted the lived experience of people in that case. I just wanted to take a moment to pull out and say that this week, paul what happened this week that is of a significance in relation to the emmett till case. Paul anybody paying attention . Yeah. Go ahead. Legislation. They passed the emmett till antilynching act, that designates lynching as a hate crime under federal law. And this legislation is coming 65 years after tills lynching. And 120 years after Congress First considered antilynching legislation. That is 120 years of Congress Failing to pick, choosing not to, pass such legislation. In 2005, congress did see fit to apologize to the descendants of lynching per victims, but it took another 15 years for both the senate and the house to pass this legislation, and then it will go to the white house for signing by president trump. Paul you can imagine that there are a lot of responses going on to this. The prominent one is why now . And people are asking is this commemorative . Is it a cause for celebration . Is this a cause for concern . This is preemptive . What is the context now that is making this bill put feasible within congress . When its been 120 years that it hasnt been the case . I want to take a moment to point out ida b wells. A lot of people in talking about this antilynching legislation are asking people, what about wells . Ida b. Wells was an activist and a journalist in the late 19th century who publicly and doggedly and consistently was condemning and publicizing lynching. Most notably through her publication, a red record. She did this at great personal cost. Her printing outfit was burnt down, she was run out of town. You can understand why some people might say, certainly not that till shouldnt be put attached, but where is the recognition of ida b. Wells . We will come back to wells when talking about montgomery. Going back to the origin points here, i wanted to point that out. Today we focus on the montgomery bus boycott and i want to put that in the timeline that i showed you last time. We have the brown versus board of education decision in may of 1954 the immediately after. The council forms. And then we have brown versus board of education to the following year, and may of 1955, and then the emmett till lynching in august of 1955. And i dont think a lot of people realize how close to the till lynching that the montgomery bus boycott was. If rosa parks being arrested on december 1st of 1955, that was a thursday, and then the following monday, december 5th, montgomery bus boycott begins. Thats just a little bit of context for you. To put it in a visual form. And so we are going to use the readings today to consider the bus boycott and these readings gave you a lot of information about events and circumstances leading up to but not so much information necessarily about the boycott, so we will also talk about that and we can continue that conversation in our next lectures as well. Certainly if people have questions. I want to focus on montgomery because, more than any of the other origin events that we have talked about, montgomery is most often cited as the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement within the popular narrative. And that i find, the popular narrative of the boycott itself, in the larger narrative, is somewhat problematic. And i want to dig into that mid, that story of the montgomery bus boycott. In doing that, i think an effective way of doing that is looking to a central figure in the mid, that rosa parks. I want to look at what i call the mythic rosa parks. And i want to make a real distinction between was a parks as a person, as a woman, and then rosa parks is an icon. We are going to be talking about both, those are two separate things. I want to ask you if you can give me some of you may have a lot more information about rosa parks, we have a lot more Information Available to us now. If you could give me a sense of the popular narrative, the enduring narrative or idea of rosa parks, as you likely learned when you earn Elementary School. Or typically celebrated through black history month. Anybody want to go out there . What i learned about her an Elementary School was definitely she refused to give up her seat, she was just an ordinary woman coming from work and it was just a manifestation of the common attitudes of the time and the common, she was just an ordinary woman. And a martyr, obviously, thats how it was portrayed. She definitely became a martyr in that sense. Anyone else i guess the way i learned about her was she was the catalyst for this movement that, as if she was the only woman or person that had been arrested for not giving up their seat. That is if it was a single incident that happened, and it was her. As much as the montgomery bus boycott is seen as the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, she seen as the beginning of the bus boycott. That is where that title, mother the Civil Rights Movement, comes from on her best day. How many of us can hope for such a title . But going off both those points, she is typically where she was at least, typically described as this elderly woman, she was 42 i need that not to be elderly. She was not elderly shes described as an elderly seamstress many of the accounts didnt even give her name, elderly seamstress with tired feet, tired feet who spontaneously took a stand by sitting down and then singlehandedly sparked the modern black freedom movement. And i dont want to deny her any of her importance. This is actually the rosa parks that with the best of intentions my mother introduced me to when i was very young. And i held on to that picture all the way through college, all the way through my history classes in college, well it to my graduate studies and it was only when i started doing my own research is a master student that that image started to crumble. And not just crumble, become really frustrating to me. Because i think that this ideal of parks really frustrates and negates her actual history and in particularly her activist history. And in recent years, weve had historians who are really working and it really works to break down this complicated picture. I want to point to these two books in particular. Anybody read any of them . All right, this could be good for you. At the darkened of the street, by Daniel Maguire and the rebellious life of mrs. Rosa parks. The rebellious life of mississauga parks, already tells you that thats going to be a corrective narrative. If you have a desire to know more about rosa parks, as a woman, as an activist, these are great sources. Im actually drying on them some to do that with you today. I want to use these books or use the information i have from books in my own research to kind of deconstruct that mitt. I am going to ask you if you know more about rosa parks or if what you are holding on to you just raise your hands you can even have to answer if what youre holding on for how many people youre holding on to this kind of typical iconic idea that get celebrated in black history month. For how many views that the image that youre most familiar with . Wow. Okay. All right, that is really not surprising because i think that image circulates in museums and newspapers indefinitely an Elementary SchoolChildrens Books and all of those. Its not surprising to me. But it is troubling to me. It is very troubling. What i want to point out is how simple and inaccurate that representation is. I just start at the beginning. Beginning in the 1930s, rosa parks was campaigning on behalf of the Scott Sparrow boys with her husband. Melanie brought up to scotts brutal boys in her last class in terms of these nine African American men who were accused of raping two white women on a train and then a long, drawn out case in which many of them spent years and years and years in prison. So rosa parks was actively campaigning on their behalf and which is notable because also as melanie brought up, these were African Americans who were defended by the communist party. So right there, that is a subversive kind of activity. Dont worry about writing this down. I will send this to you immediately after. Listen to the story. Just listen to the story, particularly if this is the first time youve actually had any encounter to this woman. I promise you. She sat as the look out on the steps to her own home while there were meetings, naacp meetings held in her house, where she discusses seeing, she had never seen so many guns on your kitchen table. She had never seen so many guns until those meetings were held in her house. Part she joined the naacp in 1943 and these are the second or the third woman in montgomery to do that. I should say the montgomery chapter of the naacp. She became the secretary almost immediately. Nobody else wanted to do it. That in and of itself as a woman was unusual in montgomery at the time, less and less unusual that a woman who one of the other women of the two or three twitter. Mother so you can see theres some modeling going on there. This is key, in her role as a secretary of the double naacp, in that time, she travel around the state by herself to gather evidence or proof, or testimony from blacks who had witnessed or experienced white on black violence. Think about that. How many of you have seen a picture of her, she is not a formidable woman. She is a black woman, traveling by herself through the jim crow south, to get material that many whites or authority figures, would have been upset about. This is a dangerous thing that she is doing. Quite in contrast to the image we have of her. Beginning in the 1940s, she organize on behalf of sexually abused black women. Very openly. And thats what feel harris is book is about. And he really talks about her and, traces that history of parks advocating on behalf of sexually abused black women. And black women abused largely by white men. And under the auspices of. She made repeated attempts to register to vote 1940s. And we will talk about this. And this two would be a dangerous act at this point in time. She protested segregation on the buses before 1955, in fact she was kicked off a bus by the same bus driver almost a decade earlier for resisting. For not listening to the instructions of the bus driver. She spoke, she was a featured speaker at the naacp state convention in 1948. I dont think thats an image we have a rosa parks. In fact when i was doing my research, i found an audio clip of her a new york radio interview, and i remember hearing her voice for the first time and being like, of course she is southern. It just surprised me, because i had never heard her, i had never heard her. But here she is speaking before a convention crowd in 1948. Very public. She is very public. She trained at the Highlander Folk School in tennessee. This was before her arrest, she did a twoweek training in desegregation at the Highlander Folk School. Which was pegged as communist, but it was not a communist school. It was leadership training, institution and it was precisely because of the board of education that these work shops were being held, it was how to facilitate that process. Hopefully peacefully. She never fully embraced nonviolence, and shes on the record about that. Shes on the record about not knowing if threatening with violence, or messed with in a particular way if she could turn the other cheek. She certainly supported some of the nonviolent activities of the Civil Rights Movement, but she never fully embraced nonviolence. So for how many of you raise your hands, do you find that surprising . Right again thats troubling to me. But not at all surprising. So my question then and i will allow for a couple of questions here and just monsters, its like theres no right answer but because you are the ones who know, why do you think there is such an investment or that that mistake parks as i am calling her, has survived so long well . After her death, she died in 2005. What do you think that has such currency that idea . I think, when i learned about this i think i was an Elementary School, so i was like eight nine or ten years old. And i think its a lot easier for her to be like, a onedimensional character in the story that we tell children can, when we are first learning about this history and its like for her to be a complex human being, and for her to have more to offer to the story than just sitting on a bus. Were going . Its also thinking about how a lot of us have learned by this in Elementary School, its very strategic on Public Education in general, to tell children this narrative, that black people get what they want and they are nonviolent, and pacified. And theres also the disturbance that we learn about, unlike European Countries and by white people generally you know, this is obviously a catalyst are remembered like a catalyst for this larger movement. And we are told this person was nonviolent, peaceful old, retired woman. But thats not the case,. Well its at least very politically significant, if not in