Her Research Interests focuses on the concept of place making thesocial justice issues in display of historic preservation. Focusing onnry is roadside architectural. The blue hole, an icon. Prof. Henry good morning everyone. It is great to see you. Thank you so much. So, this is what i think of when i think of a road trip. The open road. All semester, you all have been studying all kinds of themes of the freedom of the road, of who is allowed to travel when and where. Travel as a process, rather than a destination. The mythology of the car and American Society and roadside architecture in the 20 century. You a i am going to tell story that ties those themes together. Morning, it is going to be about a quest to find a magical piece of the place that i remember from my charter. The story begins in the 1990s. I the opportunity to travel to ohio on business. I had the opportunity to travel to ohio on business and i wanted to see if i could find my favorite roadside attraction, the blue hole. Of a cityx miles west in ohio on route 101. Apparently depth is 50 to 60 feet. It finds its source and underground river and maintains a temperature of 40 degrees, winter and summer. It is not affected by flood or drought. The volume of water flowing from this marvelous spring is 7 million gallons per day. It is sufficient to supply a city of 75,000 people. Really, a hole filled with water rate cannot see the bond echo that the bottom . That seems pretty magical to me. Think the story might begin a little earlier in the 1970s when i was a kid. Road trips for me were not about the freedom of the open road and the romantic notion of going anywhere at anytime. They were instead about long hours in the back of the car with my brother. We were traveling to the upper midwest, to ohio and michigan to see grandparents and cousins and aunts and uncles and sit in lawn chairs and picnic with all sorts of salads, none of which involved anything green. Is all part of the story of the upper midwest. Does anybody have any questions . My question is how did you hear about the blue hole as a child hurt you said that many ohio needs is did not even know about it. Prof. Henry that is a great question. My parents introduce us to road tripping early. Im not sure if that was to keep us from fighting in the backseat or to keep us entertained. At every stop, we were allowed to pick up as many of those brochures as we possibly could, and we were each allowed to choose what amazing attraction that we could stop on. On these trips, my brother and i would go back and forth on what we wanted to come and see. Dismay,e, to everyones i always requested the same place. I always wanted to go back to see the blue hole. As this brochure shows you, they had everything. There was equipment and a museum exhibit. , andhad a big waterwheel of course they have a hole in the ground. What is not to like about a pool of water that is so clear that you can stare into it forever . I can let my imagination run wild. The formations for me were better than clouds. On the back of this postcard, they say that the most extraordinary Artesian Spring on the continent, quite a claim, and the clear depths of the apparently motionless water, the visitor sees a myriad of strange formations, varying from the flowing white beard of harriet giants to the rich blue of the ox. This magic of the alps. Of federalated west route six and state route 101. It is more beautiful at night than during the daytime. Ton i had my opportunity travel back to ohio as an adult, i talked with a few of my friends to find out about this place. Hadrestingly, a few of them no idea what i was talking about. And then, one person finally said, oh yeah, but i heard they filled it in. And another person said, oh i heard they moved it. They what . I mean, how do even do that. I know that if you cannot see the bottom, you cannot feel it in. You cannot fill it in. As with the postcard told me. And how do you move a whole, even one that is magical . This started me on research. I had to find the truth. This quest actually lasted many years as i tried to figure out how in the world this very famous attraction had somehow gotten wiped off the map. Had to get to the bottom of the mystery. It is quite interesting. The blue hole starts in the 19th century on a small town of the banks of lake erie in a town named after an imps that apollo turned into a fountain. It is all about the water. The water was always important to its identity. This really quick, clear running fed by artesian waters went right to the center of town. The townspeople in the 19th century thought that this would power our industry. This would push us in into the 19th century running our meals and doing wonderful things so we are going to put a dam across the spring great the problem is that all of the rock on top of it was too fragile. The pressure caused the collapse and there were sinkholes all over town. Early fishermen saw potential in such a swift stream. The clearwater was perfect for trout and it moved at a rate of 5000 gallons per minute with a constant 48 degrees temperature. It came up so far below the surface, so there was no air in the water. So, they created small waterfalls near these holes. They stopped the stream with trout. It is not a native species, but it loves called water, and fishermen love to catch. As they are creating their own private getaways in these little small parts of the woods all thetown, secret secrets get out. Towns persons walk through the woods this to see these magical blue holes. Eventually they tell their friends, and people start to come from far and wide. But not really too much until the car. Of course. They were open secrets, but once people had the opportunity to come from far away and see many things and just stop at these blue holes from one point to another, it became a crowd. Scary, i think for the fishermen to see all of these visitors. At first they thought about trying to keep them out and trying to shut them out, building higher fences. But the populations of cleveland and toledo were so big, they thought, maybe instead, we should invite them in. So the private clubs decided to open up their waters. Ofy developed a little bit mythology around the bottomless spring to lure people in from the roads, it does routes and federal routes. People passing by. You can start to see that it has evolved from just business stream with a few rocks to make a waterfall, it suddenly looks like an attraction. And looks like a place that they are welcome you in. It has this nice fence around the edges and a pathway. They are trying to encourage people to come and visit. This continues for a while. They are always upgrading and always trying to make it more interesting. They include a couple of these step ups so that you computer further down into the water. So that you can further down into the water. Group around the blue hall, people had expectations and knew what you should find a roadside attraction. One of the things that they started with early on is building an incredible garden all the way around the blue hole. In the midwest, they have pretty rough winters. When summer comes around and things are blooming, everybody wants to see gardens. It does not have anything to do with the blue hole, but they knew people would enjoy it. And, they put in areas for picnicking. That is when it becomes a bona fide roadside attraction. And and stay the afternoon, have your lunch, and Wander Around the gardens. Admission is only so much. But dont forget the gift shop rate i am not really sure why they chose a log cabin. It had been a very long time since ohio was considered a friend here. This was their gift shop since ohio was considered a frontier. This was their gift shop for a long time. It was low stocks. They had everything to commiserate to commemorate your visit to the blue hole. You can always find a saw pepper shaker. Pepper shaker. It continued to grow. Pond that these fishermen had. Had to continue to stock their pond in order to keep fishing this little pond. So they created a hatchery. Ownhatchery itself get its attractor, as you can see. They farmed fish that were at the heart tree that were at the hatchery. You could watch them all jump around in the water. They were pretty excited. You can see the big waterwheel. No more little waterfalls to keep it aerated. They had this huge, big, waterwheel. Im not sure that it does . Than the waterfalls, but it dakes a much better ko moment. You want to make sure that people capture it in pictures so that they shared with her friends in the nickelback. And then they come back. Said, it isostcards better at night. I do not know if it is better, but they build infrastructure to make sure that you would come back just to see. You can see in this image, it has that rustic fence all around the edges. In the center, there is this quiet little lily pad closing in the middle. That is no accident. That is an artificial lily that with lighting so to make sure you can see the formations at night. It was a place that was pretty good forever mental a romantic stroll as you can see the couple on the edge trying to enjoy it. The glory days of the blue hole did not last forever. I suppose that is no surprise. Happens, the interest in these magical waters waned. Eventually the gate it shut forever in 1990. They honestly could not keep up with all of the other attractions in the area. On thert of ohio right shores of lake erie is actually called ohios vacationland. He will come for the beaches and all sorts of attractions. People come for the beaches and all sorts of attractions. The blue hole is perhaps a little too quaint and too quiet. I do not think the postcards do it justice. A gate that they have to enter the blue hole is actually made out of the local limestone rocks that collapsed in order to make the blue hole. It is altogether in one. I thought i would show you some of the things that the blue hole is competing with. In ohios vacationland, there are all kinds of things that everyone associates with summer vacation. You can get ice cream, you can get taffy, you name it. It is a beach kind of place. It starts out around the same time as the blue hole with kind of this victorian, very kind of lowkey attraction. Point becomes quickly the Main Attraction in this part of ohio. Early on, you can see the developing huge big roller coasters and credible attractions. Honestly, this is where my brother what is to go, not the blue hole. Cedar point is still going. It continues to be built out. It is always amazing that the blue hole lasted as long as it did with Something Like this as close by. All was not lost. The local fishing club that was the owner of the blue hole was not the only owner of a blue hole. They just owned the biggest. 1997 another fishing club sold their land to the state of ohio to create a state Fish Hatchery. This was quite controversial in ohio at the time. Million for this hole in the ground that happened to have really cold water. Many were not happy about this. Are there any questions . You talked about how they sold it. Adding nonnative fish. What are local if there are any . Prof. Henry great question. In terms of the natural environment, it does not seem to have a lot of negative impact. What it did have was a law of positive impact on the economic environment for the wood that lived in this area, and not just for the town of castalia but for the whole state. As i mentioned, it becomes the state Fish Hatchery. In ohio, that is a huge part of their business. The 1y spent not only million to buy the initial spot, they invested another 7 million into it to make it a stateoftheart Fish Hatchery to raise steelhead trout that supply the ponds and streams all over the state. That may not sound like a lot, but as of 2013, ohios Wildlife Tourism business, which includes fishing and hunting was over 3 billion. This little hole in the north is the source of all the steelhead trout all over the state. It is bringing people from ohio and all over. So they have upgraded. They have created a channelized stream through to that new, less picturesque hatchery building. It does not have the big waterwheel anymore but it still hatches the fish. There the concrete runways are the small fish can become your fish before they are sent out to their streams and ponds. With thisl start here apparently motionless, crystalclear water. Is on view for a whole new generation. Contemplate the bottomless hole and the encrusted rock formations that capture your imagination. And, you can still entertain the by feeding the fish feeding the fish, all for the price of a three dollar box of cheerios. This and we said this is one of their alltime favorite things to do when they are on vacation. Make sure to come and feed the fish. This is the state hatchery and they are well fed before they are let out. I could not feel that i got to the bottom of the story without going a bit deeper. So, in the 1980s, geologists shattered that mystery of the blue hole having no real bottom. They were able to map the entire basin and connected the blue caverns. Eneca it is 110 feet below the surface. It is also called the kds the cavious of the case. In virginia, we have our own showcase. We have other things. If you have all been to luray caverns, you know it is like. Seneca does not have stalactites and stalagmites they make a natural organ. They do not have all of these spectacular things for you to see. Thatad, they have limestone, that same limestone that was fragile and broke apart in castalia. It is underground here. It has fractured and collapsed and created a series of chambers that go 110 feet down into the ground. You can go all the way to the bottom where the water starts on a hand dug trail. At the very deepest level of this cave, the water seeps out of a very small fissure. It eventually makes its way to cold streams and ponds. So my quest finally came full circle, and our journey ended at the beginning. When we got to sip the water from the old mystery river. That was magical. Notthe true mystery was that there was no bottom to the blue hole, nor that it was actually moved across town. They really did move it. Trippersations of road from far and near stopped just to see clear, blue water and imagined that they saw entire worlds in a few underwater rocks. This is still my favorite place. Thank you all. You can watch a truce in history every weekend on American History tv. We take you inside College Classrooms to learn about topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. That is saturday at the clock. And that is saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3. Matthew you are watching you are watching American History tv. Americasreated by Cable Television company as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provider. Each week, i american histories tv real america bring new archival films. As Health Officials prepared to wrought vaccine for the coronavirus, we take you back in time with five archival films about vaccines in the fight against disease. Here is a preview. Vaccineg and testing a is a difficult and delicate process. You cannot make viruses meet deadlines. You cannot get science to meet dates on a calendar. It must be kept in mind that the entire process of manufacturing vaccine from beginning to end takes about 90 days. That is the reason why we can give you know size estimates of how much vaccine will be available at any given time. Manufacturers have assured me that they can and will produce vaccines under these requirements. I want to make it clear, they will not be able to produce enough vaccine to immunize all children this summer. Thank you. Let me explain something to you. Here in columbus, we are trying to have the highest amount of polio vaccinated against in the whole united states. I just had my shot from dr. Reagan and it is your turn now. It does not hurt, and i guarantee you it will not feel a thing. He pulls up your sleeve, and shoots you in the arm, and then you will have your polio vaccine. Do your duty doctor. Standby bozo. 1, 2, 3. One of the things we are me to be realized is the importance of getting the local neyo. The teacher knows the local needle. The teacher knows. Text the children for skin rashes. Children for the skin rashes. They performed many of the vaccinations themselves. The doctors took care of the administrative work, and the cooperation was invaluable. We were accomplishing a lot more than in a musician a lot more than an immunization process. Let us go back to 300 years ago. Diary, reread of an event we read of something that was an epidemic of plague that have been raised against europe that broke out with a capitalfrenzy and the 1665. Hundreds of fellow pill everyday. Many of them hundred thousand ill everyday. Ill every day. L everyone fled for fear of that is ease. Right now, the most horrible element was the mystery. No one knew what or who carried the plague. Came by way of this contraption. Does anyone know what this is . [whispers] it looks like i can opener. It looks like a canopener. Reporter not a canopener. It is a microscope. The Marine Hospital service was given another major responsibility. Boarding vessels arriving at u. S. Ports to check passengers and crews for infectious diseases. This task had originally been handled by the states. Mushroomed, the responsibility was transferred to the federal government. At all ports of entry, the Marine Hospital service is in charge of inspecting the arriving immigrants and most important of all, i was i whispered ellis island. It was an efficient way to check for immigrants with disease. Anyone who might become a public charge. Million emigrants, as many as 5000 per day passed through eliis island ellis island under the watchful eyes. Learn more about vaccines at 10 about eight at 10 00 eastern here on American History tv. [whistling music] [woodwind instruments] [drums] [music continues] you are watching American History tv. Onhours of programming American History every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter at cspan information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. Presidency,he historians harold holzer, Edna Greene Medford and david blight talked about the views of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass on emancipating those held in slavery. They track their evolution o