Whether it is a matter of medical research, food and drugs, contagious diseases, or the delivery of health care, the Public Health service plays a significant role. How the Public Health service became what it is today is really the story of Public Health in america, a story that is still unfolding. Throughout the years, the has beenealth service in the corridors of power in washington. Todays public agencies are challenged by an everchanging. Orld and they respond the centers for Disease Control and prevention protect citizens from infectious and nonInfectious Diseases. Theadministration supports training of Health Professionals and sends them to underserved areas. The National Institutes of health conduct basic research on diseases such as aids. The fda brings new drugs to the public. The Substance Abuse and mental Health Services administration provide services for mental, behavioral, andy dick disorders. The healthrelated concerns connected with and other responsibility for toxic substances and disease registry. Addition is recent the agency for Health Care Policy and research. It strives to assess the effectiveness of medical care. The Public HealthService Response to needy members of the community providing care to native americans through its indian Health Service. It also assess the elderly, drug addicts, those with aids and others that might be forgotten. When it started, the mission was to serve a group that had little access to medical care, merchant seamen. That was in 1798 when an act of congress signed into law by president adams provided for the government to maintain hospitals for sick or disabled people as had been done in england. For its first 80 years or so, the Marine Hospital fund was administered by customs inspectors in the seaport of the new nation. Grew, soited states did the number of sports. Green hospitals and clinics on the east coast as well as the west coast and up the mississippi. Anywhere there was a waterway in the growing nation. By 1870, the system needed to be revamped. The reorganization led to the appointment of the first Surgeon General, john maynard woodward. He had been an Army Medical Officer in the civil war. Uniform,s officers in created a flag and instituted the military system of appointment by merit. His reforms were formalized by law in 1889 when the Commission Hospital service was created. As the core was expanding during the closing years of the 19th century, so was biological discovery. The scientific firm brought changes to the Marine Hospital service. Its Hygienic Laboratory was a pioneer in biomedical research. It manufactured biologicals and trained scientists from state Health Departments and the techniques of producing them. Became the, it National Institutes of health, the heart of american medical research. In the latter part of the 19th century, the service was given another major responsibility. Boarding vessels arriving at u. S. Sports to check passengers and crews for Infectious Diseases. This task had been handled by as immigration mushroomed, the responsibility was transferred to be federal government. At all ports of entry, the Marine Hospital service was in charge of arriving immigrants, including the most important of them at all, ellis island. The service pioneered the line. A way to check for disease, blindness, and mental deficiencies. Anyone who might become a public charge. Immigrants, million 5000 a day at times, passed through ellis island under the examining hands and watchful eyes of the Marine Hospital service. Renamed the service was. It became the Public Health and Green Hospital service. In 1912, as legislation increased in scope, the name was simplified to be Public Health service. Early 1900s, the service investigated diseases and developed treatments for them. It battled a serious eye disease that can cause blindness. The mission core dr. Took his team to be rural hills of kentucky. He established a hospital and field clinics. Well into his team, he taught personal hygiene to stem the spread of inflammation. Within 10 years, the incidence of cases was reduced. They marshal their energies in montana to combat Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Tickssease was carried by on livestock and other animals. Was sent to find a way to control the disease. As he searched for a cure, he became infected and died. He was one of five officers that died from rocky mount spotted fever. He vaccine to combat the disease was developed. One of the most perplexing diseases of the time was 5000 people died year in the early part of the century. Joseph goldberger studied the disease, visiting the orphanages and princes where it struck more often prisons where it struck most often. Convinced of his own theories, he and his wife had themselves injected with the blood of those that have the disease. His findings were startling. Infection, was the cause. Soon it was conquered by inexpensive supplements. The core pioneered treatment of. Uberculosis and plague control officers fought battles in the laboratory send in the communities as well. Francisco, the officers worked to vanquish bubonic play. Rats and squirrels and their fleas. Cleanup campaigns led to the control of the dreaded plague. Disease at the time of world war i was a major concern. The service developed tests and Public Education campaigns and ran Research Centers like this one in arkansas. Workers took on child health as a responsibility. Phs personnel traveled throughout the country examining and inoculating youngsters against diseases such as typhoid. Then there was the matter of keeping vital statistics. Early work kept staffers busy. This was the personal computer of the 1920s. Statistics relating to health and disease involve the phs then as now. Washe center of phs work Disease Control and rural sanitation. There were the good ones, the bad ones, and the worst ones. Along with evaluating privies, they designed toilets. The bottom line was good out houses worthy of the approval of the Public Health service, like this one, bearing the phs seal. During those years, the service battled with dozens of Infectious Diseases including malaria, typhus, yellow fever, and hookworm. During the 1920s, the ring hospitals remained the core of the Public Health service. Employed hospitals and served as a Training Ground for physicians, dentists, and other clinicians. On and thes wore nation struggled out of the depression, the Public Health service became part of the cure. The Social Security act of 1935 was landmark legislation providing the phs with the authority to make grants to develop and improve state and local Health Departments. One of the most significant advances in the Public Health has occurred in our lifetime. The Surgeon General at the time was a publicist for the causes of the day. He made syphilis prevention one of the mainstays of his mission. Moreutspokenness lead to public attention to venereal disease and is prevention. Predecessor had served four terms in the position and opposed phs assistance and local matters. 1936, president Franklin D Roosevelt relieved coming and appointed the longterm Public Health officer. The essence of the new deal resonated with his broader view of Public Health. During the roosevelt administration, 55 acres in bethesda, maryland, became the new home of the Hygienic Laboratory. The National Institute of Health Speaks the universal language of umana terrien is him. Humanitarianism. The move to bethesda prepared the nih for rapid growth in the postwar years. 1940 one saw the entry into world war ii. Public Health Officers served in several branches of the armed forces. Many were assigned to the coast guard and did everything from making seaborne housecalls on convoy control to supporting amphibious landings. Perhaps one of the most fundamental changes brought about by the war was in nursing. The strain of war on the Health Care System made it clear that something had to be done to increase the supply of nurses. The answer was the cadet nurse corps which was formed to meet the need. Women enrolled in Nursing Schools received a free education. Werere paid a salary and obligated to perform military or federal service and return for their education. 85 of the nurses graduated in the years 194346 in the cadet nurse corps. The quality of Nursing Education was changed forever. As a result of phs policy, Nursing Schools were no longer in the shadows of hospitals, which had been there only sponsors. It was a tremendous boost to be profession. Most important legacy for world war ii for the phs was the Malaria Control program. Was a majorrol activity in the American South during the war. At the end of the war, it became had developed an Important Role for surgeon control. Continued, providing Practical Applications of Public Health techniques to problems such as typhus control. The agency remained at its atlanta base and was renamed the diseaseable to bs center and later the centers for disease with an expanded role, the cdc handles everything from toxic viruses to quarantine expertise for the space program. Along with a valuable work, phs dentists were making major contributions to the nations health. In the 1940s, 95 of the population suffered from tooth decay. In some parts of the country, people had low levels of decay. Fieldsearchers in the where the prime detectives in solving the case. Nih dentists determined the teeth were modeled because of elevated levels of fluoride and that fluoride lead to a reduction in tooth decay. Rapids, michigan, was the first city to test this proposition. 1945, grand in rapids began adding fluoride to the water supply. Participated. The results were astounding. Fluoride in the water reduced dental caries by as much as 60 . Fluoridation became the principal Public Health strategy in the prevention of tooth decay. Early 1900s, dental and medical care for native americans had been provided by phs on loan to the indian field service. Act of congress transferred formal responsibility for the health of American Indians to the Public Health service. Programhe hope that a administered by Health Professionals could improve the health of indians. That proved to be the case. American infant mortality had declined by almost 25 . The death rate from tuberculosis by almost 50 . Today that program is an agency of the phs, the indian Health Service. Public Health Physicians also serve in need of another often forgotten sector of the population, prison inmates. Since 1930, officers have worked with the bureau of prisons. EnvironMental Health issues surfaced in the 1940s. In towns like pennsylvania, smog made 6000 people ill and killed another 120. Along with air pollution, concerns about Water Pollution were mounting as well. Radiation in the atmosphere of Nuclear Testing was apparent. Studied radiation and its biological effects. EnvironMental Health concerns have stayed on the scene, growing in prominence. Within the cdc, Public Health teams deal with toxic substances and since the 1970s, they have dealt with a myriad of industrial and environmental issues. Postwar development paid rich dividends and lead to nobel prize honors for dozens of investigators, supported by nih grants. Four scientists have been nobel laureate. The person for breaking genetic code and on the Central Nervous system. Christian won a chemistry prize for work on amino acids. And carlton for isolating a virus fatal among natives of new guinea. Work,lected in International Health had become an area of importance along with notable successes. Leadership ford the campaign that resulted in the conquest of smallpox. In 1967, the Surgeon General had to the phs personnel World Health Organization campaign against smallpox. Than 300 physicians, scientists, and workers, led by the cdc, went all over the globe to fight the battle. And they won. 1970 seven, smallpox had been eradicated throughout the world. Reorganization brought new programs to be phs fold. One of the most significant was the food and Drug Administration which had been independent since its inception in 1906. The original responsibility was for the protection of the American Consumer against adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs. Today the agency sets standards in food, drugs, cosmetics, radiation, health and medical devices. The agency has labored to expedite and improve the approval process for new drugs. The earlytion in 1970s established the phs and its form of today. Changes was bringing programs for mental and onective disorders into agency. Today the Substance Abuse and mental Health Services administration administers treatment programs in these areas while Research Activities and Mental Health and Substance Abuse are carried out by the National Institutes of health. The 1970s, the phs became involved in the delivery of Health Services to poor populations. The Community HealthCenter Program supported more than 800 Health Centers throughout the country and provided medical care workers to these communities through the national Health Service corps. Programs remain a vital part of the Public HealthService Today as the needs of the medically underserved continue to grow. They support state and Community Efforts to serve those that are less fortunate and provides Health Care Practitioners to staff those systems. The organization continues to support the education of Health Professionals through scholarships and training programs. To assure the quality of Health Services, the agency for Health Care Policy and research has been established. It sponsors medical Outcomes Research toward the goals of improving the practice, organization, financing, and delivery of health care services. The phs has led the national and global battle against hiv and aids, carrying out primary research on the virus and sponsoring prevention and treatment programs throughout the country. All of the agencies of the phs are engaged in this monumental campaign. The Public Health service is made up of Civil Servants and commissioned corps members. In addition to staffing the agencies of the phs, the commission provides clinical and scientific personnel for the bureau of prisons, coast guard, the Environmental Protection agency, and the National Oceanographic administration. The 1980s, the Surgeon General brought visibility to