Lack of export competitiveness, fiscal deficits, and low labour productivity are the cause of Pakistan's macroeconomic challenges. — AFP/File ISLAMABAD: Pakistan’s lack of export competitiveness, chronic fiscal deficits, and low labour productivity are the root cause of the country’s sizeable macroeconomic challenges, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) said in a study released on Monday. The country needs to take decisive reforms to unshackle the economy from its binding constraints, ADB’s country diagnostic ‘Pakistan: Reviving Growth through Competitiveness’, carried out in association of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), suggested. The ADB-IDB report notes that constraints were also imposed by weaknesses in the finance and power sectors, mobilisation of resources through foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic savings, education and health systems, and the management of urbanisation process.