Why is that. For a long time weve been told its in our genes and that the genes were born with form our genetic blueprint so. Now researchers say its more complicated through a mechanism called epigenetics our environment and lifestyle can actually modify our genes. One in every five hundred women has a potentially dangerous genetic defect. A mutation in one of the b. R. C. A. Genes which increases the risk of Breast Cancer. But not every woman with the mutation will develop the disease so what determines who will a question that geneticist money as the year has spent years investigating. The idea that spurred this research came to him one day at lunch. I was having lunch and i could area and a couple of twins then walk in the restaurant and the guys who were doing it because they have similar features but one was seen and the. More fat and they thought possible if they had the same d. N. A. Yet realize that twins could be the key just solving the mystery. He began reviewing the medical records of a. Tentacle twins who have the genetic mutation. And the suspicion was confirmed. A couple of woman but both of these are twins of course and both carry the same edition but confesses that up in Breast Cancer im additionally busy in this call because one by one the beloved the duma the spec the h. For these that can be fifty years or and the late seventy seventy five how its possible this is the lay of twenty five years. There were other cases to. Start yet under steam found a total of fifteen sets of identical twins with very different Breast Cancer histories they took d. N. A. Samples from the twins for further investigation. Tweens i was pretty men the nature has done for us and it took us created this not to roebourne clones from the starting point both between us they share the same sequence so there are no differences that can be associated with genetic changes so everything has to be added later this can be added in pregnancy birth order lifetime so its a wonderful tool to study how the middle men with our genetic material. The researchers suspected that environmental and lifestyle factors had an impact on gene regulation the aim now was to looking for strangers. For each twin they completed a d. N. A. Profile looking for specific biochemical changes in the genes and found significant differences between twenty. One which show that is that there are particular genes that debate that by the intimate relation in that when the divil a bit you know more when. What scientists call epigenetic regulation those biochemical changes appear to determine whether a gene is activated or not. These processes could help explain why some women with the b. R. C. A. Mutation develop Breast Cancer and others dont but exactly which environmental factors triggered these epigenetic changes theres a question that hasnt yet been answered. Theres no question that an active lifestyle has an impact on the health and physique. Sports and exercise can change our bodies inside and out in many ways we are what we do. But why. Some researches have examined the effect of exercise within our bodies using a rather ingenious method. Everyone knows exercise does a body good. But what effect does it have on our genes. This exercise machine will help answer that question the volunteers train here four times a week over a three month period using only one leg and tried a little bit faster. For melinda lind home of stockholms carolyns could institute one thing is cute. The volunteers will exercise one leg during the test period the other leg isnt trained at all. He looks really good mark so you know the reason were doing this training is that both your legs have the same genes they experience the same die at the same stress the same sleep its only going to be the training that differs so we can then use the other leg as your own control if exercise really does alter our genes that might also help explain its health benefits. And we all know that its good to exercise there are so Many Health Benefits of Training Like you reduce the risk for many. Most common diseases like type two diabetes obesity cardiovascular disease different cancers but we dont completely understand the mechanisms behind these health benefits. To examine and compare the genes the researchers take a small sample of muscle cells one from the exercise leg one from the one that wasnt exercised. The researchers examined the d. N. A. From the muscle tissue biopsies for any biochemical changes focusing on the regions that regulate the genes. The results revealed a variety of changes in the d. N. A. That occurred solely due to exercise even the researchers were surprised by the results. We saw that about four thousand. Actually changed their activity with the training and we have about twenty thousand genes in total in our genome so about twenty percent changed. The change in activity in more than four thousand genes just through regular endurance training the researchers were able to trace a huge network of genetic activity to the training effect. And its not just the genes influencing muscle Fiber Development that are affected its also the genes that influence Cellular Energy carbohydrates and sugar metabolism and the formation of adipose tissue body fat. Is a bioinformatics specialist. Who took a closer look at the altered genes in their functions in the body. He found that the genes didnt change their regulation independent of one another. They did so in unison within interconnected network. They act together if they are. Expressed so activated in a similar way we sue pauls the shares function and then. The similarity is the following you can imagine you have a network of friends on facebook on twitter when they share similar likes when they check in similar it means that maybe they have similar characteristics. One of these networks has to do with morphology the structure of the muscle. Yet another with Cellular Energy. The fact that we through something as simple as training its a lifestyle change that basically everyone can easily do we can actually alter the activity of so many of our genes and as well as the methylation and the epigenetics that regulate. The body has a complex gene Activation Program which can benefit our health it just needs to be kicked off by regular exercise. So we are what we do we asked you on facebook what do you do to stay fit. After those these humans are the hot sun says staying focused is his passion especially using his punching bag whenever he feels down he tends to exercise to work through the problem for him its like magic. Really its writes that she doesnt play team sports because shes slow and clumsy instead she heads with the mountains and goes hiking. He doesnt read. When switching off all media on weekends that means no t. V. Radio internet from friday night to monday morning that way he has time for sports and other intelligent entertainment. Kenneth kitchen writes that the work he does as a family in kenya keeps him more than fit. And good stuff leonhardt agrees he says manual labor is the best all round work out there is it keeps you fit and keeps you muscles you can work with the gym workouts should mimic that instead of focusing on your extreme performance. Time now for our viewer question and this week its about one of the strangest and most fascinating objects in space. David miller from kenya wants to know. How our black holes formed. Black holes are sometimes described as cosmic vacuum cleaners because they suck up everything that gets too close. Matters spirals into them like water swirling down a drain. Black holes are formed when a dying star collapses. Or when two stars collide. This releases huge amounts of energy the stars condense to form a point with enormous gravity. The result is a black hole this core starts off small but as it pulls in more and more matter from its surroundings it can assume gigantic dimensions. And thats what astronomers have identified at the center of our milky way an enormous black hole. Three million times heavier than our own sun. Scientists believe massive black holes are at the center of all galaxies. When galaxies get a little too close to each other they merge and with them there are black holes. But does that process continue indefinitely thats a question we dont yet have the answer to. If you have a science question go to our website and send it in if we answer it on the show you get out fun and informative d. V. D. Featuring albert einsteins most famous theories. The most important thing is to never stop asking questions. This is a major and eviscerate. Two hundred years ago confident invented the bicycle it was rather basic without pedals or a chain. Since then the bicycle has moved on and with the help of modern technology its still evolving. Contrary to appearances this is no ordinary bicycle. Speed pedal axe or the s. U. V. Bites. Forty five kilometers an hour. No problem even if youre not in great shape thanks to a bit of motorized assistance the frame has a built in battery and onboard computer with a touchscreen and a g. P. S. Module. Fully electronic gear is a range of up to one hundred eighty kilometers and every time you use your brakes the Energy Recovery system gives the battery a little extra charge. And theres more its a smaller bike that can be accessed from immokalee via and up on your mobile phone. And the outlets made up why you sort of find configuration on to the point that means i can set the most to how i want and if the point gets stolen i cant find it and im worried that someone might be using it so i can block the motor so the bike will stop. Plus i can see where the bike is that any given time has to start it was just lots of inside with it. But that kind of innovation comes at a price this computer on wheels costs as much as some cars pretty hefty for most cyclists this trend towards high end is mainly something to admire at a bike fair or festival. But even ordinary bikes can be retrofitted with a security system. Around three hundred thirty thousand bikes are stolen each year in germany. A thief with a pair of bolt cutters and your book love a dyke is gone its a frustrating and expensive experience. My boyfriend and i have both had a lot of bikes stolen over the years when his racing bike was also stolen that we decided to fight back against the bike thieves might find out of the new company for. The. First. And this very annoying sound is part of the battle. Thats a stash thats an insect isnt antitheft device in tracking transmitter i screwed on to the frame and it connects with my smart phone via bluetooth and identifies me as the owner. And if the thief tries to steal my bike in six Movement Sensor will detect that and set off a one hundred decibels alarm plus i get a message that my bike has been stolen and then insect also becomes a tracking device. But insect doesnt just alert the bikes owner it also informs other app users who were in the vicinity so they can help look for the stolen property an entire Community Working together against bike thieves. There are also new options when it comes to locks instead of rubber coated solid metal this one is made from fabric and. The lock is about as tough as a steel chain its made of technical yarns that are woven together in multiple layers they are fire and cut resistant and have a high tensile strength so theyre pretty tough to crack and. See that pushed up. This we want to see. Pretty impressive. Light as a feather fabric lock really is as strong as one made of steel and it costs about the say. A lot of high tech is going into bikes in these days of course some bike lovers still enjoy a touch of low tech. With excess arrays ranging from the decorative. To the imaginary. After dark go technology is once again called for good whites are especially. Importance but unfortunately there are still all too many under led bike riders on the streets even bicyclists with proper lights can be hard for drivers to see. This could be the answer the most is the brainchild of two students from boston. Sixty l. E. D. S. Ensure the rider is visible even on the darkest of streets. Also has built brake lights and indicators. The most isnt the only new idea for boosting cyclists visibility. Most collisions with cars happen at intersections. This laser light designed in britain projects a fluorescent green image so drivers are aware of the cyclist even when theyre in the blind spot a bright idea helping to improve safety on the road. To to. The blind spot it certainly is a problem its the pose of the road that cant be easily seen from the drivers seat. When it comes to cars a cyclist will always be worse off in a collision. Thats why researchers are looking into ways to make pedal power as safe as they rule of thumb is simple the most vulnerable part of the body is the head. For the stunt man it was just practice but for others its deadly serious. Claudia hofmann was riding her bike to work just as she always does. Thats. When it was so sudden that i couldnt react at all. Just up the street sweeping a vehicle suddenly pulled in front of me and i was thrown over my handlebars. I rolled over i rolled sideways on to my shoulder and the helmet. And thats how i got hurt in the fillets. Cody is injury was one of the most common and potentially dangerous injuries in cyclist a blow to the temple for forensic scientist fall from hell its clear she walked away from the accident relatively unscathed because she was wearing a helmet you know as a busy here we can see a human in the area of the temple below the left eye all this is. And she had a concussion. Without a helmet it would have been much worse deadly even but far from hell has analyzed many bicycle accidents and determined that most helmets dont protect the cyclist as well as they should. Thats because most bike accidents involve a blow to the front or side of the head not necessarily the type of impact that helmets are designed for. In the past helmets were tested as though there was a brick falling on your head so only the top of the helmet was tested thats not what happens in real life. Or. Still without a helmet such blows to the side of the head or forehead can be life threatening. Record list of the make of the helmets even if its old or has poor test ratings its still much much much better than no helmet at all riding without one really is. Helmets are already very effective but if helmet manufacturers act on the results of our study they could make them even better this and. That seat. Thats whats happening at the university of strasbourg where raimi villans j. Has developed new helmet tests first he shows us some old ones still in use. Today well show you a test method thats clearly limited in value and has a number of problems. Like it stop. Helmet complete with dummy head is dropped onto a surface at a speed of twenty Kilometers Per Hour if the impact force doesnt exceed two hundred fifty g. s the helmet passes the helmet is sturdy enough to prevent a skull fracture. Thats not good enough so you cant just Pay Attention to the two hundred fifty g. s. You also need to look at what happens to the brain when it experiences this type of impact but lets them get. Thats why villages new test method uses an angled surface and a new modern dummy head fitted with six sensors to measure acceleration. He also sets the impact velocity to more than twenty three Kilometers Per Hour. The impact on a sloping surface makes the head rotate just as it would in a real accident this would result in serious injury to the nerve cells in the brain the sensors in the test head measure how much the helmet can dampen the force and whether this brain injury can be prevented. So i think. If you take what is in effect a bullish on apply linear acceleration theres no problem you can see the snow so thats understandable thats you want but as soon as you apply a bit of rotation some results in this impact which puts a strain on the nerve fibers in the brain. And can lead to serious brain injury. Using the readings obtained from the sensors on the test head the scientists analyze whether the helmet would be able to prevent brain injury. But thats not all. In the new tests the point of impact is lower not on the top of the head but on the forehead side and temples thats what happens in real life crashes so thats what the helmet should protect. The first redesigned helmets tested with the new method are now hitting the market. It wanted him to red white helmet is much lower down around the temples. The wall of the helmet is also sicker and for cyclists who want to travel light and this is what we call soft protection its for people who refuse to wear a helmet. A headband made from highly shock absorbent material it offers some protection to the vulnerable areas of the forehead and temple better than nothing. But the helmets that have passed the new tests are a better choice. As a not enough after what i went through there is no question that i definitely go for a helmet that offers the best protection associates. Youll find more from the world of science and technology on our website. If you have questions or comments to get in touch on twitter and facebook wed love to hear from you. Thats all for now next time well be looking at pregnancy whether its physical and emotional effects and how does that affect the brain. Join us for that next time. Thank you the beauty. The be. The be be. The. Heroines of the resistance sophie shows tend to copy. Young women whose names have just become when the nazis took power. But they believed in freedom equality and justice. And gave their short lives someone come. Down with it not. Just tonight spunky w. D w true diversity. Where the world of science is at home in many languages. On top of. Our innovations magazine for each of. Us from every week and looking to the future on d w dot com of science and research for any show. Its all about the moments that. Its all about the stories in such. Its all about George Chance to discover the world from different perspectives. Join us and be inspired by distinctive instagram or hers at g. W. Stories the two topics each week on instagram. Was barely feel. The scars of civil. The pain still tangible. The surfer go. For citys edge by where. They have survived but do they also have a future. I really understand people who say they dont want to stay here. I also admire people who want to stay here and who decided to create something. A new beginning in peace time more the people making it possible what needs to happen here tolerance and reconciliation are to stand a chance. Darkness cities during war. Starting march tenth on g. W. This is deed of news live from berlin Syrian Forces launched new strikes on rebel held eastern more than five hundred people have died in an all out thats gone on for more than a week now the u. N. Chief are d