The beginning of a new era in astronomy for the 1st time scientists have detected the ghostly particles that are not just extra terrestrial but extragalactic. They come from millions of light years away where stars explode or super massive black holes swallow cosmic matter in tremendous voids neutrinos there among the most abundant particles that exist and to the most mysterious every 2nd 100 begin the restrung bodies it turns to the speed of light without argument noticing they move on hindu through the universe because they can fly through most matter. You think nothing we can imagine. Has 0 science 0 charge mass very close to 0 and it interacts with everything. But somehow or other you know the neutrino is a thing it might be the key to the universe. For astro physicists the universe is one huge laboratory and which most things still have to be discovered. The matter of which the stars planets in sr like gas clouds and humans are composed only accounts for a mere 5 percent of the universes mass the rest is an enormous atom so its possible the human eye is woefully inadequate to see everything in the universe astrophysicists are looking for operators that will help them investigate the tremendous events in the cosmos to which they have any number of theories but precious little concrete information the sooty make everyday and on simply neutrinos and in our case neutrinos with particularly high energy they are neutrinos conveying a message they are messengers they tell us something about the object from which they come to us this object must be something in which incredibly high energy is released many times higher than in the some. Cooking so we are looking for instance at neutrinos arising from dark matter and i lay ssion processes these may give us an indication of what dark matter is is. 10 years ago an International Team of scientists started to build a gigantic detector to catch these High Energy Neutrinos in one of the most remote places on the south pole. Any. Deep in the ice the scientists are looking for flashes of light triggered when a neutrino collides with matter. With immobile drilling station the Research Team has noted countries holmes kilometers deep into the Antarctic Ice cap. Here the ice is so deep going to cure that the detector which measures a cubic kilometer has sufficient space and ideal conditions a hot water drill which draws down its own weight as it melts the ice has prepared the way for photo sensors in the Crystal Clear. The other layer of the ice sheet consists of snow the snowflakes changes there are pressed down deeper and deeper over many thousands of years from graceful ice crystals to compact transparent tries. To meet a high flakes are transformed into 3rd layer of compacting ice more and more snow presses the air out of the sub. Becomes denser and even more compact until finally it is a body of ice almost free of air. The scientists have introduced photo sensors the size of basketballs into the ice on separate strings like threaded beats up to a depth of 2 and a half kilometers within a single day the drill hole freezes close to. When the works completed a cubic kilometers of ice is full of sensors. The gigantic detector is now already. Deep within the Crystal Clear ice where it is pitch dark thousands of highly sensitive photos sensors wait for minimal but far reaching traces of light. And these traces only occur when a neutrino collides with an atom in the ice. 2013 scientists found the 1st conspicuous light signals in the ice cube detector. Doesnt appear as its coming from we cant trap the neutrino itself when it interacts with matter very rarely if were very lucky it collides with an atomic nucleus releasing secondary particles some of which move hundreds of meters 2 kilometers in straight trounce through the matter for me and disappear behind them they pull a cone of light which is called radiation after the man who discovered it. And this light is what we did tanked with the ice cube we found High Energy Neutrinos for the 1st time but. That they had such high energy that it was extremely unlikely they were created in the earths atmosphere exactly. The city in the it atmosphere thats what. These neutrinos must have come from outside our solar system. But such a High Energy Cosmic neutrino which is much smaller than an atomic nucleus collides with an atom in the ice it creates a white signal that spreads over several 100 meters. To discover is a bird with a breakthrough after decades of research. Scientists worldwide are searching for these messenger particles from the distant universe also on the other side of the planet in europe a Research Institute on the french coast off to the north is a base for a tremendous Mediterranean Project q. B. Kilometer neutrino telescope came through. Is a small prototype of the deep signorino detector already sends data here. Each box corresponds to one of the detection strings each cross represents the. Height of the time of the the photon that was detected. 20 years ago we started the development of the telescope. It took some some while to learn. The tricks of the trade of how to build very large infrastructures very deep in the sea with in fact. Strings but the project that were building now came through that will be many hundreds. So this will dramatically. Increase the chances guarantee that we will be able to have big us detection of cosmic neutrinos neutrinos are all around us but we have no idea where they come from these elementary particles that a 1000 times more energy than those from the Worlds Largest particle accelerator the large hadron collider in geneva. With the other attributes of the most trivial neutrino source is humans all of us in our bodies are small amounts of a radioactive isotope of potassium potassium 40 undergoes b. To decay which produces neutrinos that. Our bodies emit between 45000. 00 neutrinos per 2nd. But more important ones for us physicists are solar neutrinos which we have already identified in fact on every square centimeter say on every thumbnail 60000000 solar neutrinos arrive every 2nd and they fly through us irrespective of where were standing facing away from the sun or towards a torn a deep cave imagine 60000000000 neutrinos. The sun burns hydrogen in its core at a temperature of 15000000 degrees celcius light particles and also neutrinos are emitted the sunlight we see has required thousands of years to pass through the sun successive layers only the neutrinos leave the core immediately just 8 minutes after their creation they reach the earth. But these are low Energy Neutrinos. We used to when were looking for neutrinos that come to us from entirely different processes not from Nuclear Reactions but from massive excel aeration process is due to cosmic accelerators like the l h c accelerator in geneva about that excel rate many many times faster with much Higher Energy we are hoping that cosmic neutrinos will give us information we cant get from any other source. Neutrinos are a small part of the cosmic rays that constantly rained down on the earths atmosphere weve known about this High Energy Particle radiation for more than a 100 years but where and how the particles originate is still a possible all we know is that it consists largely of atomic nuclei mainly protons. Here in the mediterranean became 3 net detector will be built in 3 sections one of them off the coast of italy another off the coast of france and the 3rd of the coast of greece. They were before kilometers underwater and digitally linked performer. And detector. In its maximum extension came 3 natural be 10 cubic kilometers large whereas ice is the detecting medium of ice cube at the south pole the detecting medium here will be liquid water. But deep sea conditions make entirely different demands on the planning and construction of the detector. To read the data from the water the scientists are installing an infrastructure on the seabed which will gather the data bundle it and transfer it via special deep sea cables to the analysis stations on the coast. With an instrument the engineers call worm which uses extreme water pressure they dig a deep channel into the upper layers of shale and stones until they strike the harder layer of rock. August Solid Foundation and accompanying diver lays the cable and immediately covers it with shell line stone and mud for protection. Seitan south of berlin is the location of one of the leading centers of neutrino research. The german electron synchrotron daisey. This is where a team of particle physicists developed the sensors from which ice cube at the south pole is constructed. In the dark land this class feet you see a photo and multiply tube it is inside here and its very light sensitive. On the piece in the sense that if as of when a single photon strikes this side it produces a tiny electrical currents which can be read out by the electronic module thats located in the upper part of the sensor or dive. With a plane here let me show you those sectors like the hole in the sea up this is the this is the glass of beer that protects the sensor from the enormous pressure deep in the ice. On the minute and inside we have the elektra at module which amplifies and digitizes the tiny electrical current and then sends the digital signal out to the surface. Thousands of synchronize sensors measure the precise time and strength of the light event and communicate the data. In the laboratory the researchers are already working on the next generations of light sensors they should be cheaper simpler and more efficient one idea is to conduct the terrain called light through coated tube the scientists are looking for ultraviolet light. The post doctoral student yakob fun son tim is getting ready for his 1st assignment at the south pole. You have to be really fit to fly to the south pole i have to get a thorough medical checkup and thats when i get the ok ill set off for Christchurch New Zealand south island ill have to wait there for quite a while until the weather conditions are just right. As this is that often come little fly 8 hours to the antarctic coast and then maybe after a couple of days take a flight of 2 hours to the south pole. Response service one supporting. And ive been working on the ice cube project for a long time but ive never seen my experiment im really looking forward to that and going to such a special place which only few people have been to so far it mentions. The journey to the south pole is an adventure for the young scientist the antarctic is larger than europe its surface includes land a continental high sheet and a gigantic ice shelf 98 percent of the region is covered in snow and ice some of the sea ice surrounding the southernmost continent melts to less than 3. Square kilometers one 6th of its winter surface because of the altitude of its terrain the extremely low temperatures and low precipitation the antarctic is also one of the driest regions in fact the Worlds Largest desert. Its summer here and its high season researchers come to the south pole in summer only a Skeleton Crew remains during the dark cold winter to keep the detector running. Everyone who comes here is excited to reach the south pole but some suffer from altitude sickness from the moment they arrive it takes a few days to a climatologist for the resurgence the new Amundsen Scott south pole station is no aces in the middle of the ice deserts the current tees their survival. The station can accommodate several 100 people everything here is simple and practical. But scott and amundsen who were the 1st to reach the south pole more than a 100 years ago would be astonished by the comfort and technology. This is an astrophysics hot spot deep in the attorney the researchers are discovering cosmic light signals. Ice cube are searching for neutrinos that have flown through the earth ones that enter the northern hemisphere. Ones that end of the Southern Hemisphere and look for in the mediterranean for only neutrinos can fly through the earth. The k m 3 detector will also search for party. That have traveled through the earth. Since the mediterranean is more than 5000 meters deep the tundra on the east coast of sicily is no ideal spot for research station. The team of european scientists is here to install the 1st section of the detector on the seabed. Physicists have adapted the structure of the photo sensors to deep sea conditions. Water pressure salt and sea currents are formidable challenges the sensitive electronic module has to be protected to make the most precise measurements at any moment. And that if you dont die you the difficulty is that these objects have to be placed at a depth of 4000 meters. Up and we hope it mean everything has to be correct. Because its extremely hard to pull them back up out of the water to repair them. So everything has to work perfectly before the Mission Begins in this. Book that asking that. The physicists register the senses so as to be able to sort the data they will receive from the deck. In the Scott Amundsen station at the south pole jaco from santa is not feeling at home he can reach the ice cube on foot. For lunch and hell it is or is not a full day for almost no wind of the summer temperatures of minus 30 degrees celsius glorious sunshine. Sure the station is about 500 meters behind me and in front of me its only about 500 meters to the ice cube laboratory where youre think im going there now to see how our detector is doing. History of these rods and flags are the only parts of the ice cube you can see on the surface most of the detector lies want to have kilometers beneath my feet of. Ice cube is a superb neutrino detector can take high tech ice cube. Buried 2 and a half kilometers deep in the eternal ice of the south pole. Its dark down there i says extreme if your. Light is able to travel through ice cube without much scattering. The eye is of the telescope watch for the tiniest flashes of light 5200 photos senses register the weak lights of the particle traces which can travel many hundreds of meters through the ice. When the light signals are discovered the sensors transform them into electrical signals and conduct these along the steel cables to the surface to the ice cube or a tree. Into the brain of the telescope. The 1st Computer Center has already been installed in ice cube it registers all the data from the ice field as it roughly and then sends it to Research Centers all over the world data from each of the more than 5000 sensors in the ice is gathered here. This is the detectors control center it receives its power from here thousands of meters of cable. And cupboards full of computers. Day and night a small team of scientists monitors the electronics in the ice cube. To keep the detector running some of the scientists remain on the ice during the winter. Then it is minus 70 degrees celsius here. As night. The sun stays below the horizon the moon follows its regular course. This is perfect for viewing the iridescent poena lights ionizing solar wind that meets the earths atmosphere and is diverted to the pole. But now during summer at the south pole when its winter in europe the sun never sets. It circles the pole at a fixed distance to the horizon the rhythm of day and night is suspended. The day has 24 hours of sunlight and you cant oriented yourself on the suns position. Its just a single day that never seems to end. Of fun sandton stripped to the high tech detector ice cube in the Antarctic Ice dens up to 10 so daves. Looking for the needle in a gigantic haystack the scientists continue filtering the countless events in the ice until they come across the decisive light signals. This is the raw data until we see the whole detector but not in real time ive only read about one second here. But thats a 1000 times slower than real time can you switch to real time yes then the clip last one second there blinks wildly good. Filtering the data more and more the researchers arrive at their goal. 600 meter long like trail left by a particle so small that its invisible. But for now we really only see where there was a strong light signal. Yes this is the trace passing through its a mere one producing terrain called radiation which is being picked up by the senses you can see that very clearly and that. Bernie and birds are no longer alone. Since discovering them researchers have been able to identify other cosmic neutrinos. The one with the most energy to dates they have named big bird. I think it was awful as that and were hoping to be able to identify the sources of these High Energy Neutrinos as soon as possible the big question is how is this cosmic radiation produced how is it accelerated what are the cosmic accelerators that must exist i hope i dont have to spend the rest of my life researching just these questions but i definitely want answers to them the sooner the better. Downtown berlijn location of the zeiss planetarium. This is one of europes largest planetariums and the City Administration is making it one of the most modern. The news of the extragalactic neutrinos fascinates the director. To show them in the planetarium dome at the reopening would be sensational. Planetarium director tim florian horton is a specialist in visualizing cosmic phenomena. Using the most modern projection techniques he wants to make the latest developments and discoveries intelligible to his visitors. The berlin planetarium is a modern theater of science. In them in the skies and whenever anything new is discovered we want to talk about it and show it. We can help people understand neutrinos best we can show their path through the cosmos. That works very well in the planetarium because our audience gets an idea of the enormous distances in the universe. Sign could. Lines on in real time of course they would need months to fly through the solar system so we have to suspend some natural laws we fly faster than the speed of light to a place where in reality we would be destroyed by radiation if we ventured beyond our milky way we wouldnt be able to see other galaxies because our eyes arent capable of collecting light that long to be able to identify them and. Someone for tones im in this moment in this and its a fine line were treading here we want to be scientif