Land and sea but the key for the call to not use. You can always go to the big danger would have been too much water with just a little bit more water wed have had deeper oceans maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and wed have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction and no possibility of environments favorable to life itself we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible i mean that in. The palms of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface that teardrop you need to be primitive earth was definitely chemistry and level a dirty Chemistry Lab where you have a beer with. Lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and condition its a metal book will take on the shop. For several hundreds of millions of years the molecules mixed together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex for this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. The cell membrane needed inventing. The c. E. O. Within this one voice a bubble of greece and ireland things element on the plane that was the 1st individual and if its split into 2 that was the 1st population as life to get it to most of. Having only just come into existence the 1st life forms were still fragile theyre only protection from the outside environment a thin membrane. Yet they succeeded in developing their metabolism and specializing life could now diversify trying out multiple forms. Live you see if you have to fly has diversified and honestly but from a single common ancestor maybe early on there were several has a ton of bees of life but only one survive maybe im not a moment of it printed this year we know this because despite the incredible diversity of our living i think it animates lantz and the enormous variety and diversity of microorganisms that we all have characteristics that we share act i stick to some. One of us is youre saying biochemical base at the same d. N. A. As genetic material and were all based on the same cloete imagine what fame. Discus everything thats in bacteria fungus herbs. Whales are plants as the same stuff as us were all related from bacteria to the most beautiful dresses debated and theyre pretty off. All inhabitants of earth carry within the law traces of these shared ancient history for were all constructed from a limited number of identical basic ingredients and yet 4000000000 years ago all the Building Blocks were available on primitive earth. Just one identity only to do coleader rides came from bodies which broke up the ends of years ago and it is near rights there were from 68 amino acids we only used 24 g. s goes on. Here i mean the 1st life forms chose these 20 amino acids for why those so its probably just a question of chance. If the retiring mission you can very well imagine a world in which living creatures are made up of 28 amino acids it will but not the same ones as us it wouldnt produce all the same lifeforms as hard they would be very different movie so how can you feel. Scientists come up against a serious problem when trying to work out how life 1st came into being. 4000000000 years of plate tectonics have obliterated any trace of the 1st organisms. So they have to look elsewhere on a planet where conditions favorable to life did once exist and where traces of this distant past may still remain. Said take any deflecting next theres no plate tectonics on the surface of mars or lee. To start very early their mouth which means that at certain sides its entire history has been preserved going back a very long and highly after 4000000000 years for me out of the need. There was certainly time for life to occur on months before the planet lost its atmosphere and any record of these beginnings could very well have been preserved under the surface. Mass a sheet you mars had to use very similar to earth which liquid water comets raining down organic matter and so on just like on earth that makes all the neat he said the man shows crucial. To mans i could not finish this but with the same ingredients in the space there might have been the same beginning as a democrat changers which on earth reduced life also maybe on mars they were the 1st this is dangerous to like making membranes i thought was structures like that district of the city plus. Definitely didnt leave studied the planet a lot and we realized that 3 and a half to 4000000000 years ago mars had the conditions that could have supported the beginning of life the his short delicious. Thats fully of it weve found that the curiosity rover which has been on mars for 7 years now since the end is still investigating itself that a crater it touched down in which is 160 kilometers across again used to be a lake of fresh water filled with fresh water this water was present for hundreds of millions of years old so its possible that my foot appeared in that crater levy a plant that it would also cut to. Exploring the former lakes of months these scientists were hoping to on so one of the major questions of astronomy and biology is life a pretty ordinary fanaa. In the universe popping up wherever conditions of favorable or is it really a 10 phenomenon that we have practically no hope of finding anywhere else but on the surface says this is the crucial question which the next missions to explore the red planets buried surface will attempt to answer even though for the last 40 years the history of the search for life on mars has been one long series of disappointments almost every 2 years we hear we found evidence of life but we havent on mars is one of. These disappointments began with mariner 4 in 1965 as the probe got close to mass it sent back the 1st photographs of the surface to the consternation of the scientific community. The photos showed a dry and desert like planet. Then it was the viking missions the 1st time scientific probes actually touched down on martian soil you know since 1976 the viking approach and looked on life with my logical experiments looking for life on the surface of mars the results are negative gets if. Youre so exposed to the viking experiments were actually looking for life on mars that would be the same as on earth because thats a total illusion and it didnt work it got nowhere but in either go it was a huge disappointment as the 1980s doomed not just the general public but scientists too were in through to the then dominant idea in both cinema and literature that life the bounded beyond our planet that they are that was the 1st big shock shaking the dominant paradigm of that time which said that there was life everywhere including on mars. The failure of the viking missions called for a total rethink of how we should tackle the question of extraterrestrial life bhaskar learned to convey here the people just. Since mankind had been convinced for several centuries that there was life all over the universe and the solar system false if people seriously thought that mars was the most likely to be favorable to life well you know it a 100 presales issue took several setbacks in those experiments before people realized that this idea that there was life everywhere and run its course and yes it did it up a few no food is only recently that Space Missions have showed that we should have a different approach and our missions of the planet mars. I think up on that mass. The next Exploratory Missions to mars wont be looking for a life now but rather the trace of life in the past. This is the objective of the ambitious european Exo Mars Mission with its most bottle of our tree. Name and we know mars well enough now to let specifically for things that have been preserved in the right context endzone as favorable to life. Its here ensuring that the gigantic 3 d. Jigsaw puzzle of the european exo mars is being assembled its a worthy challenge for the scientific community. From the control center ensure in carolyn friskiness will monitor the analyses of the martian soil carried out by the automatic lavar tree in the rover its the 1st time a mission will be capable of analyzing samples from beneath the surface of mars. All 6 of us just surfaces bombarded by radiation which destroys the material theyre looking for organic matter which would be the possible residue on. A life or evil trail you can fall under the. Monsters atmosphere became too feeble to filter the solar radiation that so palmful to life. On clothes off by drilling down to meters we can get a much better preserved environment is clear it is more likely that the man with humans were looking for would be preserved piss out of us all the more nature could all the chefs. Looking for life on mars is in effect here looking for our own National Origin as well on earth that we dont know how it went from chemistry to biology its the missing link exobiology that passage from chemistry to bio at yours you. Still push on must cause as if on mars through these experiments we find organic matter we can say that were attracting the 1st stages of how life immersed on earth jeff in a very short good ideas of their. Earth fortunately underwent a very different history from that of months our planet was able to hold on to its atmosphere and liquid water life continue to evolve inventing new forms. This white rock is testimony to an uphill battle to could 2500000000 years ago in the oceans the development which changed the entire history of life on earth up. Planet scale revolution brought about by microorganisms. We make less beautiful to lead this rock was the history of our the history of biology its evolution its the amazing ability to transform matter and energy and its fantastic as were the children of this type of microorganism this is our parent and i hate this art. These arent just any rocks that biologist put if you cast your own lopez garcia and her team are here to study. These kelk areas structures the result of what was a brand new process using solar radiation as a source of energy astra matter lights constructed by complex microbial communities in particular cyanobacteria. Skin onto im surrounded by fossils from matter lives if this is a piece of living history man and im just shocked you can see the colonies of green cyanide bacteria that is still typical color of chlorophyll of pigment essential for photosynthesis and i thought oh scientists. This Great Innovation by cyanobacteria with their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water Carbon Dioxide and sunlight this process photosynthesis also produces a calc areas deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. Milka. Then a lovely piece is growing real and that they really really fast as. We have at least at least a 100 micrometers of growth per year maybe even 200. 00 to 250. 00 or so. Down the past wonderful. Well. So much on that that we were happy this morning because we found a colonization system as we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial communities which produce these minerals very quickly if you know off the top is about a millimeter over here told them which is huge spear if it did not move. 2. 4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate the earths ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth these oxygen released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear for the cyanobacteria. As oxygen was toxic for many other organisms and they impose themselves in certain issues. On the 1st day of a learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen field in the. Light in the sunlight to take everywhere from the oceans to lakes to allow all sorts of surfaces on my hands and tina. The cyanobacteria became the most abundant organisms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. The atmosphere now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. High up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed also into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the ozone layer of. Earths surface was now protected from harmful ultraviolet radiation a new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air. Where you measured out there i called for through a member when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station atmosphere you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is here remember this then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particular areas were essential not just for earth would you support for the life to which it has already gone. Thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating selfperpetuating circle came into being. At 1st to help foster the evolution of life but then with oxygen it was life changing earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. Our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. Yokes you share now with oxygen his role in releasing energy and im a building the release on lots of energy through Chemical Reaction and its more useful for animals and probably lead to the evolution of a multicellular organisms are already fairly rare for. Us multicellular organisms then lancia animals could now of all thanks to this new element essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines running. Neat features requiring a great energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could melt form. In evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio bill. By us remembering im stunned by biological diversity as life is constantly evolving im producing not just the parrot but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here in this time every 4 i can have a. Vision of unconscious but i also realize how hard this world can be so you know its beautiful but its a world full of struggles between different types of organisms you dont and you know what and when i can see how darwin came up with his theory of Natural Selection so yes it having come to places like this you dont decide where you can see these selection mechanisms working all the time you can use more basic sean frazier of. Our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the rules of evolution. It was a cruel squeeze and useful play when individuals are almost identical in varied circumstances and in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularity and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce. Exit and we deal with all but you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supply of those that dont have the particularities the id its the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances. The environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals. Evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. In them then theres no purposeful direction what its not a Straight Line making evolution progress from bacteria to human genomes it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria whishaw city evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. Evolution explores what is biologically possible im going to shit. On their toes and move what were in Constant Movement as a group and this is what has created something absolutely unique that surely more than just. This is the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with new strategies c. R. Last year we read launched evolution since the origin of life would we get the same result and i probably not that they say history repeats itself but it doesnt really somethings are repeated here but history is always different its the same what life would buy for if we threw the dice again its unlikely we get the same animals and plants that we have to get in the front of our morning hand. Evolution on earth is a coming together to be adaptations of genetics and the environment an environment which is itself the result of a long succession and chance advance chance. Multiply by chance. See its all this chance which is made earth unique. The music was used and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves its no desert sand or sea we wont find them anywhere else. The earths ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. To to fall out of the moment go on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm and yet there are billions of galaxies all with billions of planets thats true but in billions of billions is an infinity of them yell that when us what they are yes and there are billions of people that were all different its not about there being a billions of galaxies its that in a probability terms billions of billions may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case when you know you dont teach. Your daughter like us or did who in any case if we do discover another life itll be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. Should not dumb i wouldnt expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to destroy on the sea if you know life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry im not even sure there got animals implying it is any more than a prompt. Look for soul buckle dont imagine we can find our environment on another plan. That its a complete illusion is could there be a plan and b b my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. And its criminal to say there is you see theres only one space ship with earths ecosystems and thats earth was just and there will be no other. In the opposite. Her for around 4000000000 years earth has been home to life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environment. Life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. And yet today it seems that this beautiful machine ecosystem could well be stalling as a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. Of hypocrisy to sydney and we are part of this same biodiversity this ecosystem that if we destroy them thats all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably go extinct i see 5 we wont be the last and well go a l