Present constitution is considered by many to prevent social progress and justice a vote comes after for example in a. S. M. Our videos what do scientists have to say about that. Hello and welcome to a new edition of tomorrow today. Before we explore the phenomenon of soothing a s. M. R. Sound lets find out how we hear sound in the 1st place. Anatomically speaking we have an outer ear the middle ear and an inner ear and thats where we pick up the tourist signals in the form of vibrations in the cochlea to be precise. The company it was a bit like a spiral staircase that bachelor membrane and hair cells make up the carpet. Its those cells that enable us to hear from the high notes. The low notes sound fiber ations deflect the hair cells its like flattening the fibers of a carpet. That generates an electrical signal which is sent to the brain and we perceive a sound or so then stand up again and all ready for the next sound. The different pitches are registered in different parts of the cochlear. I know its are detected by the hairs at the bottom. Or ones further up. In the lowest notes at the very top. Enabling us to hear a wide range of pitches. Their cells are very sensitive if theyre exposed to too much stress or for too long they can be damaged and no longer react to sounds they hear so that register high notes are especially susceptible. Frequencies passed by their stretch of the cochlear including the low ones so it can get quite a battering like the bottom of a staircase. The carpet on the lower flights tends to wear out faster. And the corresponding hair cells stop working sooner so hardness of hearing usually starts with the high notes. Now get comfortable and look and listen carefully. In recent years asim our videos have become an unexpected. As the mars stands for autonomous sensory meridien response its a relaxing tingly sensation that starts on the scales and moves down the body and is it a real effect or pseudo science they tap gently on objects. Run their fingers over various textiles for hours on end and millions of to watch them take it and if youre off on the optician gives this one features an artist from asia and she brushes her hair with different brushes and combs it to i think ive watched it around 20 times. That theres this video by s m r blossom where she makes different scratching noises it was one of the 1st videos that i watched over and over again that if theres one part where the scratching noise was so pleasant that i had to watch it again. The lot of cats go. With. You know watch it go back to the beginning and then watch it again. These videos are a must phenomenon but so far theres been Little Research on them. The clips soft calming sounds clearly represent a counter trend to the fast paced videos with short choppy sequences. Theres not a lot going on in them but more than you may think. Like in the beginning everything seems samy and monotonous and it is but only for a few minutes then something changes and usually something adverse or stimulating starts before everything again then it returns to the original habitual sounds and then something new happens again like the viewers know theyre going to be stimulated and then relax thats why they stay. On they keep watching because theres always something new. It doesnt just lull you to sleep this is nothing new up i know and. The effect that the videos produce is called a s. M. R. Which stands for autonomous sensory meridien response. It describes the present tingling feeling on the skin that the videos can trigger. When i watch the videos and hear these noises hand movements or whatever. Well it starts in the back of my head and i get goosebumps under my scouter the hole. Thats how i describe it the tingles thought. About. Travel from the back of the head down the spine. They can be triggered by light scratching and knocking sounds. Whispers so other gestures that evoke a personal connection. To pass want is shes extremely close to the camera you can see her hands up close and at least part of her face up close and you really get a strong sense of her presence of the protagonist in the video that creates a feeling of closeness privacy or even intimacy. Intimidate. In a. S. M. Or videos the viewer is addressed directly they put sounds front and center that are normally just in the background. But i hear some of the dios dont cause the same physical reaction and every one for a long time it was unclear if the effects were physiologically quantifiable. But a study by the university of sheffield showed for the 1st time that the heart rate of people who experience a s. M. R. Actually decreases significantly when they watch their videos. The productions and who are consistent with the idea that its more something thats physiologically deactivating so its relaxing and in the same way as you might get you or your heart rate so im going to sing to the likes of musical when you are lying on the beach just chilling out and heartbreak is. An index a preoccupation. Critic. If i as a mouse calming effect is scientifically proven could phidias like these be used as part of a treatment program. But. Now whether its something can be used clinically i guess is is an open question i mean people are already and totally using these videos for things buttons on. Depression but whether or not they can be used in something we dont know but we do know is that asthma is a facility physiologically rooted respond so it appears to be something thats reliable that it be sick. And. It might be too early to know if videos could have a clinical application but francisca for one is going to keep watching them when she needs to relax. Now its time for our viewers question some animals are amazing acrobats they managed to keep their balance however during their moves. Back up ray hanania is from bangalore in india wondering. How do some animals climb walls the methods vary. Answer for example are excellent free climbers they have grooves in their feet that can cling on to even the smallest holes. Snails release a layer of mucus on flat surfaces so they dont dry out and to protect their sensitive skin. Snail slime isnt rich with proteins that make it extra sticky making snails well equipped for higher things. This gecko by contrast doesnt need sticky stuff to let it walk upside down on a glass surface thanks to attractive forces between the glass and its feet. And electron microscope reveals hundreds of thousands of tiny has on the reptiles toes. The hairs widen the tip for maximum contact with a climbing surface where the hairs on the surface meet electrostatic forces between the molecules makes them attract perhaps the force is very weak but multiplied by hundreds of thousands of has a gecko could hang in there with the best of them. Those socalled fun devils forces are also what enables this robot to pick up items. Nasa is currently testing a climbing robot for particularly difficult tasks. Its feet are inspired by the get close. Buffel climbing uses small hooks but can crawl into rock faces. One day the super climber might even be able to scale mountains on mobs. If outlook is read why are they bought a. New have a question thats been bothering you send it in as a video text or voicemail if we answer it on the show youll get a little surprise at the thank you. Come on just ask. For more stories from the world of science and technology go to our website or find us on twitter. Have we reached peak meat Health Scares and Environmental Concerns are making more and more of us think twice about our meat consumption. In germany a growing number of people are switching to a vegetarian diet. In global terms india has the largest number of vegetarians in the world 38 percent of the population if you like meat but you worry about the ethics of factory farming sit tight you might soon be tucking into a fake steak. Or in vitro meat is created in laboratories. That could help reduce intensive animal farming. Disservice to form to stick to doing. Good for. The health and the full be. Produced from individual animal cells muscle tissue taken from animals by biopsy plays a Critical Role in the process its cut into tiny pieces in order to separate the muscle fibers. The muscle tissue is made up of fat cells and muscle cells individual muscle cells can be removed and grown in culture media. The cells then divide many trillions of cells can be grown from a small cell sample. These cells merge to form tiny fibers called mio tubes and from them a small piece of muscle tissue is grown. These little bits of muscle are layered and put simply that cell in vitro meters me. In 20 field team and initial proof of concept was presented to the public to demonstrate the feasibility of cultured meat now several companies around the world are working on bringing in vitro meat to the masses its easier said than done and the science is far from conclusive and while its the idea normally a muscle cell is part of a bundle of cells so its corrected and regulated by the other cells as it grows. That doesnt happen with in vitro meat so its difficult to know whether or not these in vitro meat cells will continue to develop in a healthy way or whether they might eventually start to mutate because the regulation by the other groups of cells isnt present that still has to be studied. Still investors predict that laboratory raised meat will eventually become a lucrative business. Plant based meat substitutes are another potentially lucrative market but its not easy researchers are working hard to make feel me feel and taste convincing. In this was count on a valet researches at the universe. City of applied sciences trying to figure out the best ingredients for meat substitutes shared by experiments with various plants hes looking for something protein rich that provides the right flavor and fiber. For that weve built machinery. We can use this to demonstrate that its possible to alter the Raw Materials so that we end up with an attractive food product. Because. One of the machines that the research is yours is an extruder under High Pressure and High Temperatures the roman cereal is compressed and shaped. The extruded screw is a crucial component in the process. It mixes and pushes along the material. The position and length of the individual segments determines the properties of the final product thats expelled through the specially shaped opening. You know every manufacturer has its own recipes and configures the Assembly Process differently generally they have their own configuration for the nozzles to use. The cooling nozzle is another crucial element its here that the structure of the proteins is fixed which determines the texture the nozzle itself determines the shape and size of the meat substitute me shared by a father and his colleagues have tried out different cooling nozzle forms and even built their own the plan is to start producing a new generation as meat substitute. Its detective work with every new raw material you have to identify and develop its parameters from scratch. The starting point is the rule material these include soybeans Sunflower Seeds and yellow piece the research is extract that person and it has to be palatable. The Building Blocks of plant proteins are amino acid when water is added to the extruder and the temperature turned out the proteins unfold the High Temperature is key here the higher it is the more easily they unfold and the more easily absorbed they are by humans. Mitch out by ever monitors exactly what happens to the proteins when he alters the temperature and the length of the process then he decides how the mixture is best treated in the extruder. Testing which other plants might be suitable meat substitutes is also part of his research as well as peas and soybeans. Algae is a promising alternative. You know he has a high protein content and its very nutritious but its quite sticky so we have to improve the texture for example by adding something fibrous or by using another protein as a basis thats easy to structure. Whether made of algae soybeans opies meat substitutes is still a work in progress that can seem as well decide if the researches have done a good job or not. Callouses climbers. Taste matters even when it comes to water but above all it means to be clean only 2. 5 percent of the earths water is fresh water humans and animals can go in search of the water they need but what happens when plants get thirsty. We visit the Botanical Gardens in hamburg to find out. What. Is needed to sustain life. The. Plants need a lot of it so water consumption is accordingly high the Botanical Garden and homburg. Water has a unique properties that make it indispensable to plants and interesting to botanists. As water is the universal substance animals and plants are in large part made of water we can only survive a few days without it we all start our lives in the womb surrounded by water and living. Its also the universal solvent and transport medium in biology and transport and water plays a central role in bodies in cells everywhere and im against in parliament. Alter is known as the universal solvent because it dissolves more substance says than any other liquid. Not just does but also many different nutrients the plants need 3. Trees transport water great distances up the trunks and into their branches and leaves without using a pump. They take advantage of 2 properties of water. And cohesion. Adhesion means water molecules tend to stick to other substances even smooth surfaces water creeps up the inside of the test the water level at the edge is higher than in the center. Cohesion means water molecules tend to stick to each other. As many as 30 drops of water can form a liquid bubble on a tiny 2 cent coin. Anymore and gravity wins out and the water pours away. Adhesion and cohesion enable water to flow upwards in a plant. Capelli action takes place when it hes into a surface is stronger than the cohesion among the water molecules. Then rises to spend achieves en route and stalks all trunks. And copied. In capillaries which are tubes of less than 2 millimeters in diameter water can rise to a certain height. The narrower the capillary the higher the water can rise as would be eliminated by importunate and choose the elements of wood through which waters transported have an average diameter of 50 micro meters that 0. 05 millimeters thats how narrow the troops are in their water can easily rise to a height of 5 or 10 meters from what ive seen me. But how does it get to the top of a huge 100 meter tall tree for that to occur evaporation comes into play. For dunes water evaporates in the leaves of the trees crowns that causes suction in the capillaries its like what happens when we drink from a straw. But are also cleanly function yet are reduced and see transpiration the loss of water as vapor at the top of the tree causes the pressure differential which sucks water up to such amazing heights calm comes. The if operation also has a cooling effect thats one reason why its cooler in and around forests. In winter water can become a threat to plants because of another of its properties negative thermal expansion most materials contract as that temperature drops that holds true for water but only down to about 4 degrees celsius if it gets any colder water than expands again about 9 percent when it turns into ice. Thats because in ice the water molecules group into a crystalline structure that takes up more space than liquid water. Plants have a way to protect themselves against this expansion of. Sugars dissolved in water but then plant cells serve as an anti freeze disrupting the formation of the crystalline structure and thus lowering the Freezing Point of the water by 5 or 6 degrees. A glass of water will turn to ice in a freezer within an hour or so. A sugar solution stays liquid for longer. Some Aquatic Plants have developed other ways to defy ice. The water stress. For example spends the winter on the bed. By student form at the bottom of a sufficiently deep body of water. Has to do with water is negative the expansion. Of. The water soldier we see here has developed a particularly interesting strategy because. Of Human History and its an Aquatic Plant floats at the surface in summer it has a rosetta leaves and White Flowers good. Enough as it gets cooler in the autumn the least start to sink and descend to a depth where ice usually doesnt form the kind eyes. The way to form a water above except the pressure on the water molecules compacted into the result is a constant temperature of about 4 decrease the fish also. Says. This cup for example. 80 percent water and also need to protect themselves from freezing. When spring comes life towards the surface. We humans are about 70 percent water. Well the internal temperature of fish can vary a lot without harming them oh its nice to be cuts constant. So when its hot we sweat oh well can a cool pock a now we know why its cool under the trees. Thats all from tomorrow today well be back next week with more science stories until then stay healthy and day jerry. Moved there making our calls are aimed. Probability turning bread into beer and selling some unusual carrots for a bargain. Out and about with the food savior. Activists who thought but a lot of food is too good for the garbage and became innovative entrepreneurs in the process. But on. A dogs life. What kind of Home Furnishings do they prefer. Renowned designers want to find out they design furniture for dogs. But the designs come to learn. We visit an exhibition in london to try them out. The woman said. The 16. Was the 1st International Tribunal in history. The nurnberg trials. 75 years ago a high ranking officers of the nazi regime of morning judging by the allied forces. Were the 1st war criminals to be held accountable for their crimes from. Members of our government. Going through dont pay a. Price for. Our 2 part series the 3rd reich the dog starts nov 12th on d w. In germany millions of tons of quality food ends up on the rubbish dump as opposed to on our plates. That im listing on going very angry about how much straightest right away and especially how much good food is thrown away because missing that is most people want to throw away as Little Kitchen waste
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