At altitude between 224400 meters. Although jolanda so closely related to babylon, they belonged to their own genus and ill be only probably needs to eat grass. But despite the very specific ecological nation, these mountains, though not safe from humans, like many other species, gernado. So i mean i, you see and read list of endangered species within the middle of a bite of us the crisis. So we need to have the Scientific Understanding of why of some space is being impacted so heavily. July, those have very complex group behavior. Similar to planes, the president can yeah. Small groups of females with one male in each group. Drawing up to form larger groups containing several dozen animals. Thats why scientists at the max punk institute for neurobiology of behavior are studying both species they want to test out a new method for monitoring the social behavior of animals in their natural habitat. The my Previous Research was on was very much sort of standard behavioral ecology where i was sitting in a jeep with a pair of binoculars watching an animal. And i found that i was limited and the questions i could answer was that method, i can only watch one animal in depths for any period of time. But to look at the questions regarding collective behavior and how groups of animals respond to things like predators, you really need to see the behavior of the whole group at once. And thats just not possible for one person sitting in a jeep and so i had thought to use drones. Layer costello and her team are combining Drone Technology with the newest possibilities of technical monitoring, known as computer vision. Special software analyzes the draw. Ones digital videos using a i, and replicates the function of the human brain, which can recognize individual objects by analyzing patterns. The computer uses this information to make its own decisions, prognosis and assignments like following one specific animal. For example. This method is called the type of learning that has become Standard Practice at the max planck institute. And so it wasnt germany. But there costello and ian cousins arranged a video chat with ben kogan but he currently works. I think university of washington units and program to a deep learning algorithms for the drone project. And so, you know, the model actually learns from, from the images that we give it. Or basically we take a subset, maybe a couple 100 images, maybe a couple 1000 images, and we as humans go through and actually pilot the objects that were interested in. So say, if were interested in finding zebras, then we take these images and then draw little boxes on the computer around the zippers and the images that we care about. And then what we can do is we can take those images. So all the annotated images and give them to these models and then basically ask the model to find a set of parameters that highlight those objects. We care about not just in the images, give them, but in lots of other images that has never seen before. Basically, so they can learn those, those patterns with the help of computer vision, the behavioral biologist can observe how hurts respond to ecological changes in their environment, caused by Climate Change or human interventions. The animals dont notice that theyre being observed. They dont need to be captured and fitted with the sensors. The max blank Research Team gets all the relevant data. They need this way, the for the savers. We fly at about 85 meters above the ground, which is high enough that theyre typically not disturbed, but we can still get really High Resolution imagery. Because we still, im in high definition. We can see not only the animals location, but also what its doing. We can see if its visual it, we can see if its feeding, we can see if its interacting with other zebras. Up at the top, we see the trucks of the animals and the pixel coordinates of the video frame. But this doesnt allow us to disentangled the movement of the animals from the movement of the drones. And so its really important that were able to project these tracts into geographic coordinates, and thats what we see on the map. So we see that we can translate the tracts from the pixel coordinates into the real world and see where these animals actually are and how they move in environments. The combined a i technical Image Analysis works well with both the plane, zebras and kenya and the lot is nbc opiate. Because both groups leave help me open plainly visible from above the route. In the very beginning, this is a breakthrough in our ability to get these types of data for contains animals in the real world. And so what we now need to do is to expand this expanded studies across the globe. So we can understand that in fact, humans are having on wildlife. Theyre only 20000 gelata is left in the wild by studying their social behavior using drones, democratize Research Team is hoping to gain new insights into early Human History as well. To a lot of those are the only other primates besides humans not to live intrigues. The evolution of a human ancestors started several 1000000 years ago, but our planet is much older. So what was happening here for all those billions of years . The 1st phones of life to emerge with bacteria, organisms that seem relatively simple, but actually very complex. Bacteria have many properties, some can even glue. But whats the actual purpose of light producing bacteria . As far as we know, periods that have a single organ that could detect these light signals. There is a theory that is developed in an in bacteria. When the bacteria could be as, as a group could be seen, they cant be seen as individuals, right . Theyre too small for the eyes to see, so they can be seen. And so they evolved at the time when, when complex sizable. So why would like terry a want to be seen by law geronimo . For a long time scientist was really sho, until a tiny inhabitant of hawaii is, krista holt has dates to teams, some cleaners. No, he chose to night. The hawaiian folk tale square to matches from hiding to hunt small crops and shrimp under the cover of darkness. To avoid becoming Something Else as pray under the moon. And starlight that uses have a trick closed overall, so it becomes illuminated by the light that emanates from february fishery bacteria that have a special liked and missing oak. And these bacteria cover the entire surface of the split skin. Using best lights, the roughly 5 cents meter long square to can cost light on its own shutter and make itself practically invisible to predators. The this is so it makes them difficult for research is to detect but not impossible. Yes, we got one. This is an adult female form bob test. Good. If we ship or tomorrow morning, shell arrive the following morning. So she spends about 20 hours in a cooler and in transit. Usually they show up wherever we ship them and theyre happy and just hanging out waiting. The little squid has a full 1000 kilometer slides ahead of her before she can move into the new home and they live in pasadena. Together with 9, those are males and females. Shell be not shifting cat for under a very special conditions so that she produces as many of the spring as possible. This would have trouble see light below a certain wavelength, including our guess of a certain wavelength for red light. And so we can work in red light and they cannot see us. So we can come observe them in their nighttime, and watch them each and hans and legs. And they dont, over here. Previous studies have already given the group lots of Important Information about the symbiosis between squared and bacteria. For example, the glue, cold fire luminescence seems to have communication purposes. We know of no particular reason for the spect jerry to make by luminescence, except in symbiotic associations where they make the light for an animal host such that that host can now use the light for a variety of its behaviors. And what we found out to our surprise was the amount of light each individual cell made changed when the bacteria got to a certain density in that liquid. And this gave us the idea that the bacteria were communicating to each other. And we began to realize that bacteria have many behaviors just like more advanced animals and plants that are not visible until you look very close to the mechanism by which bacteria communicate is called form something they use various signaling molecules that allow them to the attack squats around them, one signaling molecule to time and switch species and nearby. And then also determines the concentration of that right and species. If its high enough, the bacteria old switch on the lights at the same time. And the squared also seems to be positive. This Communication Network in every square centimeter of water. There are a 1000000 bacteria, a 1000000 bacteria. And in that theyre about only about a 100 of those 1000000 bacteria or gabriel fish. So one of the things that has to happen is when the babys hatch from the egg within 3 hours, they are able to pick out of the sea water the right theres somebody theyre able to recognize. Theres somebody on this extraordinary ability shows that the communication between highest impact area is much closer than scientists previously believed. Is this a lion . Earlier this summer, a lioness was silly to be on the loose in germany. It turned out to be an embarrassing mistake. The big cat was actually a wild full its pretty easy to get members of the Animal Kingdom mixed up. Especially if there were only droppings to go on. Analyzing dna pascals, finding the environment could make it easier. One new method is being tested in switzerland. This Water Sampling lake hall view contains a wealth of information as well as potential for animal conservation. Christy diner from the ex zurich, researches environmental dna, which is also known as e p. N. A. Its a new method of species identification. Its primary objective is to revolutionize the monitoring of biodiversity around the world. Whats really exciting about environmental dna is that its like capturing all the stars in the universe. We have every piece of dna from every species potentially floating around in this water. And were pushing it in, and it gets harder and harder the more watery filters, because the more things were collecting and whats really exciting about this is its quite simple. All were doing is filtering a little bit of water 100 milliliters. And from that we can potentially sail all the spaces that are living in this entire landscape. Including the marine creatures and land animals that live around and in they called in the sample contains not only dna from aquatic life using traditional methods to monitor such a large area is time consuming and expensive during field work that sometimes lasts for weeks. Plants fund guy, animal species or their excrement are collected, counted, and recorded. Environmental dna is a huge timesaver. Neither animals, plants, nor any other traits like voice or excrement, are necessary for the classification. Just tiny pieces of tuning are sufficient and vague can be found in abundance in the environment. Every living thing needs permanent traces of its genetic information. You may use everywhere in foliage ex permits feathers and even mucus. When its collected in sequence, a quick check of a gene, a database is all it takes to determine the species. At least in theory, because some Important Information is still missing. Biologist luca stephen tura from the come to an arc out uses the new method to monitor the calls used for Invasive Species like clack, of muscles and fresh water prongs. These are already well documented in databases. Lets keep p a c. I have a nearby article protection programs here at the lake, which is a program that allows us to use various methods. And so that new new Invasive Species and ended up laying off in this is a way to check if its effective. You, we want to know of something new as arrived or not, and all of us on the call nice of thems as well as lucas stephen tour is searching for just a few species with the environmental dna method. Christie diner wants to explore the entire habitat surrounding the lake. Shes clearly thinking bigger because dna travels, she thinks it will work. Whats fascinating about dna is, but once it gets into water, it actually moves with the water. And if you can imagine a dna, a piece of dna getting into a river that flows to the lake, this lake behind me acts like a sponge in the landscape. And its soaking up all that dna. And its potentially sitting here for enough time that we can sample it. The information we get is for the entire water shift. So all the land you can see coming where the rivers weve come into this lake. And that gives us a very easy way to sample simple a few samples, but for an entire area of water share this atlanta area that drains whatever water collection it to the same place like home view has a water chad or drainage mason of 128 square kilometers the team is researching a total of a large makes that of drainage patients of varying sizes. Supposedly the bigger the drainage basin, the greater the bio diversity and the lake the name of the Research Project is to establish whether this theory is correct and to find out how much dna actually ends up in the lake. The chemical physical and biological factors like sunshine, temperature, and ph values influence how much the dna degrades on its way to the lake. Beyond that, the analysis of the gathered samples provides dna sequences that are basically sequences of letters to which sequence corresponds to which species is something that has to be searched for in reference, data banks, it compare is stored sequences with those found here. The problem is that the databases are incomplete, not all of a species found on to your are included. Data on invertebrates are especially lacking. Many ambitious projects are under way to change that in the coming years. Despite the various hurdles, environmental dna is already causing a stir in the world of science because of its huge potential for 1st scientist, for biologists free college as this is really a paradigm shift because were able to access information that was never possible before. And so theres about 1400000 lakes in the world that are 10 heck, theres a bigger and if we look at the land that is in contact with all of that, thats 25 percent of the earth. So it could be that we go to a 1000000 or so lakes and we can sample a large proportion of the earth, maybe every year. And thats possible to do with this kind of technology. A species go extinct everyday researching biodiversity more efficiently and across the larger areas is more important now than ever. Its the basis of species conservation. Humans are destroying more and more forest. Devastating, unable habitats in the process. But sometimes humans help animals rooting that how to take the american boat from it was important to us from the us pond. Its been probably being understood in the wilds that is until now. So, splunk, the snake north of cause what looks like any of them. But look closer and youll see its home to an animal that actually doesnt belong here. The north american bull from native ship hans of the us, canada and mexico. The folks and now spreading throughout because glove region, adult films will eat anything they can, including other im fabians and even smaller rodents. The tadpoles can reach 10 to 15 centimeters in length and have no natural predators in the lakes here. No one is really sure how bull frogs came to be here, but that all theories, bonds by on this, please give us a year or 2 ago. You can legally bible from the top polos impact store from the implant. It was great for kids to watch the top it all is great, but then you end up with a fro. Theyve just gotten bigger and bigger balls positive on that. If you cant keep it in the garden anymore, but you also dont want to kill everything. So people released the folks into nature, the low to burn in is truth. No, no, but i do not want left over. You come by, tadpoles anymore, and the damage is already being done and finish. The folks are on the list of Invasive Species. The numbers have to be controlled a few minutes in kind of a cushion. Im 50 and so generally under protection and cant be removed the home, but we have special permission to and these people, folks, oh, those are allowed to die. Denarius the onto officially zone for dante on his toes by send handle her behind organizes regular events to catch the frogs. Today shes working with 10, dave, its the Summer Market that ive already closed about who should go with a have a look at start. So in case the concrete one comes in, charlotte and um from, from terminal to among them is biologist kind of showed he wants to learn more about the spread of the frogs and tadpoles. He studies the tadpoles that his lab at the institute supplier materials and bio molecular systems in short got so ones. This is myspace. Its important for us to understand how the bullfrog develop. Thats where theyre living and especially for where they will be hyper needing. But we have to understand the ecology of little frogs, if we want to control them effectively if it came from. Lucas and effective control is needed because its not clear whether the measures used so far like the dive all working. This wasnt, you know, lets see on the last 10 years, they around 60000 tadpoles up in the account and remove the funding. But to what extent you can find change the bullfrog support, have them completely disappeared from this habitat that will only become clear in the next few years. At the end of next year on site. Back to the lake, its starting to get the best time to catch the tadpoles, the underwater, the drivers dont have to look for long, easily catching ones had pull off during nova the bands out with around 500, but had an over abundance as theyve previously called twice as many, shes not diving, choosing to use net along the show instead. Here that team regularly catch brooks that are past the level stage. Like this little guy estimated to be about a year old and still not sleep. The bullfrog is already much bigger than the adult, was the frog thats native to the area. It wouldnt stand a chance against the full grin. Bull from kind of little one says the humps the tadpoles is having an effect. The mobile, the dive is catch the few they find next time. But a single adult female bullfrog placed tens of thousands of eggs and without natural predators, many of the type of all survives. So its unlikely that both drugs can be eliminated from this positive gemini, simply by catching tadpoles. Let us read why you have a question about the