Particles. If we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons, quarks, and blue ones. Without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. Everything would fall apart. They literally hold the world together. Elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. Some can even penetrate any form of matter. The book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the Worlds Largest, the mental Physics Research centers. More than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here, the particle, physicists because john sean and vega takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. Founded vega is one of the worlds most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humbled and lead scientist at daisy as only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. Our team is allowed to film there. If im, if we going underground to the hair acceleration, its the largest exhilarates of the gym and he has to have a bill im getting in touch anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun and vega. Hello. Im entering the here a tunnel and here a west going towards here. A news or not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. The hair, a tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator, the you guys, so long, definitely have found a problem with something im some and then the kara is so long you need to bind to get from one experiment to another. Its fine, and you can see that it isnt actually a ring. You can get me riding through a straight section. Now. The electrons and protons are accelerated through the strait sections. Then the, the tunnel slowly stuff, the codes here, the particle beam zoned, accelerated in the section just redirected here. The proton vein travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. And if we were to travel much, much further, sweet, eventually come out of the cook and see how this electron too much is with the price onto the electrons. A show to the protons in the next a tech tufty port on control center. 4 protons burst and released new elementary particles. What physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. The reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. Particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. But it can look back to a 1000000 of the billions of a 2nd after the big bang. The debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient greeks. Some 2500 years ago. The greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek tumbles meaning indivisible. The debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. Adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. The term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 1930 in the 2nd half of the 20th century, teams from the us and daisy and humbled among others were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. The standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. The core group consists of 6 particles in total, the, to the left tons including electrons and new ones also comprises 6 particles. The, the group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types including glue ons and photons. Finally, there are the scalar bones. So far physics knows of only one elementary particle in this group. The higgs both on detected in 2012. It is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin. At the noise museum, we meet that dana level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pye, right. The she takes us to the pirates collection. Some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display. Here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. So far theyve had to be painstakingly unrolled and unfolded by him. Popularly isnt the wonderful guy right . Or very fragile when we want to open, if hes, are pirates conservator decides if its possible, or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting 1000 pieces. Of course, you dont want us out as interest interest me. Some 60000 pi ryan, the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7 back then. Huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. But tell needs that hannah lisa is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. Using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses, toms eva, hod mancha. They have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. This is done at the helm, holds the center for materials and energy in berlins bonds, a district to be as specializes in time. A graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the Egyptian Museum draws on the Pioneering Research of a well known german physicist. The wilhelm calling of the honkin discovered x rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. For the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention the, the principal is relatively simple. X rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. The less radiation can penetrate. Its very dense material like bone appears, white and the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense. And so appear great. The organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image. While x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non Destructive Testing and materials research. The can size increase is 5 mentioned toys accessing, done the x rays pulse through vis franklin and then hit the detector team. And we take a whole series of images noticed one of the 9 accounts, they rotate the sample once 3360. 00 degrees. What . Im gonna quote, a projection of very many, very different angles. They ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume, philadelphia, and thats ideally the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x rate images of the pirates packet. But the writing inside can still not be read. This is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, Danielle Baum and his team have developed software that can virtually on a full, the pirates packet. The trace as the individual layers in the 3 d model with the mouse. The computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. The structure of the plant fibers is clearly visible. Finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually on the folded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. You can see the pirates fibers really well up to the hand. The lamp is burst and 15 oriental scripts, and language is from different heroes, including higher radek, or coptic romance and arabic, because of some model negotiated of a few was false on gifts and, and visit the 1st time in the history of tyras research. And we can read about pirates virtual ways, vicky without having to physically open it up. This is really sensational. This piece here is a topic, texas. Here is a p which is the masculine article, then this symbol not freak, cause i called this as im not sizes job a joy on projectiles per joy and to me, oh lord, jesus christ. As the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ. And early christianity that out of my hand, a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on Elephant Team system from perhaps as early as the 4th century. To him, the game had been remembered, there seemed to be folded, emulate that someone would have carried with them the monthly like spices. Thanks to physics and i t. Some aspects of christianitys early history can now be rewritten. The geneva, the European Organization for Nuclear Research for cern is the Worlds LargestResearch Center in the field of particle physics. Here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles since 1954 we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again its our fee is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. Yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. We here on the sun side and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. The Worlds Largest particle accelerator. The ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. Lets think i can just enough flash advice. I stuff im by such stuff petite as a little really starts with the both of the hydrogen. When thats hydrogen consists of one protein and one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a Linear Accelerator where its energy is increasing yourself. The speed of life finding in uninspired fault is finding a job i. E, my snap, like in the price on this, the inside 33 more pre accelerates is for sequel finally being directed into the large hadron collider. And thats where its accelerated to new lights, to be done alphabetically, caught in that the baseline is to have a fuss. Please explain this type in the collider. Protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring. At almost the speed of light with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the east cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite the sun, size and sound on the other side of the ring i did as i think thats where were going now documented c m s stands for compact and one solenoid. And it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. Here in the c m. S. Control room, the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time. Including a Scientific Team from daisy in humble. I dont have blogs. I know some 4000 researchers from 55 Countries Worldwide are involved in the see a mess. Experiment seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. And its an experiment to look at the fundamental Building Blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. Its taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. And its also a community that brings together institutes from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really advanced the field of particles in 2012 researchers that sir and achieve their greatest success to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague francois on last describes the properties of the as yet unknown particle. The 2 or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics and 2013 today is unusual to drive the proton collisions and the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do Maintenance Work on the late fee board. Its detectors, just kind of your last kind of might, its how you doing this is a diagram of to see a mess. Detect detector and can see them to normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector right now. And kind of put that there arent any protons in the collider at the moment that will buy skins in these attach. And heres what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones you know, who are under producing cosmic rays at at tech to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. And so the detector reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to. And so we use these cause make new ones to calibrate down to take to very precisely fiction on 10 appreciated the parentheses, this difference the cost of the because there are no particle collisions today were allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room to this would otherwise, not be possible. As harmful radiation could be released during operation. Yes, its the same as the tech to add that as assessment, they asked if it takes during the whole can i give it the c m. S to take to here is the heaviest to take there in high energy physics. Investigate 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see in place that the protons come from here and also from behind. And then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. When they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see another z. And then the focus to the proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bose ons, lift, arms, and clarks, which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. By identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. The effects allow them, and then lets see. And this is equal condominiums. This allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects and you have the give me a motivates, fascinating, that the more you learned about its micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture, maybe the origin of the universe when youve as owns by monday, monday, put total into protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang. The house had some of the defect box and the we can simulate the ice clocks and glue owns and swimming around. Do me cause, make sued by shooting protons, that each of them with incredibly high energy and 51 to explain these kinds of a n, a d off. And then the c as its mike traveling back in time to the origin, devalue universe and steals. This is the move as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces and the individual segments of the detector. And these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. It all happens in this underground computer room, where all the data from the c a mass detector is received as far standard and seem as to take to talk to you to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protons, a shelter to each other in the see a mess to take to and i was like one of the month and thats, thats step this man, you know, once but 40000000. 00 pack in the 2nd only these are cases for the tim interfere with each collision of these packets. Some 60 protons collide with the protons and the impact. Its released hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. Psychiatric then letting them to take to asking them least different particles are recorded by the detector. And that is if its a cottage and in this room picked up a lease, a physical signal from the collisions in the detector may have been digitized settings that cornerstone and all of these a lot of data. So huge files that we have to pre selected and built around the information we can use and expires. Otherwise we can store. So this one is a dot and false alex yet, one on that is the, im missing christie, and them direct of all the, the pyramids of these, on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn of the and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. How many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. The 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. But researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. The in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of lift dogs. Lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. The particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around 10000. 00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. Those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. But if the move on slow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. In this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously Hidden Treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. In 2017, the Research Team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. A previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid, the one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food. Go see, im a Nuclear Reactor in japan. Engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance, without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone. The blue on imaging is also used in volk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. This enables a kind of Early Warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. But the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. Ready cellular phones are based on the discovery from the 19th century. They send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles. Namely, photons. Cell phones are rate using the Electromagnetic Force describing the standard model of particle physics. The silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical