To understand why lithium make such a good battery. We need to know how battery actually works. And if you hear battery, this is probably what comes to mind. This one is retractable, and made of left them. We can make a super simple circuit with a battery, 2 wires and an l. E. D. Is seen for the terms of it, but the deep is todays more controllable and or are not sto, julio cosmo is a professor and researcher who has spent the past 12 years focusing on lithium. You both and both of energy. You need a very small, but as you want to get out all this energy very fast and youre going to go away and not in an explosion. This works to the movement of electrons and ions. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles that float around. Adams. Ions are items that have lost or gains an electron. This battery contains lithium graphite cobalt and the liquid. Batteries have negatively and positively charged size. Lithium ions and electrons on one side of the battery when connected to a circuit, electrons travel outside the battery along the circuit generating electricity. The electricity goes from negative to positive flowing through the l. A. B in the middle. Meanwhile, whats left in the battery is lithium ion. Thats where the lithium ion battery gets its name. The ions travel inside the battery from the graphite to the co bulk. When its recharging, they go in the other direction. But batteries basically destroy themselves in the process, either they lose their ability to create electricity or chemicals build up on the electrodes. As batteries age, the electrons travel less and less efficiently and the battery loses its capacity. The metals can also grow into spikes, which can short circuit the battery, in the worst case of battery failure, big night and explode. So a good battery can store a lot of Energy Without exploding and doesnt quickly lose its capacity. One of the many reasons why left them makes a great battery, is that unlike lead or acid, cliff humans only mildly talks and these new lithium batteries can store more energy per graham than any other battery ever invented. What makes with themes so great . Weird lee is that its super reactive. So i got my hands on some lithium, which should be 99 percent pure. Going to try and to put it in some water and see what happens. But them safety 1st. Its a really soft metal, so it, so itd be completely breakable just with my fingers. Wow, look at that. So thats the lithium inside. Its reacting with the oxygen in the air so fast that the metal is already darkening. Were going to try and put this little bit of lithium in some water and see what happens. Okay, so im going to choose what to do. I understand why this happens. We need to look at electrons again, lithium loses electrons and creates ions really easily. That means that the ions inside the battery move around really quickly and efficiently. That makes the battery is able to charge faster, have a longer live site, goes and above all store more energy. Aside from its ability to store energy, the theme is also a winner. When it comes to weight, all of these can be used in batteries, but they would make the batteries heavier. Thats because the lithium is the least dense metal on the planet. The fact that its so extremely light makes it the best option for electronics. One of the main reasons computers in this size, inside of the massive machine they were in the eightys, is the invention of the lithium ion battery. Its also by far the best option for electric cars, buses, and plains. Because the light of the vehicle, the less energy it takes to move it around. And thats why our appetite for lithium is skyrocketing. According to the International Energy agency, demand for lithium could increase between 13 and 51 times by 2040 australia is the top producer of lithium, followed by july. But other countries around the world are ramping up production to meet the massive Global Demand in 2022, global with and production was at a 130000 metric tons. Thats quadrupled from 2010. When production was a little over 20000 metric tons. The good news is that we technically have enough of it in the ground, according to some estimates around 80000000. 00 metric tons of around 10 kilos per person on the planet. But just because those white gold is abundant doesnt mean its easy to get, getting it out of the ground can be slow and costly. And the mining and refining processes are concentrated in a few countries. That means the demand for it is quickly pacing the current available supply. This bottleneck is also raising the price after 2020 prices of Raw Materials went up for a while, others came down with the and just continued to increase. And mining itself comes with its own host of problems extracting lithium from rock or requires a lot of energy often powered by fossil fuels. Whats better, its extracting it from brian water thats mixed with minerals to bay. The largest process is to evaporate these brang. Well that in red shuttle bones which had extremely large, lets say the 1000 times a football stadium, brian mines used thousands of leaders of water for one kind of lift them into a lithium mining, has already led to water shortages in the area and diverted water from local communities, the mines can also cause toil degradation and disrupt local eco system. And then theres the whole problem of what happens to the batteries after were done with them. Although the lithium itself can be reused, lithium batteries, deteriorate, and most of them land in the trash. One obvious solution is to create infrastructure to recycle lithium batteries. Thats what happened with lead batteries due to government regulation. 99 percent of lead batteries in the us are recycled . Recycling with families entirely new technology. But its catching up. Lithium ion Battery Recycling is expected to increase to 420. 00 killer tons per year by 2030 up from the current 50 kilo tons per year. Better. Lithium batteries are also on the wet cobalt, which is mine and very hey, problematic conditions could be replaced with the nickel, manganese or iron, or the graphite in the battery could be swapped for graphene. Its made by taking a layer of graphite just like this and making it progressively spinner and thinner until it turns into a single layer of carbon atoms. Graphene is the strongest material ever discovered. In more conductive than graphite. You can also make the inside of the battery solid instead of liquid to make it less likely to explode. Most of this is still in the lab, but these advances could make the battery safer, longer lasting, and store more energy, which could also make them more attractive for storing large amounts of Renewable Energy on a grid scale. So it certainly doesnt look like our addiction to lithium is going away any time soon because lithium dominates the battery worlds and for good reason, [000 00 00;00] the ones that thailand is notice that the rock is one of the countrys most effected by Climate Change worldwide temperatures of over 50 degrees celsius are becoming more common, making people sick or the whos seen is on his way to the local well, around him. Signs of Climate Change are everywhere. Okay. Theres no water. The well is dry. He tells his son. So this used to be a rocks most fertile region, but the country has suffered a severe drought for years in a row of the 60 families in the village, 40 of left. Ivy. Husseins family is one of the few still here at the bottom of just 4 years ago. We find the land here, but trout has turned our land into the desert. We had to give up, tied up without farming. There was no income. His 5 children face an uncertain future. The ground water here is salty. Iraq is less and less fresh water in the countryside and in the cities. Climate change is to blame, as are the water policies of neighboring iran and turkey. The 2 countries have built a numerous dams leaving too little water for a rock down stream because of the salty ground water. The children have source and open wounds on their skin. Thats whats out there, dont know. And on this, its very painful. Sometimes theyre close to stick to the wings, which makes it even worse. The rising temperatures are also contributing to the spread of disease, like least my diocese transmitted by sam slot is tight. I thought i need something high and being 2nd to transmit to the infection which causes fever. Its happened a lot here in the region. Ali husein and his daughter is newer and saundra are lucky. Be a rocky red crescent, has come to their village, nor is hands are terribly h. E. Sandra often finds it hard to walk because of the pain. She has to teach my nicest and insidious disease. It affects the skin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The edge i ever see tested today was a high on the side or how tim key are on the laptop and this team are seeing more and more cases like this. They want to raise awareness. Medical help is expensive and the newest hospital is 50 kilometers away. The rocky red crescent regularly travels across the country, visiting villages here in blue, blue i shed the people are a little better off. The Village Community has dug a well. She needs it, i cant to though the ground water contains too much salt and solver. Whats the question of this facility has changed their lives . It supplies the village and neighboring villages with clean water. 2000 leaders per hour are the sale unaided and to meet fit to drink. Hi there, how to him and his team have distributed over 60 water tanks in the region. A couple on the facility is a lifetime for people here in the red, crescent and partners are working to build a series of facilities to alleviate the water shortage. What your thoughts are then what every week they check the salt content every week. They have to change the filters. Theres no alternative the village needs more than one facility, like theres so many surrounding villages suffer from a lack of Drinking Water and water for dishwashing and showering. Get on the oldest to him. I last saw living with Climate Change awareness is important for children to, to hide on her to him and his teen. Talk about Infectious Diseases and show them how to wash their hands properly. That can save lives on it as well. So far there over no debts, but were seeing that the lack of Drinking Water, drought, and dessert if occasion are causing a rise and skin diseases and poisoning. Youre done with all of i did them some other code. Now how do you know im about to deal to unlock the some of the to just add them to for them outside of head show, according to the un here, rock is the 5th most vulnerable country, the climate breakdown. It also has a rapidly growing population. In that case, a perfect example that we need to reinforce our Health Systems to cope. Weve been devastating consequences of Climate Change on our health. So the show systems that are already over whelmed and not with the Climate Change. That would be totally co ops if we dont know to prepare them, but that if we dont send finance of resources, ali whos saying would like to stay here with this family. But the conditions are getting increasingly difficult. 5 and my husband, these 2 of them of the how the water you can see here is brought to us by car 1000 leaders every week for us in our animals. Thats not enough to mike ali, who seems family, could soon become climate refugees in their own country like one and a half 1000000 people in iraq or the pollution resulting from burning oil gas and cold kills 5000000 people. Yeah, thats more than a b city. Malaria around coal funding, fossil fuels produces toxic policy, cold, tiny enough to enter the lungs. This particular message is among the main causes of strokes, cancer and diabetes. Its time for change for pedro amount to a rebate. Daily activities like climbing stairs pose a big challenge. I have a lung disease im suffering, i struggle to breathe properly, to wherever the 74 year old retiree is one of hundreds of thousands of people in lima suffering from respiratory diseases ranging from acute infections to long and heart complaints. City Authorities Say hundreds of people die every year as a result of respiratory disease. The peruvian capital has a big health problem. Pedro met a rebate, has a weekly checkup at a hospital, the care and medication he receives here as an approved his quality of life. Move in the very good. What are you doing . Perfect by protestant and now please remove your mask. I think one more of them been we have many patients like pedro mazda and rebates, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which c o. P d. Those here you and other hospitals in lima, theres something in the castle, east of whats interesting is that many of them have never smoked, will see what theyre only very little. Yes, i mean the disease is similar. Does that sound in other countries among heavy smokers . Im glad theres a lot of those. We believe it is linked to environmental pollution. So. So that conclusion borne out in many studies, i mean only think that one, cuz theres 2 of us pulling up the fuel number here that lima, it has more than 10000000 residents. Air pollution levels are high mainly from traffic in industry. The in 2022 lima record the 2nd highest levels of particulate matter pollution in latin america. After santiago did chilly, but experts say air quality measurements in lima are inadequate. Now the situation is likely far worse than previously thoughts. Peruvian company kyra is looking for solutions. It is developed low cost measuring devices and a digital tool aimed at making information on air pollution and lima accessible to all the success. Im also wondering if we zoom in on lima. We look at the information thats publicly available in the surveillance network. The green is good, yellow montrose and orange and red badge of a whole lot. The most critical value is 2. 00, which means particulate matter of 2. 00 micro matches for that, isnt it . Must be know, and those are the finest particles, the very small ones, the end to the respiratory tract services and then penetrate the human body some into the bloodstream on both of those, again, using this data. So the authorities have taken steps, reduce emissions, and heavily affected areas. Some parts of the Storage Center are now close to vehicles but more needs to be done because this environmental activists have spent years reinforcing the hills around lima to the Pacific Ocean on one side and the mountains on the other. Are the capitals only natural borders. Vegetation here traps, dust particles and suspended matter helping to improve air quality. They have also installed a network of fog catchers. These collect water from the regions dense winter fog. This is Crystal Clear water. Yes, i was not even more than we diverted into collection points. Like this one here, hold on and even use it for drip irrigation. Lima is green, long has been subject to deforestation for more than 400 years. New settlements in industries continue to be constructed on the outskirts of the city. The long term systematic deforestation has had a negative impact on the Cities Health local reforestation work, as held, kirby rosen. But its not enough for an experts. A far wider scale effort is required since they dont need to prove produce is less than 0. 08 percent of globalization sold enough. And so if one day the malware to no longer made many gas or pollutants, the plan would still be polluted. But if i see that we alone may not stop pollution or Climate Change for a 2nd, we will be the ones who suffer your from give you much the bills. Hes one of the most of the woods here with his doctors help pedro much rebate is managed to reduce some of his pain. The, to now enjoy a short walk around his neighborhood and some independence. Now more than ever, there was an urgent need to reduce emissions and improve air quality in lima. And across the world, the sting balance, positioning the arrow, and drawing the boat at full gallop, i suppose to relinquish his control to her horse. Spade. She knows exactly what hes doing and that lets or concentrate on her stance and taking aim the most. Indeed, i only take my hands off the horse if i trust him completely. Thats the most important thing. This trust has had time to evolve our 1st spade when he was to and she was 7 since then the 2 had been inseparable growing up in the country side of northern japan and i am worried prefecture to share a passion for you. I will send me japanese mounted archery centuries ago. Yup. Who said it was thought to be Good Practice for the battle field, but her gilding spade is far too peace. Loving for that one. Okay, so youd probably run away from the enemy, picking the smith. But archery is no longer an art of war. And the ritual and ceremonial aspects of your boost to me arent taken all that seriously anymore either was unknown. Data is a really huge starts. You have its been ages since ive seen any that size of 50 percent. Ok. Here in rude japan. It was to me is experiencing a revival as a leisure support. Women like all your food stay in their early twenties or reinterpreting, a centuries old tradition. The nation, not that high, high course, we might look at me in this direction. I saw. So thats right, just like that. So you have to stay flexible when trainer or you go coming more a started out 15 years ago, mounted archery was still a male domain. On the saturday, im assuming i had to put up with a lot back then they told the women had no business being here and just see if i ask you all this, im in the sort of the even said, i dont want to even hear the words you up with somebody coming out of your mouth, but uh, you always have to put the boxes stuck in, excuse me, right at the bottom of the mountain. Archery might have died out in japan if it werent for these young womens, its easy as in japan has an aging dwindling population. Young people are drawn to the cities, always lose his passion for your boots, and it is what keeps her in the countryside. Of the, the bus. Suppose the other, some of those is great, but more people are becoming interested in. Yep. Losing it again, still more was he talking about them, but it seems like it has less appeal for boys when you for the party equal to the optimal, it will probably soon be an all female support to the cutting thats up. I dont know if it comes out of its given, the family has always supported her pass and shes been winning competition since 10th grade. Does her mother is selling the garment for her next event from chemo know fabric. As i always listen wants to dazzle at the tournament the which one do