To understand why lithium make such a good battery. We need to know how a battery actually works. And if you hear battery, this is probably what comes to mind. This one is retractable, and made of left them. We can make a super simple circuit with a battery, 2 wires and an l. E. D. Is seen for the terms of it, but the deep is todays more controllable and or, or not. So julio cosmo is a professor and researcher who has spent the past 12 years focusing on lithium. You both and both of energy. You have various more ways you want to get out all this energy very fast and youre going to go away and not in an explosion. This works to the movement of electrons and ions. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles that float around. Adams. Ions are items that have lost or gains in electron. This battery contains lithium graphite cobalt and a liquid. Batteries have negatively and positively charged size. Lithium ions and electrons on one side of the battery when connected to a circuit, electronics travel outside the battery along the circuit, generating electricity. The electricity goes from negative to positive flowing through the l. A. B in the middle. Meanwhile, whats left in the battery is lithium ion. Thats where the lithium ion battery gets its name. The ions travel inside the battery from the graphite to the co bulk. When its recharging, they go in the other direction. But batteries basically destroy themselves in the process, either they lose their ability to create electricity or chemicals build up on the electrodes. As batteries age, the electrons travel less and less efficiently and the battery loses its capacity. The metals can also grow into spikes, which can short circuit the battery, in the worst case of battery failure, big night and explode. So a good battery can store a lot of Energy Without exploding and doesnt quickly lose its capacity. One of the many reasons why left them makes a great battery, is that unlike lead or acid lifting was only mildly talks and these new lithium batteries can store more energy per gram than any other battery ever invented. What makes with themes so great . Weird lee is that its super reactive. So i got my hands on some lithium which should be 99 percent pure. Going to try and to put it in some water and see what happens. But them safety 1st. Its a really soft metal, so it, so itd be completely breakable just with my fingers. Wow, look at that. So thats the lithium inside. Its reacting with the oxygen in the air so fast that the metal is already darkening. Were going to try and put this little bit of lithium in some water and see what happens. Okay, so im going to choose what to do. I understand why this happens. We need to look at electrons again, lithium loses electrons and creates ions really easily. That means that the ions inside the battery move around really quickly and efficiently. That makes the battery is able to charge faster, have a longer live site goes and above all store more energy. Aside from its ability to store energy, lithium is also a winner when it comes to weight. All of these can be used in batteries, but they would make the batteries heavier. Thats because the lithium is the least dense metal on the planet. The fact that its so extremely light makes it the best option for electronics. One of the main reasons computers in this size inside of the massive machine they were in the eightys, is the invention of the lithium ion battery. Its also by far the best option for electric cars, buses, and plants, because the light of the vehicle, the less energy it takes to move it around. And thats why our appetite for lithium is skyrocketing. According to the International Energy agency, demand for lithium could increase between 13 and 51 times by 2040 australia is the top producer of lithium, followed by chile. But other countries around the world are ramping up production to meet the mass of global demand. In 2022, global with and production was at a 130000 metric tons. Thats quadrupled from 2010. When production was a little over 28000. 00 metric tons, the good news is that we technically have enough of it in the ground, according to some estimates around 80000000. 00 metric tons of it around 10 kilos per person on the planet. But just because this white gold is abundant, doesnt mean its easy to get, getting it out of the ground can be slow and costly. And the mining and refining processes are concentrated in a few countries. That means the demand for it is quickly pacing the current available supply. This bottleneck is also raising the price after 2020 prices of Raw Materials went up. For a while, others came down, lithium just continued to increase. And mining itself comes with its own host of problems extracting lithium from rock or requires a lot of energy often powered by fossil fuels. Whats better, its extracting it from brian water thats mixed with minerals to bay. The largest process is to evaporate these brang. Well, that inverted shuttle bones which had extremely large, lets say the 1000 times a football stadium, brian mines used thousands of leaders of water for one kind of lift them into a lithium mining, has already led to water shortages in the area and diverted water from local communities, the mines can also cause toil degradation and disrupt local eco system. And then theres the whole problem of what happens to the batteries after were done with them. Although the lithium itself can be reused, lithium batteries, deteriorate, and most of them land in the trash. One obvious solution is to create infrastructure to recycle lithium batteries. Thats what happened with lead batteries due to government regulation. 99 percent of lead batteries in the us are recycled . Recycling with families entirely new technology, but its catching up. Lithium ion Battery Recycling is expected to increase to 420. 00 killer tons per year by 2030 up from the current 50 kilo tons per year. Better. Lithium batteries are also on the wet cobalt, which is mine and very hey, problematic conditions could be replaced with the nickel, manganese or iron, or the graphite in the battery could be swapped for graphene. Its made by taking a layer of graphite just like this, and making it progressively thinner and thinner until it turns into a single layer of carbon atoms. Graphing is the strongest material ever discovered, and more conductive than graphite. You can also make the inside of the battery solid instead of liquid to make it less likely to explode. Most of this is still in the lab, but these advances could make the battery safer, longer lasting, and store more energy, which could also make them more attractive for storing large amounts of Renewable Energy on a grid scale. So it certainly doesnt look like our addiction to lithium is going away any time soon because lithium dominates the battery worlds and for good reason, [000 00 00;00] the ones that thailand is notice that the rock is one of the countrys most effected by Climate Change worldwide temperatures of over 50 degrees celsius are becoming more common, making people sick. Ali whos saying is on his way to the local well, around him. Signs of Climate Change are everywhere. Okay. Theres no water. The well is dry. He tells his son. So this used to be a rocks most fertile region, but the country has suffered a severe drought for years in a row of the 60 families in the village, 40 of left ivy. Husseins family is one of the few sto here. Thats the because in the box of just 4 years ago, we fund the last year, but drought has turned our land into the desert. We had to give up, tied up without farming. There was no income. His 5 children face an uncertain future. The ground water here is salty. Iraq is less and less fresh water in the countryside and in the cities. Climate change is to blame, as are the water policies of neighboring iran and turkey. The 2 countries have built a numerous dams leaving too little water for a rock down stream because of the salty ground water. The children have source and open wounds on their skin. Towns they dont know and on this its very painful. Sometimes they are close to stick to the wings, which makes it even worse. The rising temperatures are also contributing to the spread of disease, like least when i assess transmitted by sam flooding to tight. I thought i need something high and being 2nd, transmits the infection which causes fever. Its happened a lot here in the region of ali husein and his daughter is newer and sandra. Hard lucky be a rocky red crescent has come to their village, nor is hands are terribly h. E. Sandra often finds it hard to walk because of the pain. She has to be sure my nicest and insidious disease. It affects the skin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The edge i ever see tested today was a high on the side or how tim key are on the laptop and his team are seeing more and more cases like this. They want to raise awareness. Medical help is expensive and the newest hospital is 50 kilometers away. The rocky red crescent regularly travels across the country, visiting villages here in blue blue i shed the people are a little better off. The Village Community has dug a well cant to though the ground water contains too much salt and solver. Whats the question that this facility has changed their lives . It supplies the village and neighboring villages with clean water. 2000 leaders per hour are the sale unaided and to meet fit to drink. Hi there, how to him and his team have distributed over 60 water tanks in the region. A couple on the facility is a lifetime for people here in the red crescent and this partners are working to build a series of facilities to alleviate the water shortage. What your thoughts are then what every week they check the salt content every week. They have to change the filters. Theres no alternative the village needs more than one facility like this. Many surrounding village is separate from a lack of Drinking Water and water for dish washing and showering care on the oldest to him. I last saw living with Climate Change awareness is important for children to, to hide on her to him and his team. Talk about Infectious Diseases and show them how to wash their hands properly. That can save lives on it as well. So far there over no debts, but were seeing that the lack of Drinking Water, drought, and dessert if occasion are causing a rise and skin diseases and to poisoning what is the id them some of the co now how do you know im about to deal with the some of the to just as an adult for them outside of head show, according to the un here. Rock is the 5th most vulnerable country to climate break down. It also has a rapidly growing population. In that case, upper for the sample that we need to reinforce our Health Systems to cope. Weve been devastating consequences of Climate Change on our health so that they feel assistance that already over whelmed and not with the Climate Change. That would be totally co ops. If we dont know to prefer them better, and if we dont send finance of resources, ali whos saying would like to stay here with his family. But the conditions are getting increasingly difficult. Private and my husband, these 2 of them are for how theyre wanting to see who is brought to us by car 1000 leaders every week for us in our animals. Thats not enough. I think it might lead. Husseins family could soon become climate refugees in their own country, like one and a half 1000000 people in iraq. Harry is one of hundreds of thousands of people in lima suffering from respiratory diseases ranging from acute infections to long and heart complaints. City Authorities Say hundreds of people die every year as a result of respiratory disease. The peruvian capital has a big health problem. Pedro met a rebate, has a weekly check up at a hospital, the care and medication he receives here as an approved his quality of life. Move in beneficiary. Good. What are you doing . Perfect by the front of say that now please remove your mask. I think one more of them been we have many patients like pedro month rebate, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, what seal pd, and they have those here you and in other hospitals, in lima. And its something that the castle is. Whats interesting is that many of them have never smoked, will see what theyre only very little. Yes, even if it be the disease is similar to that found in other countries. But among heavy smokers, i think more because we believe it is linked to environmental pollution. Well, thats what the conclusion borne out in many studies. I mean only think that will cause us to just pulling up the fuel number that we met. It has more than 10000000 residents. Air pollution levels are high mainly from traffic in industry. The in 2022 lima record the 2nd highest levels of particulate matter pollution in latin america. After santiago did chilly, but experts say air quality measurements in lima are inadequate. Now the situation is likely far worse than previously thoughts. Peruvian company kyra is looking for solutions. It is developed low cost measuring devices and a digital tool aimed at making information on air pollution and lima accessible to all the success. Im also wondering if we zoom in on lima. We look at the information thats publicly available in the surveillance network. The green is good, yellow montrose and orange and red batch of a whole lot. The most critical value is 2. 5, which means particulate matter of 2. 5. My chromatism is in my feeling on those are the finest particles, the very small ones, the end to the respiratory tract and then penetrate the human body some into the blood stream of the here. Using this data, city authorities have taken steps, reduce emissions, and heavily affected areas. Some parts of the Storage Center are now close to vehicles but more needs to be done is this. Environmental activists have spent years re forcing the hills around lima to Pacific Ocean on one side and the mountains on the other. Or the capitals only natural borders. Vegetation here traps, dust particles and suspended matter, helping to improve air quality. They have also installed a network of fog catchers. These collect water from the regions dense winter fog. Would this allow . This is Crystal Clear water . Yes, i was not even more time to be diverted into collection points like this one here. How long it even use it for drip irrigation . Lima is green, long has been subject to deforestation for more than 400 years. New settlements and industries continue to be constructed on the outskirts of the city. The long term systematic deforestation has had a negative impact on the Cities Health local reforestation work as held kirby erosion. But its not enough for an experts. A far wider scale effort is required since they do need to prove produce is less than 0. 08 percent of global emission sold enough. And so if one day lima were to no longer met many gas or pollutants plan would still be polluted. But make, i see, hold up and then we alone know non stop pollution or Climate Change afford effect and we will be the ones who suffer you from giving you much a bit of his homework and most of which with his doctors help pedro monta rebate has managed to reduce them of his pain the, to now enjoy a short walk around his neighborhood and some independence. Now, more than ever, there was an urgent need to reduce emissions and improve air quality in lima. And across the world. The stain balanced, positioning the arrow, and drawing the boat at full gallop, i suppose to relinquish his control to her horse spade. She knows exactly what hes doing and that look for concentrate on her stance and taking the most. Indeed, i only take my hands off the horse if i trust him completely. Thats the most important thing. This trust has had time to evolve. How he 1st met spade when he was 2 and she was 7. Since then the 2 have been inseparable. Growing up in the countryside of northern japan and i am wearing prefecture to share a passion for you. I will send me japanese mounted archery centuries ago. Yeah. Booth and it was thought to be Good Practice for the battle field. But her gelding spade is far too peace loving for that one. Okay, so you probably run away from the enemy. Picking the smith put archery is no longer an art of war. And the ritual and ceremonial aspects of your boost to me arent taken all that seriously. Anymore either was a normal day thats a really huge starts you have its been ages since ive seen any that size of 50 percent. Ok here in rude japan. It was to me is experiencing a revival as a leisure support. Women like all years which they in their early twenties are reinterpreting a centuries old tradition. The nation not that high, high part. C look at me in this direction. So all thats right, just like that. So you have to stay flexible. When trainer, are you go coming more a started out 15 years ago, mounted archery was still a male domain. On the saturday i was that means i had to put up with a lot back then they told me women had no business being here and to see if i asked you all this, im in the sort of the even said, i dont want to even hear the word jefferson a coming out of your mouth, got you all the time. It difficult about talking to you when youre ready to push them up. The mountain archery might have died out in japan if it werent for these young womens a to z. As in japan has an aging dwindling population. Young people are drawn to the cities, always puts his passion for your bosom. It is what keeps her in the countryside of the, the sports, the other, some of those great that more people are becoming interested in. Yep. Losing it again, still more was he talking about them, but it seems like it has less appeal for boys. When youve heard another party equal to the optimal, it will probably soon be an all female support for the recording thats up there. Dont know if the kinds of a lot of its given the family has always supported her passion. Shes been winning competition fit since 10th grade. Does her mother is selling the garment for her next event from chemo know fabric, as i always say wants to dazzle at the tournament the which one do you want . When are the most guessed coming . Well give you sunday. Then this ones for sunday. Theyre able to get used to that and the see on the main looks arent my style. Pink is out of the question. So many of our small town of toyota has boldly proclaimed the tournament to be the world championships. Somewhat Wishful Thinking on the part of the organizer gets from abroad, rarely make their way here. But for iris, who say such computations are crucial for the sports future. If you ha