Only a small portion of pharmacists had undergone postgraduate training, but no provision is explicitly made "for pharmacists to practise as vaccinators in the country, although it is not prohibited if adequate training is provided". Vaccines are "predominantly administered by a nurse at the pharmacy". But in countries such as the US, UK and Australia, pharmacists have been providing vaccination services for years. "South Africa is lagging behind in advocating for, and establishing, all pharmacists as vaccinators in the health-care system," said Perumal-Pillay. Ross Hofmeyr, associate professor of anaesthesia and perioperative medicine at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, said many senior specialists were involved in giving the Covid-19 J&J shots at the hospital.