Stories of weather that changed the world. Donora pennsylvania, a small town 28 miles south of pittsburg, once vital part of Americas Industrial heartland. Thousands of tons of steel and zinc produced. Here helped give america the machines it needed to fight world war ii, and the products that fueled the booming economy in the peace time that followed. America had never been more productive, but prosperity always comes a cost, and in 1948, it was the people of danora who paid the price. In october of that year, pennsylvania suffered a Freak Weather event, and in this small town, it caused the worst air pollution disaster in the nations history. The real facts behind that incident have remained hidden for decades. Devra davis, a leading environmental scientist, has spent years trying to uncover the truth. This of was the main drag of donora, this is where everything. Happened and where people would gather, there were stores and um, there a lot of bars and it was pretty vibrant community and lot of activity, lot different than it is today with lot of things boarded up. Three steel and zinc mills dominated the town. The mills were everything, without the mills there would have been no denor at all, because the vast majority of the people of either worked in the mills or had jobs that were somehow related to the mills. It was the sustaining force for community. The towns industrial success relied its location on the manangella river. The river gave life to the mills. In order to make steel, you need lots of water, and you have that here. Dunoras location made it prosperous, but its steep valley terrain also made it vulnerable to a weather. Another phenomenon severe fog, which in 1948 will break havoc on this community. Valley fog clouds that form at ground level. A clear night, the ground radiates heat upwards, so air at ground level gets colder and colder. In a valley, this cold air collects at the bottom. When moist air from the river rises and meets the cold layer. The moisture condenses around tiny particles in the air and forms water droplets. In large quantities, this becomes fog. In denora, fogs were frequent because they were lots of particles for the water to condense around, and when fog mixes with pollution, it becomes smog. Fog and smog are pretty strange. Spooky phenomena, but actually theyre little more than tiny suspended droplets of water hanging in the air. Now in a lab like this, its actually very difficult to generate a proper fog, so the only way we can make fog is by using a fogan, but in 1940s in a city like denora, a combination of fog and the accurred smoke from the local factories would have combined together, its really nasty. On october 27th, 1948, the town woke up to a thick and accurate. Classic donora weather. I dont think anybody ever thought it was anything unusual. Truthfully. They at first thought it was just an ordinary heavy smog. They couldnt see their feet at the ground, but that wasnt all that unusual. By the end of that first day though, this was something different. It didnt detate, it didnt go away. The next morning, the town is still shrout in smog. Its not usually so persistent, and soon its effects are felt all over town. The street lights were on, they didnt go off automatically. It was very difficult to see the traffic signals, so the cars were going very slowly through the community. Some people couldnt even find their ways home, they needed to find others to help them get around. Normally, wind or rain would disperse the smog, but not this time. As the week gresses, it continues to build. Becoming more and more pervasive. In denora, the smog got so thick that people reported not being able to see even foot in front of them. These are really surreal and highly disorientating conditions under which your sight is useless and all you can rely on is your sense of of hearing. But that wasnt the worst of it. This smog was corrosive and with every breath people were being in. Haling this corosive mist to some of the most delicate tissues in their bodies. Before long, starting to take its tols health. For local pharmacist rosemary ams, it was busy time. There was probably three times as many people come in that you would normally see. Breathing problems were sweeping through the town. There seemed to be something. Sinister in this latest relentless smog, four days into the extreme weather, on friday october 29th, 1948, with many donorins still oblivious to the surge of illness, the halloween parade, one of towns annual highlights, goes ahead as planned. Most of the time turned out for the halloween parade. The only thing was that i couldnt see the people across mccaine avenue, and thats not a very wide avenue because. Small were since as children parade through the streets, people in houses just few feet away are reaching a medical condition. Most people, like my mother carried on, went to the halloween parade, behind the scenes a lot of people were getting worried, some whove never been sick were developing really bad coughs, and those who are already ill, some them were starting to die, toxic smog is starting to take the ultimate toll on the people of denor. Why its become so severe is still a mystery to them. Theyre yet to discover that the force responsible is the weather. In 1948, a gagging smog has smothered the town of donora pennsylvania for four days, infiltrating the lives and lungs of its inhabitants. It seems to be held in place by some invisible force. Worse was the weather. In october 1948, donora and western pennsylvania were covered by vast High Pressure system. In other parts of the us, regular weather patterns prevail, but right over dunora, the High Pressure brings calm, stay weather. Theres no wind or rain to disperse the cold, small late and air. The extreme weather here is really almost the complete absence of weather. In the sense that almost nothing was happening, there was just the same air sitting there stable and building up pollutants. The High Pressure system triggers a hazardous meteorological effect. Air, heated by the earth at ground level rises, it begins to warm the colder air above it. If the High Pressure system persists, a switch eventually occurs and the high level air. Becomes warmer than the air below it. This is t inversion. In donora, the warm air acts as cap over the valley, trapping fumes inside. Special effects expert david woods replicates the capping effect of a temperature inversion using models and smoke machine. This is a representation of donora. Town in a steepsided valley, as you can see most of the pollution is actually leaving the valley as it should, and uh this perspects lid. Represent the warmair cap that form over the valley trapping in for pollution. As days go by, the toxic fumes have nowhere to go, the smog builds, getting thicker and swamping the town. Five days in and the situation takes an alarming turn. Young telephone operator, alice eureniac struggles through the smog to reach work. We had to buzz in. To get in the door and the girl let me in and she said hurry up, get up here, she says, um, get your set on peopboard, dying, the dogs telephone starts to ring off the hook, after we realized, you know, something was drastically on here, the Emergency Services are inundated with calls and the hospitals fill up with patients, the deaths that people experience. Would have been like suffocating, like trying to uh breathe through a straw. No matter how deeply you inhale, the lungs are not getting air. By the end of the fifth day, the death toll is reached 18. Several hundred are stricken willness. Local position dr. William rongus knows the factories are to blame and he issues an urgent warning to the people of nora. He told people literally get the hell out of town. He said that, if you can leave, get out of here. The mill owners deny that theyre responsible, but they eventually agree to slow down production in the plants, but in the end, its not their actions that save the people of donora. On sunday, october 31st, its the weather that finally brings relief. A front through and it rained, the wind picked up, and with the wind and the rain, the normal cycle of weather could happen again. The smog has lifted, and in the aftermath, the town takes stock. 20 have died, 6,000 more made sick, within days, workers had returned to the mills, but one question remained, what exactly was it that it killed so many . Its a question that some didnt want answered. For decades, the cause the 20 deaths in denora pennsylvania in 1948 remained unsolved. But after years of investigating the case, devra davis believes shes found the answer. That massive inversion hit the entire monangella valley, which was full of mills. Those deaths, as far as we know, only happened in donora. What was unique about donora . The whole mon valley was full of steel mills and only donora had the zinc plant, huge zinc plant, of which it was very proud, to make zinc. Calcium fluoride and you combine it with sand, that combination releases a highly reactive fluoride gas, like the gases that killed people in the first world war, can get through the upper respiratory track and then cause separating bloody mass of the lower lungs, and thats what happened in donora, in several of the autopsies that i reviewed. In the aftermath of the tragedy an investigation is mounted. But the authorities are unwilling to pin blame on the mills, concerned by the economic damage it might cause. They conclude instead that the deaths were caused by an act of god. As a result, lessons about pollution that could have been learned around the world are ignored. This has catastrophic impact four years later in 1952, when a similar weather event thousands of miles away strikes at the heart. British meteorologist thomas shaffernacker has studied the event. Well, this is one of the best views of london you can possibly get and we can see the house of parliament in big ben, and behind the battersea power station, which is huge icon of londons industrial era, but the perfect conditions for seeing these marks today, just over half a century ago, it was a completely different story. Back then, londons factories and home. Filled the air with suuty smoke. When the suit combined with fog coming off londons river tems, thick smog formed. One londoner who remembers the smog well is don coum. We were recovering from the war. Chimnis were builting out their fumes and it was hell of a place to live. Then on december 5th, 1952, a large High Pressure weather system settles over london. The city is enveloped in cold, dry, stable air. Just like over denora pennsylvania in 1948. Its almost like a lid stuck over london, so all of those pollutants coming out of the chimnes and the factories got stuck creating this thick, slushy, slurry smog, you couldnt see where youre going, behind us is nelsons column, hes way out in the sky, but you you couldnt even see the base of the column in those days, it was a frightening experience, Poor Visibility isnt the only problem, dioxide from coalburning fires reacts with water in the foggy air to form sulpuric acid. 800 tons of the gas are spewed into londons air during the week of the great smog. This smog was horrible. The taste of sulfur in your mouth, the deposit on your skin, one thought they were going to die. Sulfuric acid is one the most reactive and corrosive materials we know of, and in high. Concentrated form, you can actually use it to destroy organic materials like this sponge. Now the sulfuric acid present in the smog would be much, much more dilute, and so perhaps the effects would be less dramatic, but you would still get severe irritation and of course longterm respiratory problems. As the. The High Pressure system over london enters its fifth consecutive day, the smog claims its first victims. The death toll rapidly escalates. By the end of the week, its reached 4,000. A further 12,000 people die over the following year. The scale of this weather disaster is far too big to ignore. This time, killer smog would change our approach to the environment for good. In december 1952, london was crippled by extreme smog. It was a disaster for london, schools were closed, transport was halted, uh, airports werent working at all. In fact, london ground to a complete halt, so london was in the midst of a manmade natural disaster. In just one week, 4,000 people died. The. Incident echoed what happened in denora pennsylvania just few years earlier when 20 people lost their lives. Londons disaster directed fresh attention on that tragedy of 1948. From the horror, a glimmer of hope emerged. Well, i truly believe that because there were many radio stations in the newspapers wanted something to publicize that this became wellknown throughout the united states. Soon people elsewhere started wondering what smog could mean for their communities. If lot of pollution in a small period of time could kill healthy workingclass people, then the question had to be asked, what does lot of pollution over a long period of time due to all of us, because you had people dying. The double tragedies of donora and london force governments into action. In 1955, the American Congress passed the air pollution control act. In britain, the Clean Air Act followed year later. The laws gave rise to a whole new field of Scientific Research into air pollution. Today that legacy continues through the work of people like environmental specialist neil donahu. Yeah, that is the map working well there behind you. Yeah, okay. Travels around the pittsburg area in a mobile air laboratory. He and his team aim to create comprehensive maps, showing areas where air pollution is strongest. One thing we hope to do once we complete these maps of pollution is to be able to go to the policy makers uh to then see if we can do anything about the sources of that pollution. Although air pollution remains a problem. The levels he records today are over 80 times lower than they were in 1948. Something good has come out of it, it was a certainly was a tragedy, but the end result has been very good, it laid the foundation for understanding that we had to do something about air pollution, that that smoke was not just the price of progress, my grandfather used to say that it smelled like money, well that smell of money could turn out to be deadly. The weather that brought disaster to two industrial communities last century was ultimately. Responsible for creating a cleaner future for us all. يا رسول الله لبيك يا رسول الله الصدره ورفعتم رؤوسناريكايل. сейчас присtупили к сtройке до нового подведём подсечную сборку сюда приезжаюt из оренбурга из перми с месtными учебными заведением очень плоtно рабоtаtь tехнику учасtок рабоtы круглосуtочный 7 дней в неделю изделие tехнологической ну вопервых воt уже больших сказал алюминие. As the berlin wall collapsed in 1989, so did the once great superpower of the soviet union, the communist party leader michael robatchov atshed in new era of openness with the west. By 1991, peter streika was failing and along came the new russian states first president , boris yeltson. This documentary tells the story of the eight years of yeltsons leadership under russias attempted transition from communism to capitalism. It is an often. Tragic story, the fall of once proud superpower, the hardships of millions of ordinary people, and the rise of new breed of ultra rich oligarchs, it is also the story of how russia has become the state it is today. در سال ۸۱ سلول های بنیادی جنینی موشی رو و در سال ۸۲ انسانی رو تولید کردیم این در واقع یک پنجره بر روی ما باز کرد پنجرهی که در اون در واقع به سوی پزشکی آینده بود این پزشکی آینده یک بعدش پزشکی بازساختی بود یعنی چگونه می شود که یک عضو معیوب را ترمیم کرد و بعد انواع مدل های بیماری رو درست می کردیم موشی که مدل آسیب مغزی بود یا مثلاً فرض آسیب عصبی بود یا موشی که مدل سکته قلبی بود آسیب کبدی و نظایره این تا بتونیم این علم رو ترجمه بکنیم یعنی اصلاً ببینیم که این جواب می دهد در دنیای جانوری اگه جواب میده پس احتمالش است که در دنیای آدمی هم جواب بدهد بعدها به خاطر اینکه متمرکز بشیم و بیماری خاصی به جلو بریم اتفاقاً یکی از بیماری هایی که روش متمرکز شدیم بیماری پارکنون بود که تقریباً حدود یکصد رو از جوامع رو در بر می گیره کارهای رو انجام شد تو مدل موشی پارکینسون ایجاد شد و پیوند شد و دیدیم که ما بهبودی رو داریم این کار چیزی در حدود تقریباً چهار چهار و نیم سال طول کشید این بار یک سطح اومدیم بالاتر توی دنیا و میمون ها رو مدل پارکینسون کرد و این سلول ها رو بعد از اینکه در واقع ۱۹ ماه مدل پارکینسون بودن پیوند زد. ۶ ماه بعد از پیوند ما دیدیم که حیوانایی که پیوند شدن در مقابله با گروهی که کنترل بودن که به جای اینکه سلول بزنیم در واقع یه ماده فرمیت کشت زده بودیم اینا بهبودی دارن نشون میدن و مجموعه این عوامل همه ما را تشویق کرد که به این فکر بکنیم که این کار رو در سطح آدمی ببریم و بتونیم برای افراد پارکینگونی راهی رو داشته باشیم در سطح جهانی از کارهای نوع هست. هست و تقریباً میتونم بگم که گروه آمریکایی یه گروه سوئدی انگلیسیی و یه گروه ژاپنی تا الان این کار رو شروع کردن اگر ما هم انشاالله موفق باشیم برای حدود یک سال و نیم دو سال آینده این کار را در آدمی انجام بدیم جز معدود گروهای میشه کشورمون که در سطح جهانی این کار رو انجام داده و انشاالله راهی باشه برای درمان این بیماری من اومدم به شما بالای کوه بال کوه توچال که بگم برای رسیدن به اون چیزی که میخوایم خب باید تلاش کنیم راه آسانی ووجود نداره. Depressive headlines, youran strongly agains desecration of the quran in the netherlands, calling on dutch authorities to prevent repetition of such insulting acts. The answerilla leader is called on saudi lad coalition to stop its aggre