Hello, kiril vyshnsky is with you and this is a typical novorossiya program. Our name says it all. We are talking about the territory that has returned to its historical roots, about novorossiya. With the help of a careful look at history, we will try to reveal the uniqueness of its present day, and find typical features, recognizable signs of the past. And thats what its about. Lets talk today, jewish colonists in novorossiya, a project of a poet and official. Merchants, artisans, farmers, conversation with a Program Expert about the jewish communities of the region. Monastery where the novices making skritki, chudinka village in luhansk region. We continue to talk about the peoples who at different times participated in the development of land management, contributed to the development of the cultural economy of the region and continue to live here to this day. Today our story is about how jewish communities appeared in novorossiya. The first and one of the largest was formed in odessa, a multinational and fastgrowing port city. At the beginning of the 19th century. Greeks, italians, french, turks and many others flocked here. In 1819, only every fourth odessa citizen was russian, there were even fewer little russians. Jews went to odessa en masse after the annexation of polish lands to russia. These were immigrants from galicia, Small Traders and artisans. Among them were wealthy merchants. They have taken a serious place in the grain trading market. The lands of new russia were part of the socalled pale of settlement, areas in which, from the end of the 18th century , by decree of catherine ii, and then nicholas ii, subjects of the jewish religion were allowed to permanently settle. In these territories, jews were engaged not only in trade and crafts, but also created agricultural colonies. In the First Quarter of the 21st century. There was an attempt to purposefully create a class of jewish landowners in the novorossiysk province. The author of the idea is the minister of justice of the russian empire and the famous poet gavriil romanovich derzhamin. According to his proposal, government lands were allocated for the colony, benefits and subsidies were given for development. We didnt achieve much success. The settlers lacked farming skills. And yet, in the ekaterinoslav and kherson provinces, there are jewish agricultural zones. The Rapid Development of industry and economy in the second half of the 21st century attracted new settlers to novorussia. Several tens of thousands of jews moved to the south of russia and bessarabia from the western regions, lithuania, podolia, and volyn. In kherson, yekaterinoslav, elisabeth in soviet times, kirovograd, jewish merchants, attracted by the opportunity to get rich, all of them continued to come to odessa. A dark page in the life of the Jewish Community largescale pogroms at the end of the 21st and beginning of the 20th centuries. Their first wave arose in the eighties, after the assassination of tsar alexander ii. Following elizabethgradam, pogroms took place in the crimea, bessarabia, reached odessa and caused a flood of the first. Immigration overseas. Despite this, the Jewish Community in odessa at the beginning of the 20th century was the second largest in the empire after warsaw. The Jewish Population made up a third of the citys inhabitants. More than half of them were literate ; almost 90 recognized yiddish as their native language. This community in many ways gave odessa the well known flavor of a southern cosmopolitan city. About how the Jewish Community was formed and settled in novorossiya for more than 200 years. In the story of anna efimova. Glasses for kiduzh entwined with a vine in judaism are one of the symbols of prosperity and wealth, handembroidered yarmulkes, a bronze minor, this is exactly what decorates the coat of arms of israel, and of course, the torah, objects, everyday life and attributes of the religious rites of the jews of new russia, in the funds of the donetsk republican Regional Museum. The torah, which is presented here in the form of a scroll, is an evacuated item from the Regional Museum of the city of mariupol. It is currently in temporary storage in funds of our museum. Jews began to settle en masse in priozovye at the beginning of the 19th century. Here 30,000 acres of land were allocated for them. They tried to attract the jews to agriculture; for this purpose, a society of israeli christians was even specially created. It was believed that through a change of faith it was possible to change the type of activity, usury to arable farming, which was so in demand in the newly created novorossiya. As part of the experiment , 50 jewish families were resettled from odessa. Near mariupol to the lands left unoccupied by the greeks here. Then in the twenties century, three experimental jewish agricultural colonies arose in the prizovo region zelenopole, ivanopole and khlebodarovka. Such an economic, agricultural experiment took place when for 10 jewish households, lets say, one household was provided, as an example of a german colonist, who was supposed to educate the jews. But to cultivate the land correctly and well, but unfortunately, this experiment failed, the jews were forced to leave their places and move to larger settlements, so the culture of local jewry had already developed, it was aimed at life in cities, in small towns, and the jews were engaged in all sorts of gardening, but mostly they were engaged in craft activities, trade, agriculture , at first they too. Were ready to engage, but only as commercial agriculture, that is, they needed a very profitable agriculture. In the rapidly developing industrial donbass, many people from the Jewish Community entered the vast class of artisans and manufacturers; by the beginning of the First World War they even earned recognition in the congress of coal miners industrialists. Subsequently, during the soviet years , a whole program was developed to involve jews in the industrial sector, if there was a share of work before the revolution. In a word, as a flexible people, jews have always adapted well to new realities , both social and economic. This is a false, rather disgusting condemnation that a jew cannot work with his hands; a lot of jews were workers in these factories. Of the population at that time, jews were in second place after russians on the territory of novorossiya and made up somewhere around 1015 of the total number of the population, a lot of immigrants from poland and belarus of the jewish religion worked in the factories. And this entire emerging working class subsequently found itself in the abyss of the 1917 revolution. Jewish pogroms contributed greatly to this. One of the bloodiest has passed. 505 in odessa, then over 300 jews were killed, tens of thousands were left homeless, however, odessa is a striking, but far from the only example, donetsk, at that time, yuzovka, was also no exception. By the way, i should say that in the biography of the famous soviet photo artist, photographer, photo reporter evgeniy khaldei, there is also the fact that his family suffered greatly from the jewish pogrom in. Yes, here the pogroms were certainly smaller compared to other cities, both novorossiya and little russia, well, nevertheless, they were here, well, it would not be a big attraction to say that the very concept of pogroms was mainly born in novorossiya, so to speak, that is, but this is in no way connected, say, directly with some kind of political or revolutionary activity, this rather, economic competition, which first gave rise to greekjewish confrontations, so to speak, in the lower, so to speak, middle layer, so to speak, of the urban structure, yes, that is, we are talking about odessa years, yes, and then later others were added here, so to speak, confrontation with other, as it were, ethnic and cultural groups. The National Restrictions imposed on jews by the authorities of the russian empire, associated primarily with the pale of settlement, abolished only by the provisional government, led to a massive influx jews joined revolutionary parties whose goal was to overthrow tsarism. The jews constituted the Third LargestNational Group in the army of the anarchist old man makhno. Not to mention participation in the bolshevik movement, among the most famous figures were, for example, leon trotsky, by the way, a native of the kherson province, and yakov sverdlov, both active participants in the revolution back in 1905. By the beginning of the 20th century, the radicalization of the Jewish Population was, so to speak, probably the most culminating, because on the one hand, these are all kinds of rightwing movements, that is, emerging zionism, and are religious. So to speak, conservative movements, here, yes, on the other hand, these are , on the contrary, the left, so to speak, well, suffice it to remember that in all left parties, jewish commoners, the jewish intelligentsia occupied a fairly prominent role. Industry, culture, medicine , and of course, science, the contribution of jews to the formation of a fundamentally new in every sense of the country, the soviet union, is also difficult to overestimate, suffice it to say that one of the azov jews was the famous polar explorer rudolf samailovich, one that. In fact, marked the beginning of the development of the arctic and the northern sea route, the shortest logistics corridor between the european part of russia and the far east, a project that has already acquired special significance under the conditions of sanctions. Anna efimova, valeri savelelev anastasia popova, typical novorossiya. About what colors to add to the palette of the population of novorossiya. Jewish community, we will talk with a permanent expert of our program, a native odessa resident, historian and political scientist, alexander vasiliev. Sasha, good afternoon, hello, sasha, the largest Jewish Community in novorussia was formed in odessa, what is not known and why is it famous . In fact, odessa is such a city, a city of migrants, yes, in which it is not so easy to be a native; the Greek Community was very strong. But nevertheless, jews, despite the fact that already jewish merchants were already recorded in literally the very first census of the population of odessa, even when the city was just taking its first steps, it was really growing, but nevertheless, it was always not only those, who were born and raised in odessa, and those who constantly stayed from these very towns, podolia, volyn, and well, western ukraine. At the end of the 21st century, odessa became such a beacon and magnet, an important center of jewish life, but, of course, if we talk about success, yes, then first of all it was really the financial sphere, it was business, this part, such a business part odessa, but in general, of course, it left after the revolution, so today, to a greater extent, we remember outstanding musicians, oistrakh there, gi. Or writers, poets, artists who are connected with odessa precisely by people from the Jewish Community, but finally, yes , well, of course, yes, leonit already in the soviet period, yes, and of course, we need to say about more one such niche, which, also thanks to literature , has become firmly established among odessa jews, is the world of organized crime, criminality, yes, that is , babels odessa stories, they not only. Molded a certain reality, but in many ways shaped such a very strong image and one from the images of odessa, the trait of settlement that existed in the russian empire, it also passed through the lands of the south of russia, how it influenced the formation of communities in new russia, you need to understand the Historical Context that were annexed the lands of the polishlithuanian commonwealth, and the polishlithuanian commonwealth, on which lived a significant Jewish Population, and for this population on the one hand was carried out. On a line that could not be crossed for permanent residence by persons of the jewish faith, yes, but what it is important to understand that at the same time novorossiya was being developed, yes, when new provinces in the south were included in this line, they were practically empty, because this pale of settlement, it led to the very overpopulation of these jewish towns , this led to poverty, to various social problems, but at the same time, who did not prevent the fact that one could move to novorossiya and actively participate in its development and settlement, which was done, if we are talking about jewish communities, then for example, odessa, well in general novorossiya became such a very important place for the development of jewish enlightenment, and this within the jewish environment caused certain internal contradictions, because the conservative religious part, that s the same in odessa, yes, it was perceived as a place that seduces pious, so to speak, jews, yes, it throws them various temptations, which they were protected from in their closed communities, but on the contrary there were very many who said that yes, but they need to get out of this natural isolation and openness to the world , including the reformist trend in judaism, and this is typical for novorossiya. Sasha, the 20th century with its tragedies and cataclysms could not but affect the life of the Jewish Community of novorussia, two wars, civil and the great patriotic war, waves of migration, who remained in novorussia and what jewish people look like today. And communities, had a very hard impact, we understand this very well, starting with the pogroms of the civil war there, such as, which were already more reminiscent, even well, genocide, and strictly speaking, the prerevolutionary pogrom push, of course, but also the collapse of the soviet union, it was also accompanied by immigration to israel, to germany, to the usa, but nevertheless, like all other National Communities of navoros, they are preserved, and we know, for example, in the republics of donbass, yes, there are, even so to speak, among public figures, yes, those who are representatives of these communities and the head of the Public Chamber of donbass, alexander dpr, yes, yes, yes, yes, Alexander Kofman , of course, here, but this is just one example, here, but and of course, we know that part of novorossiya, which is located to the west, and from the dnieper, and thats what the president of ukraine, zelsky, actually represents today, which is constantly being talked about, yes, and his. Nationality, thats what used as a kind of indulgence, especially in western public opinion, but of course very powerful dnepropetrovsk yes, what is called the dnepropetrovsk clan, yes, which on the one hand inherits a kind of administrative tradition from the soviet era, on the other hand, it is very powerful business, yes, we know the business of kolomoisky, who ended up, that is, imprisoned, constant problems with his business, that is, this is also such a negative. Factor, but i think that despite all the current cataclysms, catastrophes , yes, historical experience shows that all the same , uh, the Ethnic Diversity of this region is preserved, and of course, none of this diversity, i dont hope that the Jewish Community will not disappear anywhere, but no, its absolutely clear that this paint from all this national navorosiyas collata will definitely never disappear, thank you. Thank you very much for an interesting story. Chugginka is a modest village of just over a thousand people in the stanitsalugansk region of the lnpr, with an ordinary history. In the second half of the 21st century, a temple was erected here in the name of the apostles peter and paul. In soviet times , it was destroyed and a club was built. The restoration of the church began in 1994; in 2007, the holy synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox church blessed the transformation of the parish into a monastery. Its inhabitants practically themselves erected a templechapel in honor of seraphim of sorov and the bell tower, construction began on the main temple of john the baptist. In 2014, chuginka found itself on the line of military contact. Construction has stopped. The monastery was shaken by shell explosions, but not a single one fell on its territory. The small miracles in chugginka do not end there. In the monastery, along with Church Services and farming, there is a workshop. In it , monks restore ancient violins and create new ones. A 16thcentury italian instrument was recently restored. All thanks to the governor monastery to archimandrite bartholomew. In his youth , he learned to play, and then became fascinated by the secrets of clasp mastery. There is also a tradition here every year the monks give one of the russian musicians an instrument of their own making. Today, when they no longer shoot at the weirdos, the viceroy, vladyka bartholomew, dreams of a paperclip school in the lugansk peoples republic. Read more about the modest village in the lugansk region and its inhabitants in the story by olga mokhova. When they brought it to us, it was dark, the whole board was just black, you couldnt even it was possible to discern who was depicted, gradually it appeared on its own, that is, it was updated , this is what people noticed, if you look closely , then here you can see right on top of the image, a new image was superimposed by itself, the fedorov icon of the mother of god, especially revered in st. John pretichensky monastery, no less than by miracle, it was kept from the very church of peter and paul that was destroyed in chugginka after the revolution. This village, like neighboring lands , was famous for its fertility from its very foundation. Its fast here at first, settlements arose, and over time , prosperous farmsteads. According to the code of peter ii of 1695, about permission to engage in agriculture for the cossacks, the cossacks towns, then the villages of lugansk began to receive land shares for the introduction of the seysky economy. Cossack farms experienced different periods, successful in the late 11th and early 20th centuries, then the hard years of the civil war happened, and after that many cossacks who fought on the side of the whites were repressed. During the soviet years , the collective farm named