In The Mail on Sunday the prime minister says something has to be done to combat violent crime on the straights he also says he's creating 10000 new prison places as our political correspondent Jonathan Blake explains Boris Johnson argues that too many serious violent or sexual offenders a coming out of prison long before they should and tougher sentences are needed 10000 new prison places will be created through the building of new prisons and the expansion of existing ones the cost up to $2.00 and a half 1000000000 pounds is already been approved by the Treasury 2 men have been charged with a public order offense connected to an Arsenal player they were arrested outside the north London home the message is there he and see out as in at church targeted by carjackers in north London last month police say it's not related to that Gordon Brown is warning that under Boris Johnson the union of England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland is sleepwalking into oblivion rising in the Observer he blames what he describes as destructive nationalist ideology and says a U.K. Considine even a deal BRACKS It's passengers remain stuck on cross channel ferries this morning as the port of diver operates the one ship in one ship out policy to high winds in a ferry say strong gusts a delaying crossings between day bring Kalai by up to 6 hours the National Farmers Union wants the government to make a strong commitment to British farming to make sure there's a secure supply of food off to break says there's $81.00 days until the K.T. Leaves the E.U. Monette's Bass's is president of the N.F.L. Says in mind it would be very easy to sign trade deals that I've coached. And it's happened before you know if you look back in history you will see that you know we've opened our doors to the rest of the world not prioritize our own production our own self-sufficiency levels apply. The chancellor Sajid Javid is drawing up plans for millions of commemorative 50 pence coins to be issued when the U.K. Leaves the European Union later this year the coins will include the words peace prosperity and friendship with let's get this point now with Pep Guardiola says Manchester City's 1st half against West Ham was far from where we want to be it turned out OK in the end though they thrashed the Hammers 5 nil rame Sterling getting 3 got 2 late goals to add to debutante Tangay don't ballet's opener as Spurs ever came Aston Villa 31 Billy Sharp scored his newly promoted Sheffield United and a point in a one old Europe almost finished nil nil between Crystal Palace in additon and Ashley Pond scored twice as Burnley paid Southampton 3 nil with Brian defeating Watford by the same score in the Scottish Premiership Celtic came from behind to humble Motherwell 52 and experimental Ireland side defeated Italy 2910 in their World Cup warm up game but England's build up to the game against Wales was mobbed by an alter cation involving Ben Teo and Mike Brown during their training cabin in Italy head coach Eddie Jones has declined to comment Castleford be London Broncos 20 points to 6 in Super League and Somerset had been canned by $55.00 runs in the T 20 plus game at Taunton this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. South small speaker. May see Troy in the south with winds easing it's a different story further north where rain will continue Sunday will see more prolonged foul of rain 50 killing insolvent in central Scotland and Northern England it will be less windy 8 than what it was an acid a. Give back B.B.C. Sound has to be. Enjoyed. Every week with fibroids Premier League Sunday. During the build up to the big. Question over trees and. Give us your video. Music radio broadcasts download the free B.B.C. Sounds that listen without limits Sunday breakfast is coming up with Ellen Oldroyd in time for dice But 1st it's 5 Live Science This is the pre recorded program the please do not text or call. Hello welcome to 5 Live Science from the naked scientists I'm Chris Smith And in this hour we're tackling the science questions that you've been sending us over the last few weeks including finding out how a pandemic could happen what's nanotechnology and what is the most toxic chemical that anyone ever dreamed up or discovered the make it scientists are 5. Let me introduce the fine panel of people who are going to be answering your questions for you this week Carolyn Crawford She's from the University of Cambridge and she's at the end of the scale which looks at things that are extremely big because your space scientist That's right yes I'm going to about the universe so you know it's to Carolyn Coleman Durcan who's also from Cambridge University and he's concerned with the extremely small I mean treat down as small as well as you can get Wow pics that just about the size of atoms are a bit bigger but it's not pretty Our hands are that thank you Tom and Hayden Bellfield a newbie on the program as well welcome to the show YOUR from the Center for existential risk what does that mean and what is that involved so these are really big threats to international security so things like a pandemic or a nuclear war or other happy things like that and you calculate or look at the likelihood of those things happening and what ways to mitigate them and so on yet very much looking at ways to try and stop stop them because nobody wants that to happen thank you very much and also here is. A chemist at the University of Cambridge and also a king cook but soon to be restauranteur Yes C.S. And fortunately there are not big. Being a cook which is really cool cream of place here yes extreme type you know now everyone's got a bit of a myth to bust some you want your me. Then later on well I was recently asked about dopamine because I work with open in the open mean is a hormone that is usually related to all pleasurable thinks that people think that these is the hormone of play here but actually it's a hormone of motivation very important for learning of course when when one eats some to Lucia's food yes you are motivated to seek more of the same exact you will get a rush communion your brain yes so it's a motivational hormone but then you have all kinds of other chemicals which are related of keeping these happen is high and from very high to very low very very small calm there must be myths about ending in a nano world or there are more than you can shake a stick at Chris that the one that really irks me is people I'm saying for about 20 years that not a technologist would be able to make what they call nano robots that can go around the body repairing damage cells and that is just complete twaddle wired you basically cannot make things do what you want at those length scales you just can't you can't make a little robot that can move around to any part of the body out well and repair cells we can do things that are pretty cool and that are close but not quite starts not an autonomous machine does anyone else feel saddened to hear though I know it's very sorry sorry to shatter your dreams I want to introduce Carolyn Smith as well because you must have some massive mitts with the universe at your fingertips Yes but I'm just going to return to an old chestnut having had this reflected back to me when I'm talking to some schoolchildren this week which is when I think of astronauts floating around in space I keep getting told there's no gravity in space and that's why they're floating and I just want to remind people there's plenty of gravity everywhere in space and you know astronauts on that far away there in the International Space Station only 4 or 500 kilometers further out yet they've got reduced gravity but it's only reduced to 90 percent of what we have on Earth so the point is that they're in freefall they sitting in International Space Station the despoiling at the same age as the astronauts around us so there's no kind of react . Unfolds between the 2 and that's why they're weightless so there's plenty of gravity in space I must admit I used to find that quite tricky to understand until I shower met Dave and so who we're going to hear from later in the program who showed me introduce me to the experiment that Isaac Newton did or his thought experiment about farming a gun and firing a gun harder and harder and the bullet goes further and further but falls under gravity and eventually it's going so fast that it's falling towards the earth all the time and missing the Earth's surface and as a result it's in orbit and then I suddenly understood are now I understand how it's under the influence of gravity it's always falling out and falling and missing yet that's exactly what an obit is huge is falling toward something it's just like it's deflecting your route and just said continually curving you around but you know being pulled on to something Thank you Carolyn Hello welcome to the program what would you like to ask us is the last I'm always saying size. Bence's go go. Well this sounds like one for calm to answer how big are atoms Let's saying are they all the same size presumably not so less all atoms of the same material are the same size but different atoms of different areas or different sizes or for instance some of the smallest item is hydrogen a single atom of hydrogen is about 120th of another major across. The how bigs ananas or another meter is one billionth of a meter to give you an example if you take a hair so a hair is about $50000.00 none of meters across the distance between atoms in a typical material is about a quarter of an animator the size of a hydrogen atom is about 120th of an animator then if you go up to something like oh you mentioned gold So gold is about. 110th of an animator is it's a radius but all gold atoms are the same all Arjen atoms are the same so in summary then all atoms of a type or one specific element yes are the same size but because there are nearly 120 different elements there's 120 atoms of different sizes right to talk about yeah there's Thanks very much because. COM Thanks very much they answer a question for you Carolyn This one actually says to try to get some sense of scale how big is the earth in the grand scheme of things I need just about insignificant That's the short term it depends what you mean by big if you meant in terms of size a dime to the Earth Well it's 12740 kilometers across which means that you could pack about a 1000 Earths inside shaped her maybe a 1000000 earths inside the sun we are truly insignificant and in terms of mass it's not much better the mass of the air fit sort of 1300th of the mass of Jupiter or 1300000th of the mass of the sun so the Earth is tiny whether you think in size or mass and it I'm afraid we are Chilean significant talk of things that are not insignificant by the moon is a very big presence in our sky and I watched a really interesting documentary and it taught me something the other day I hadn't realized this which is that the side of the moon that faces the Earth is completely different from the side of the moon that that faces out into space in terms of its surface appearance that's right the side of the the main towards the Earth has a lot of those dark we call them Caesar Mariya but they're actually just flat yet what we call man in the moon type pictures you know they describe the bunny rabbit in the moon if you see that at the far side of Maine's only got one of those large Mark overseas and most of it is that much lighter weight sort of created terrain is a big difference between the 2 sides so it really is the Dark Side Of The Moon in terms of its mysteriousness Well actually it's a lighter side to the main because as fear of the Seas another and it gets more sunshine of course yes it does yeah it's odd because you'd expect I would always the margins that the site that's the sudden the face of the Earth would have been more protected from collisions Well it's certainly to get around Saturn for example I think it's D.N.A. Which one side is far more quiet and the other side an explanation of that is they think it was it's gone through 180 degree twist in its history and so one side was a lot more pockmarked by meteors and then then it got turned around. And it's got this way dichotomy if it surfaces I don't think that's the case of the man thank you very much to both of you we've got this question which is coming which is how could a pandemic happen that must be presumably something that you look at at the Center for existential risks that really is a massive planet scale risk isn't it FUTURE Yeah that's right so a pandemic is a really big disease so a disease that we get everywhere in the world and in fact big percentage of the entire world's population so 100 years ago we had our last sort of really big pandemic the Spanish flu that killed more people actually than World War one which just came afterwards and World War 2 combined so it killed between 50 and a 100000000 people so really devastating and yet not as well known as well one of War 2 For some reason and then more recently people be familiar with things like a polar or SARS or the swine flu bird flu lots of these things were animal diseases that hopped over into humans and sort of cause a lot of trouble but that's not the as bad as it could get right a bowler hasn't killed thankfully that many people and lots of doctors agree that we're jus a big pandemic flu that will affect lots of knots of people like you did a 100 years ago why do they think that it's just happened very regularly throughout human history and though we might be better placed in some respects nowadays you know we all know to wash our hands and sneeze into our arms and things like that on the other hand we're much more interconnected so if somebody gets on a plane in Heathrow they can be anywhere in the world and sort of a few hours but one thing that we're particularly worried about is not just the natural pandemic pandemic hopping over from another species but someone cooking up a fire nasty or a pandemic there's some risk that something might escape from the lab or be deliberately made and released into the world what we can do nevertheless is we can put in place the various measures to try to reduce the risk so better by surveillance around the world or better regulation of what is that allowed to be published what things you're allowed to order online and I'm saying now Leon of this one takes in a totally different type reaction what's the smelliest chemical One is this person going to what a stinker. Well there are many contenders bought no matter which molecule we take it will definitely contain some tiles so it dials out so for compounds and there are 2 contenders one is acetone So it's a very small molecule that has a so far in its structure and the other one are made a couple times which are also have dials and they're the same alias compound so 1st time when Ty acetone was made in the 1000 St Cherry People had been used for meeting and they feel nauseous when they smelled it in the range one kilometer around the cave. You know OK Michael facility where it is was made so it is extremely potent and smelly compound and skunks for example have lots of tile ated . Similar to the stuff that asparagus gets metabolized to yes when you're asparagus and have a sparks which is the same chemical and the problem we tiles is DE are actually the product of decomposition of proteins so you will find them in Cabo years or in all these non appetizing things and so we are evolutionary primed to feel a little beads you know if still there this is very clear of that and there are some other compounds we don't have time for example lots of A means can be only. Males and one of the words that I worked way too was Cather very in the name says it is a product. You use it in chemical synthesis because it's very useful to make some a means and when you use that you can get rid of the smell so you get off the ladder and people just steer away from you and you know you get used to. What is really curious then again we also have lots of food stuff that is manly and we like to just imagine she's mange cheesier or days through the durian I don't know if you have a. Band from taking it indoors someplace like unsinkable. You're not allowed inside because it just it's a weapon. That is not at the residence fast but it tastes fantastic. And so this was some year only Jews were actually exploring days why do things which we're evolutionary primed not to like still taste so well and they found something which is called the backwards nailing reflex that means that firs do you basically smell and you have these notions feeling but then you activate some receptor is which give you a huge amount of pleasure quite a question if you calm which is actually coming from to tree I've heard of nanotechnology but what does that mean so what is it please reveal what is nanotechnology OK thanks. So how long have you got another technology is I going to give you the formal definition and then tell you what that actually means because scientists love complicated ways of saying really simple things basically not technology is the ability to both make. Current tries and use things that have none of meter dimensions another meter is one billionth of a meter and what happens is the reason why not technology exists as a field is that when you have any piece of material that's got those sorts of dimensions it that you can measure another metres then its properties become different to larger bits of the same material simplest example if you've ever looked at a single window you know you'll see all these different colors and it and in many cases those colors are all made using the same material which is gold artists in medieval times did all sorts of experiments with a fiddle around with all sorts of chemicals because they had nice colors. They realised that just by changing the way in which they mixed certain chemicals together they could change the color just by basically waiting for a little bit longer you know so and so for instance gold when it's a nanoparticle form so when it's a few non-majors across a lump of. World is no longer golden color but it can be anywhere from green red blue yellow take your pick purity down to its size such as one example of a bad hundreds that I could give you. Go for I want to do as he used to call or say changing what what else changes when you go the nonnes like. Conductive a tea or some yes yes so what we do in my lab is 1st of all we try to understand why the properties of materials change and then we make them do what we want and then we try and do something useful with it so the sort of things that change our electrical properties if you take gold as an example it's it does so many things it's a really good conductor of heat and electricity if you make it small enough as another major size then it can become an insulator so you've got color chemical properties change electrical properties change and so on come thank you very much now we was trying to read little quiz for our panel of people when we do this and they're competing for a prize beyond price which is the naked scientists big brain of the Week award so our 2 teams are common Carolyn and Hayden and the ANA run one is extreme weather are you ready both of you you may confer this 1st question the most rain recorded to fall in one minute was 100 millimeters is that a science fact or science fiction gosh. Piers like we've had most of that over the last week actually no she said fact I haven't said that that's possible and bases in India are. Really sorry actually it's false the most rainfall is a minute was 31.2 millimeters that's 1.23 inches it was recorded in 956 on the 4th of July Unionville in Maryland and America OK Unfortunately 0 fear. Liana So if you can improve on the score of the euro the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was minus 60.3 degrees C. Is that a science fact or science fiction but