Papers a sense he's had it is Camilla Tommy we're talking about employees who don't have vast sums of money to have recourse to the law should they choose at a later date to breach them frankly a lot of employees out there who just think they have to do what they're told and equally what we're also saying is and this is what this whole case is is talking about it's talking about whether the public interest in exposing the wrongdoing can outweigh the commercial justification for an N.D.A. There's a fear that vulnerable people in Britain are falling further behind creating a 2 speed society that's all to fix the Equality and Human Rights Commission says since its last report in 2015 has been some progress but also greater struggles for the disabled and ethnic minorities as chief exacts Rebecca Hilsenrath it's become harder to access justice we're still seeing prejudice attitudes that are going to hold people back there often very clear directions for governments we've often look at the stable people on what to do and get them back into work and we've off employers to look at providing right to flexible working with all sorts look at their household policy the government says it's committed to tackling injustices that survive live news show them has the sport and a Champions League night to forget for Tottenham who went down to 10 men and conceded a late goal to drop $22.00 at P.S.V. Eindhoven Captain UGLE Aris was sent off in the 79 minutes after racing from goal to bring down win that Lazaro as the visitors lead to one but equalized with 3 minutes remaining Spurs in trouble with just one point in their group whereas Liverpool have gone top of them as after a 4 nil win over Red Star Belgrade 2 goals for most want to penalty taking him to 50 goals in 65 matches for Liverpool leads a top of the championship again after a 2 nil when over Ipswich 5th place Darby stopped West Brom from going top outclassing them for one all the results are on the B.B.C. Website that is it has been suspended for 3 weeks after he was sent off for a high tackle in cost. Champion's Cup defeat to Munster on Saturday but his number one call administrates the 2nd round of the Vienna Open Tennis up to beating Argentina's Diego Schwartzman and called McGregor and B. But normal both remained banned from U.F.C. Until an investigation into the trouble that followed that lightweight Well title fight is completed this is B.B.C. 5 Live on digital online small farm and stop it on the one of the 1st days looking mostly joy for England Wales nil the knowledge with the best of the sun shone in the east rain in the north of Scotland will move south once and it's going to be cooler in southern England place today of 12 in Manchester and the same facts as On AM and F.M. Arrive the U.K. On digital and on live I'm Roger shot were up all night so David Attenborough's ended up full heartedly enter a new campaign for the kelp and Scotland's coastal waters I feel I should mention the survey but there's a joyous 92 but he's anything but happy about a plan to dredge up SAR tastes 1000 metric tons of cow by ear. Scotland's Atlantic coast since we were speaking yesterday about the sea urchins which have been fairly quick out of northern California and the wonderful images of the count forests in blue planet to cheesy to understand by 14 sized people of so far petitioned the Scottish Government to intervene against the stretching words to believe it calls call the shots. Well Dr Karl continues to have a happy holiday we believe will be with us next week but this week we are again privileged to look at the world of science in the show through the eyes of a science journalist and broadcaster Bianca Grady Hello Bianca Hello Rod how you very well the chemists and lecturer and science communicator from the University of Sydney there are 2 hours Williamson Hello Alice Hello route where lovely lovely to have you with us and I think last week we gave Alice the honor so this week I think we should definitely give Bianca the 1st start and I love the story about Leonardo da Vinci tell us more. Yes I like the story as well actually because I mean Leonardo Da Vinci's famed as a great thinker inventor and particularly a painter and his his paintings are I guess this so incredibly lifelike and 3 dimensional and some researchers think that one of the reasons for that may be that he and my actually have had an icon dition called Star business which some people might be familiar with it's essentially it's a form of a misalignment of the AH and sometimes one or both eyes of the point slightly outwards or slightly inwards which would be what we think of cross-eyed or sometimes it's just one eye and I think that Davinci in particular had what's called exo Tropi where one of his eyes pointed slightly outwits and. I mean the question is how do you work this out because obviously there are no photos of Mr Davinci But what they did was they looked at 6 what they believe are actually self portraits or Davinci So there was 2 sculptures 2 oil paintings and 2 drawings and so one of them is actually a young John the Baptist for any fans Vitruvian Man and things like that and when they analyzed the direction of the pupils they were able to establish that in many of these the one of the peoples is sifting slightly at Wits in one case by about 12 degrees or 8 degrees or 9 degrees and this begs the question of what advantage to does this offer because you'd think as an artist having any form of problem with your vision would sort of swiftly curtail your career as an artist but apparently not so Rembrandt Degas and Picasso apparently also had some form of I misalignment and here's where it gets a bit complicated the what they think is going on is that artists with dyskinesia or people with this condition can actually suppress the vision from the I that's looking slightly out of alignment so they're effectively have what we called monarch vision instead of binocular vision which most of us have so they're not getting that 3 dimensional vision that comes from having 2 eyes and so but it's intermittent so sometimes they have it and sometimes they die and it's not a kind of a state standard stable condition but somehow that meant and this is her mind her protection of it that to capture that 3 dimensional sane when he was effectively a lot of the time only saying 2 dimensions meant that it kind of had to work space much much harder to to convey that it's almost like he was. I don't know if I can kind of really understand how it works to be honest but I just thought it was a fantastic story but I think it's that because he was. Often only saying in 2 dimensions trying to convey that on canvas actually meant that he was almost putting more information and the way that he captured it conveyed that saying to people with binocular vision makes it look like really like it's popping in 3 dimensions so it actually enhanced his abilities as an artist as opposed to reducing them because interesting to hear about this from anybody who is a practicing artist I mean I have an artist friend and I think the way he analyzes the scene. Is really important because he he works out how he's going to represent something and here one can imagine the human brain and placement and sight so complex that if if if the venture from an era leads was used to mastering the signals from his brain and making some kind of sense of them in a very deliberate way maybe that's helped him and well meaning that he puts it all down Absolutely I mean this notion of brain plasticity how our brain is constantly changing but in particular you know if one of our senses is in some way compromised like hearing for example children who are born hearing impaired that the path ways the way that those kind of pathways remodel and so you're right maybe there is some remodelling that's that's gone on with different she's eyesight that but given that he does intermittently still have 3 dimensional vision has somehow in Hans to enhanced his ability to convey those 3 dimensions of an economy thinking what it would be like as a as a painter as a as a drawer or even a sculptor to work with an eye patch where you know whether that would change I'm sure there's probably you know to have an artist friend who draws she's right handed she draws with her left hand and I'm wondering whether that challenging your brain to do something that it's not used to doing with it that actually can somehow in Hans you're autistic. Creation's Well well we're all we're open for artists another's it 5 or 5 if you're Tex a poll a to B B C dot C. O. Dot U.K. If you'd like to send us an email and we'll have to get your e-mails and the number for the call is 59 or 9613. Alice I know you've been fascinated by the fact that male birds. Have got all their own way seems it seems that male birds just just have all the blessings. Yes it does seem that way I think this is something that made me think about some of the pop stars that that are famed for or you know certainly popularized and one of the things that with pop sing is is that we often see that both me male and female pop singers are very good looking and sometimes they have a good voice too. And it seems that this is really important in bed so if we think about and why birds are good looking or how why they have attractive at this and beautiful colors that marking them out is attractive to the opposite sex it's usually the males who are attracting the females with their very showy plumage and apparently according to a team of researchers who've looked at $500.00 different species of birds they found that where there are in weather when they look to the male and female of the species if they found that the male had. More beautiful or colorful or fancy feathers than the females then they tended to have more boring kind of monotonous songs. Whereas when those male and female birds looked the say so they had very similar feathers they found that there was a difference in the the songs of the males compared to the females so that the men had a great a range and they would sing for far longer periods so it seems that some species of birds have evolved to sing beautifully to attract them mate and others have it evolved to attract them with their feathers but not both so I don't know what this means for him the future of pop singers but you know maybe we should be saying that you you don't have to be absolutely beautiful to have a beautiful voice to be a model or a pop star but not both. Right well I'll refrain from offering an example some can you also talk about knowing that you know knowing that you are a chemist tell us about your excitement about crystallography what you want is new in the feel good love to share this with everybody and so this is so this is something that kind of sneaked out into a couple of chemistry papers last week and it's got a lot of chemist talking and very excited about how we might use or adapt a technique that's been used by our friends the biologists for a little while now to understand the crystal structure of molecules so we know and people remember perhaps from their high school chemistry class that the way we represent molecules or chemicals is often with hexagons and pentagons and regular polygons that are connected in it by regular angles and it's when we have a look at these structures when we actually zoom in them we see that these aren't just representation of the way that they're bonded this is actually the geometry the atoms are ranged in specks and the reason that they're arranged around these regular Jumma trees is because this is the best way to minimize report. Sions between the electrons in different in different bonds so we know that charges that are the same type repel each other so this is the best way to do it spatially Now when you make something in the lab enough and I feel I've done the Quite a bit did this and read you you make something and and you really hope that when you've mixed A and B. You might have got C. And then you usually go down to a spectrometer and you put a little sample of your material into a huge magnetic field and it excites some of the the the molecules you get a reading and then you try and translate a bar code to try and understand something that looks a bit like a barcode whether you've made the right molecule and if you even look here and you're able to get a crystalline structure of your compound and not all molecules are crystals of course they're not all solid so you can only get a crystal if you've got if you've got a solid you then painstakingly try and grow a beautiful crystal and you take it to the X. Ray department in in the university now sometimes it takes ages to grow those crystals and then with help from minute crystallographer you can shine a B. X. Rays act that sample and much in the same way that if you're throwing a ball against a wall and these X. Rays are bounced back off the the sample and by building up a picture of these these bounce back X. Rays you can tell the structure of the molecule So this is a great technique but the problem is that you need this beautiful crystal and it sometimes you can spend months trying to grow a crystal sometimes you spend months and you don't get one that's good enough but these researchers have applied a similar type of crystallography that's called electron crystallography So rather than using X. Rays you use electrons and you fire electrons of this crystal but in this case you do need a crystal but the. They can be far smaller they can be 50 times smaller and electrons have have been shown to sometimes damage structures before but thanks to a Nobel Prize from last year and lots of research there are techniques to look at Scripps stills in this way and what this basically means right is that and these researchers from 2 groups in the states have been able to go to a chemist buy a sample of the medicine break up the capsule or grind up a tablet and and using those tiny crystalline structures that are present in that medicine they've been able to fire electrons at it and in a matter of minutes they've been able to get a crystal structure of the molecule. And that is really quite extraordinary and I think it's a technique that we're going to see more research is using and the more we know about structure of course the Molino about function and that's super important for understanding how molecules interact in our bodies and how they interact in systems so that we can make Metta better medicines or you know Indeed we can build better technology. Well there your if you got any questions about chemistry maybe daily chemistry. Or anything that you've been reading about in the general field of science please let us have them where we're very much a on your you know on the lookout for your questions for the next while and I just wanted to ask did we get anywhere further with the question of this goo that would attach remember gardens question from last week about a glue that would somehow attach probably seen. To a magnet you know and we're talking about super glue is an either or limitations there but I think we worked our way through that then we can remember yeah I think we did I think I think somebody actually called in to suggest some a very intricate method for layering different types of of glue on to the sets if the magnet and help humanity idea but maybe the person who called in last week must know if they if they have some success and a success with any of these suggestions Gordon Yeah we we're always would always like to know we like to do these these little follow up oh yeah yeah. This is from Ryan in Southampton and who says he was diagnosed a few years ago with type 2 diabetes and he's only just into the Reince Priebus I've been pre-diabetic and he says a wake up call consequently drastically changed the diet started exercising his diet was technically a fad diet concentrating on good fats protein and carbs only when exercising after 2 years says run this really impressive he lost about 2 Stuart and brought his resting heart rate down to about 50 beats a minute drastically reduced his blood pressure and prevents diabetes and one of the main ingredients of the diet was coconut oil in place of normal cooking oils it was one of the good fats in the diet although with the occasional avocado and recently Ryan says I had the coconut oil is more dangerous than normal cooking oil says this correct or is it scaremongering or is it just dangerous like so many foods if you consume too much. I think coconut oil is one of those foods that I would use the term faddish at the moment is that Sky I think coconut water went through the same thing for a while where it sort of becomes this magic pill cure all silver bullet for everything. Look coconut oil as I understand it is not full of the good fats coconut oil is full of saturated fats and I think there are some particular subtypes of saturated fats that So these are from the facts that are associated with heart disease as opposed to kind of plant based fats other plant as fetch us would say that unsaturated fats that are generally better as far as our understanding of heart disease risk although I should qualify this by saying this is a constantly evolving space because we're always still learning about the relationship between diet and health and heart disease and diabetes but I think there's something with coconut oil it's not a cure all it's not something where if you just take her to lie all it's going to to fix everything and I would suggest it's one of those foodstuffs that should be taken very much in moderation it a minimal level and a lot of the I think a lot of the excitement about coconut oil certainly in the last time that I looked into is this was because of studies that were done in sort of you know Pacific Island regions where you know they have diets high in coconut oil and so they were and certainly when the studies were done lower rates of heart disease in them and this is where we get into trouble with correlation vs causation is just because a diet is high in coconut oil and a population has a low risk of heart disease that does not mean that coconut oil is associate is the thing that causes it and what in fact was going on was that their diets might be high in coconut oil but there's a very high in fresh fruits and vegetables and seafood and they cook with coconut oil a lot but everything else in the diet was what was giving the benefit rather than the coconut oil itself but I think Dr Alice might have something on the. Yes well I was going to say I mean that's fantastic news to have achieved you know to achieve an increase in health and to really have reverse some of those effects and it just shows us that it's never too late to do something or it's often not too late to do something to improve one's health but I think Bianca is right sometimes it's hard to know exactly what changed in in a person's lifestyle so for for a start we're only talking about any calls one here now that's very important for this for this person of course but when you're motivated or you have a little bit of a warning in terms of your health lots of other things about the way that you live your life could change you know you could be doing more exercise at the same time or eating smaller portions or you know and Ryan says there are so many he says exercise was a key factor in those terms that he's managed to achieve Yes So I think for Ryan you know it shows that really it's a combination of things in terms of coconut oil and I know that the that lately in the U.K. Quite recently there was a scientific advisory committee committee on nutrition and the W.H.O. Agree on this that we should really be trying to limit the amount of saturated fat that we we take in each day to less than 10 percent of our total energy intake so that's about 20 grams to a minute 30 grams for men