C.b.c. 5 the b.b.c. News on 5 Live at 5 o'clock on camera 6 people have been injured after a home for liquid restraint in Stratford in east London police said the incident involved 2 male groups 3 people have been taken to hospital but non-essential have life changing injuries and 15 year old boy has been arrested on suspicion of g.b.h. Reporter Simon Thomas an is instrument that I think there were some initial suggestions that these attacks were random but officers do say it seems to come out of this argument in these 2 groups inside the shopping center at Stratford in east London and that's when this noxious substance was thrown a witness said one man running to a nearby restaurant toilet to try to wash the acid from his face the u.s. Air Force has flown bombers and fighter jets over international waters east of North Korea the Pentagon says it sharing Washington's military options giving what it calls the grave threats posed by Pyongyang's missile program North Korea's foreign minister riyal Hiero address the un General Assembly that early on you would run out of money under the Trump himself. Even your own you will die I mean we're hardly innocent lives on don't dawdle us promptly tell you Maryl our priority because of this. Trunk will be one mil GMO money we wanted an Indonesian President Trump has accused North Korea and the return of working together is after Tehran said it had tested a new medium range ballistic missile $5.00 Love investigators found that high tech equipment is increasingly being used to Rover on safety systems in lorries being driven on Britain's roads in the past year 450 mostly foreign vehicles were found with. Interrupt which destroyed the lorry stand attack a graph Germany goes to the polls later in the country's general election the chancellor Angela Merkel and her main rival Martin Schultz the 1st people not to support the migrant right wing candidates have been winning support is a Berlin correspondent Damien McGuinness according to the polls I get America was center right c.d.u. Party has a strong king lead that means that angle Americal would actually be the next chancellor which would be incredible because it be a 4th term she's still very popular here in Germany partly because she's seen as a very stable candidate a very turbulent times of Brecht's state with Trump with various threats throughout the world so Germans really appreciate that sense of stability firefighters rescued 2 people who were trapped in a large gas explosion badly damaged that was in Blackpool 8 people were taken to hospital the fine service is continuing to make the area safe William Burroughs who lives next door was watching television that literally I did you know battling it was just I got a whoosh and then the next thing I mean you're scum. Got kicked out the front door but what. I want to know about flood Norton or not a complete garden. And Prince Harry's attended the ring ceremony of the Invictus Games in Toronto Well then $500.00 wounded service personnel from 17 nations will compete in 12 sports. News Don't be has the sport now Hughie Fiore has failed in his bid to win the w b o heavyweight championship of the world the Briton was beaten on points by the defending champion Joseph Parker Manchester City a top of the Premier League having beaten bottom of the table Crystal Palace 5 nil Manchester United a 2nd on goal difference having won one nil at Southampton and champions Chelsea a 3rd having some Stoke 4 nil Felipe continuos scored for Liverpool in their 32 win at Leicester Harry Kane got 2 as Tottenham beat West Ham 32 it. London stadium Everton b. Ball must to one what for too long when is it Swanzy and it finished nil nil between Burnley in Huddersfield in the Scottish Premiership latest Celtic beat Rangers 2 nil in the Old Firm Dobby Saracens a top of the Premiership having beaten sale $4113.00 although they lost believe in a polo with a leg injury Newcastle are level with the leaders on points having beaten bath by a point said he 3 $32.00 and Leicester won $3120.00 I'd at Harlequins Quinn's loss with made worse with injuries to the England Pakis Robshaw and Mike Brown in the pro 14 there were wins for Cardiff separate and Scots and Paul Casey has a 2 shot lead heading into the final round of the p.g.a. Tour championship in Atlanta the best explained this is how he came calling because she caused a crisis 266-666-6666 extension 6606 countryman strikes and this is Newcastle. B.c. . Premier League for anyone to sign John and frankly I speak with extra since Chris and Sam have a breakfast room 6 o'clock 1st though Dr Chris Smith in that same with full of life signs this is a pretty recorded program simply so Cole text. Hello welcome to 5 Live Science I'm Chris Smith from The Naked Scientist in the program this week a potential new therapy for those living with multiple sclerosis some potentially good news about global warming now there's a challenge of what did Cassini manage to send back from Saturn as it finally plunged into the planet's atmosphere plus one girl was saying how she had a rock in her and she was attacking a love rival and she she got out. And thrown this really big rock and so she is reenacting in front of me this crime that never happened in the 2nd half of the program how scientists can implant false memories what memories away and with a some sports might put you at risk of memory loss the make it scientists find life . To kick us off this week a potential new therapy to help the 2000000 or so people around the world who are living with multiple sclerosis or m.s. Has been announced by scientists in the u.s. M.s. Is caused by a road population of immune cells attacking a substance in the brain and spinal cord could Mylan Mylan normally works like the insulates you find around an electric cable in the nervous system it shields and supports nerve fibers but is the Mylan becomes more damaged by the immunise old nerve signals can no longer faithfully be conveyed and patients become progressively more disabled now research a brad Hoffman from the University of Florida has found a way to reprogram the immune system to drive the creation of regulator immune cells that condemn down the action of the rogue cells in test so mice it stop the disease in its tracks we do this by taking a harmless virus and engineering that virus to express the same marker that the rogue cells are going after doing this liver gene transfer as we call it induces a 2nd type of cell called a regulatory t. Cell the regulatory cells and suppress the robe cells that are causing the damage and how were you actually doing these experiments What are you doing to investigate this because this is not impatience yet is it not I don't we're not in patients as of yet what we do is we have now small that we can induce a walkable sclerosis like these that mimics many of the early stages that would be seen in human m.s. . So talk me through what happens to these mice than and how you actually set the experiments up to prove that this virus you've engineered which can drive the immune system to regulate itself better won't actually happens when you do this so basically what happens is when we induce disease in these mice the mice that are not treated would go through a process in about over about 2 weeks in which they become somewhat paralyzed if we give this treatment before we induce disease in the mice we can completely prevent the disease from even starting when we do the same technique trying to reverse disease about 10 days to 2 weeks afterwards the mice undergo a reversal of disease and they actually regain function in their extremities quite nicely and almost down to predict these levels and you can prove Can you that the reason that's happening is because you've now got this new population of immune master regulators that are suppressing what were previously these rogue cells attacking the nervous system absolutely when we do this technique we can identify the marker that we have encoded into these cells that these cells are definitively targeting the same markers the rogue cells and so when they encounter one another they will suppress them and this is safe because of a seal putting a virus that shouldn't be there into liver cells and making them express this nervous system protein The shouldn't be there and then making a whole population of immune cells spring up which weren't there lots of things changing all the side effects at this point based on all the research we have going on and we do not see any side effects at this point liver function maintains the mice are able to live long lives after we have done this if they've been treated we don't see at least in the mouse model at this time any adverse effect. Now how far away do you think you are from being able to embark on a safe human clinical trial because obviously for the the people who are afflicted with this disease time is everything because it is a progressive condition we are probably several years away from being in the clinic our results are amazing results and we're very optimistic of this being able to be translated into the clinic the technique that we have used has already been tested in the clinic in some aspects but not specifically So it's going to take a little bit of time to kind of merge the technology that's already in the clinic with the stuff that has to still be qualified for safety reasons to move it along to very human population and considering what might be achieved for people who already have disability the immune attack on the nervous system often leaves for want a better price scarring in the nervous system which is why people do get progressive for the worse with m.s. So to what extent do you think you'll be able to just stop the disease in its tracks and to what extent do you think you'll be able to undo some of the preexisting disability these people have got That's a again a great question based on all the research that we're presenting here that we've been working on that technique that we're using is definitely more geared towards somebody who was recently diagnosed as trying to stop the disease early in its path the idea here is that if we can stop the disease from advancing that the patient would have a much longer quality of life over over time very exciting but Brad Hoffman and that work has just been published in the journal Molecular therapy. Limiting the increase in global average temperatures to one and a half degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels was one stated goal of the 2015 Paris climate agreement many said it was unachievable but now a new analysis suggests that we may have a bit of breathing space Michael we last spoke to e.t.h. Zurich climate scientist year ago in the Paris agreement there is a long term temperature go aiming to keep warming well below 2 degrees and we also aim at limiting it to $1.00 So basically this is annual global mean temperature increase relative to pre-industrial levels somewhere mid 19th century now the question then of course arises how can we do this and literature has shown that the warning we see is nearly linearly proportional to the total amount of carbon dioxide that we emit into the atmosphere that means there is a certain maximum amount of carbon dioxide that we are allowed to emit into the atmosphere ever also often referred to as a carbon budget so cabin budget is key to being able to reach that target what was it that you did to calculate what that cabin budget might be to figure out how much carbon we can still emit we basically used 3 different modeling approaches one is a simple climate model Another method is a model of intermediate complexity which was used to verify the simple climate model and finally we also use results from the most complex state of the art Earth system models and in the past carbon budgets were often calculated relative to preindustrial So that means that small errors and discrepancies they accumulate over time so what we did is we basically reset these uncertainties by expressing the common budget relative to today we find. If you take into account where we are today we get to have a budget of around 702800 1000000000 tonnes of carbon dioxide This corresponds to roughly 20 years of current images and so previous cabin budgets gave us via less time exactly previous government budgets gave us far this time and basically suggested that keeping warm to below $1.00 was a almost a geo physical impossibility at 1st glance you know an increase in temperature of $1.00 degrees seems like a small increase in temperature Why are such small increases in temperature so detrimental to our climate has to be aware that these increases our global average increase in general people are not necessarily interested in average temperature increase what we are interested in is the risks that can arise with for example extreme events during clear shift in the extremes Yeah Ok so as the average temperature shifts so too does the extreme end of the spectrum shift so that we're experiencing more extreme weather events as I correct yes that's correct in some regions this is a very clear trend so your analysis has given us a larger cabin budget and some more hope and I think there's 2 ways that that message can be taken up I mean on one hand if people believe that we've gone past a point of no return then they also believe that any efforts towards conservation will be meaningless so your analysis steps us back from that which I think is a good thing but on the other hand it may have the potential to relax people a bit more about climate change so I'm not sure which one of those will be most prevalent What do you think our research really put the possibility of limiting warming to 1.5 degree back on the table and I think the. It's a hopeful message but that doesn't really mean that the pressure is off it still requires actions way beyond the pledges that are currently on the table by countries and global carbon dioxide emissions need to be reduced immediately to become Ciro by mid century and that's an incredibly challenging feat so a bit more room to maneuver we may have but not much that was your erode go and his work was published in Nature Geoscience. You're listening to 5 Live Science I'm Chris Smith And still to come after Cassini crashed into the atmosphere of Saturn on September the 15th did it manage to send back its last bits of data plus we delve into the depths of the brain to hear how memory actually works. But before that in the 1800s while he was exploring the Amazon naturalist Alexander von Humboldt documented an attack on a horse by an illiterate keel leaping up out of the water. Despite having been studied for over 200 years since this was the only recorded evidence of such behavior by an electric eel so many people would tell for until Vanderbilt universities Kinkade Tanya go to his hands on one literally the shock could be 10 times the power of a time Tom Cruise had heard from Ken What in the dish into his own pain threshold he's discovered the main function of these high voltage pulses is to activate nerve endings in nearby animals and so in that sense it's a lot like a taser and then once you know that you can start to ask well how would you design your taser to creatively activate nerve endings so one thing they can do is freeze up animals for predation that works very well for fish and water but they have this challenge if a predator were to come at them in shallow water which actually happens in the Amazon during the dry season how would you defend yourself against say a predatory cat or some other predator a crocodilian that was coming at you and you only had limited amount of electrical resources to deliver Well it turns out the best way to do that without having much of the energy disperse in the water is to lift out of the water press against the threat directly and give off your high voltage it's really a shocking behavior. Now you beat me to that part so just to just to we clarify what you said these electric eels they literally jump out of the water and then zap that target exactly and it started by realizing when I approached them with a metal rim to net they would attack the net by leaping up and shocking it and that's the only time I ever saw an electric eel try to come out of the water so that was a big clue that there's something special going on with these conductive nets the Eels interpret conductors as living things they interpret large can. Doctors as threatening living things and this is clearly a defensive behavior and so the research that's recently published was basically trying to work out the puzzle of the electric circuit that develops is that you know comes up out of the water and so I had designed a series of experiments to address each variable in that except for one and that was the target or in this case my arm. So it's no you can't just let's just back up his words are you sure you were purposefully opposed to your into the tank with these electric eels in order to be shocked eventual Yes but I got there by really wanting to know the answer to each of the variables in the circuit and so I wanted to know the electromotive force of the Eels the internal resistance of the eagle the resistance of the water and then the variable values of this other resistance that develops as the comes out of the water and some of the current can pass back down the eagle to the water and I had solved for all of those and it kind of gave the illusion that wow I've really got this puzzle figured out but there's a quirk of electric circuitry that if you have 2 resistors in parallel which is something that happens when the oil comes out you need to know both of those resistances to understand how much current flows in the circuit and so I was scratching my head about what am I going to do about this and the final answer was to develop this device that could measure the current through my arm I I love how you said the obvious I'd say it was to electrocute yourself. Who doesn't want to get electrocuted by electrical come on. I should also say this is quite a small a tricky so I wasn't taking any crazy risks you know Farraday played with electric eels humble played with electric eels there's a long history of people experimenting with the so called hands on approach I mean I wouldn't do it lightly with a large meal and I didn't do with a large so you saying you were trying to measure all of the variables in the system to be able to calculate the electric circuit so what was it that you found out. Yes so the voltage of the small deal that I was working with was about 200 volts eels can get up to 500 sometimes 600 volts when they're very large and get to a couple meters long and I guess one of the key things that I think this research allows you to do is pretty easily plug in the numbers to extrapolate to these larger animals so we know that people get shocked in the Amazon by this behavior in fact there's a kind of amazing video that went viral recently showing a fisherman getting shocked by by a large electric eel with this leaping behavior so now we have a good idea of how much current goes through a person based on your size specifically for my case it was about 40 to 50 milligrams and that was sufficient to be quite a deterrent I'll put it that way if you've gone to a really colorful interesting party and been tasered recently it would be a lot like that it would be actually for a large deal it would be 20 times the power of oh wow moment taser Yeah it was a lot of fun to do if you can believe that yeah. Electrifying stuff can contain your I was telling Tom cruel food about the work that he's just published in the journal Current Biology. Friday the 15th of September marked the end of a 20 year journey for the spacecraft Cassini because it was purposefully crashed into the atmosphere of Saturn. Originally Cassini took 7 years to reach