So course I needed to treat life threatening illnesses. Just people end up in a need to sleep because more than they intended and not something that already we could do. In train carriages across Britain will be upgraded next year with the promise of Morsi improved accessibility and better economy the delivery group says it's the biggest introduction of Rolling Stone in decades that's a 5 Live news indeed of peace in Australia in the Boxing Day Test on a 137 runs to take a 21 lead in the former series and with the rest of the sport now. Given top has compared levels quest for the Premier League title to a marathon and urged his players to keep running they tend Arsenal $51.00 in a win that takes the Anfield club 9 points clear at the top of the table and Spurs who remain 2nd might Liverpool's day even better having thrown away a one nil lead to lose 3 want to Wolves at Wembley full of defeated fellow strugglers How does field one nil Brian got their 1st win in 5 beating Everton by the same score the comics got it a 16th they had a one nil win at Leicester and it was one all between what for Newcastle and Rangers beat Celtic one nil to change the Old Firm Darby called Monaco are a point behind the top 2 having beaten St Mirren in the Premiership Harlequins beat wasps 2013 at Twickenham Saracens stay 2nd having beaten was to 2517 and sail $13015.00 at Gloucester and in the pro 14 Edinburgh defeated Glasgow $168.00 there were also wins for Cardiff Munster and Benetton and Michael van Gerwen history to the semifinal of the P.T.C. World championship after a 51 win ever Ryan Joyce not only Premier League football in the biggest anyone else later today you could double bill of commentaries from the Premier League 1st off. It's Crystal Palace against Chelsea from secretly Manchester City's away to Southampton the back seat this is 5 life Bragg. They're on 5 Live 1st though another chance to hear highlights from 5 Live Science a special science knowledge from earlier this month it's a pretty recorded program for please don't call or text. Hello I'm George Mills from the Naked Scientist and welcome to a special edition of 5 life science over the next hour Chris Smith and I will take you through some of the highlights of our recent Live Science Night which we hope you enjoy and if you want to hear the whole of science night you can download it all as a forecast right now from B.B.C. Sounds that make it scientists 5 live now as anyone who's ever stepped off an international flight and into a new time zone knows jetlag is a horrible thing but why does it happen and why does it take a week or so to settle into a new time the answer lies in our body clock or cicadas in rhythm it turns out that as far as we know every living living thing on earth including plants and even bacteria have a way to keep track of time and in this half hour we'll find out how they do it and why this matters including how the same drug can have different effects at different times of day how some animals can tell you when high tide is coming and how plants can do of all things long division now with us are Stacey Harmer She's from the University of California Davis where she's a plant scientist working on how plants keep track of time David Wilcox and spaced at the University of Aberystwyth where he looks at how marine creatures keep tabs on the tides and make Hastings the University of Cambridge where he picks the clockwork that keeps time in brains like ours so Hello and welcome to all of you Mick let's pick up with you 1st of all so tell me how does my brain and animals that have one like me actually keep track of time Well Chris I think you should see yourself as a 24 hour machine just about everything that your body does where the star just in the meal or whether you can think clearly or what your mood is or what your heartbeat is all of these things are controlled in a very regular 24 hour pattern and what's the clock work if eyes zoom in on my body and ask how does it know what time of day it is because I can have a pretty good guess I mean if if. You'd stop me at one point of the day and say what time you think it is without cheating are I normally have a pretty good idea how my doing that well that's how your thinking part the brain is working but in fact it's not just the brain just about every cell in our body has approximately That's what's called circuit D. And Kadian approximately one day timing mechanism and under normal circumstances all those little clock mechanisms in all of our individual cells right across the body they're all working in synchrony is a beautiful piece of biological engineering really and the purpose of that being that if you get all the clocks at the same time zone in your body then they're all revving up their metabolism making energy available when you need it when you 1st get out of bed in the morning but you haven't got your metabolism thundering away through the night when you should be going to sleep they say exactly that it is very economical you know that biology make sure that you do the things you need to do at the time when you need to do them now the master clock is deep inside the brain isn't it in the region called the hypothalamus tell us about that and how does it actually tick Well that's right so the hypothalamus is a primitive part of the brain the same structure is there in fish frogs and newts and toads and reptiles and birds so as a this is a very ancient timing mechanism and what we know there's a cluster of nerve cells about 10000 of them in my brain and in your brain and those 10000 nerve cells are actually important for defining a 24 hour life they do it on their own and that part of the brain that we talk about is about the size of a grain of rice and when those nerve cells are ticking what corresponds to the ticking mechanism what's actually making those cells keep time how do they do it with all biology the real key is to identify the genes you know the pieces of D.N.A. On our chromosomes that actually control processes and the breakthrough in our field and there was a Nobel Prize awarded for this last year was to identify the genes that make up the body clock without being too technical genes control. All the production in our cells of proteins and so these body clock genes direct the production of body clock proteins and that takes about 12 hours and then it takes about 12 hours for those proteins to be broken down and once a broken down the whole cycle can start again like a sort of chemical or by chemical domino effect the one thing turns on turns on the next thing turns on next and that feeds back in terms of the 1st thing and it takes around taking taking 24 hours to start it's a feedback loop it's like the feedback loop that controls our central heating but how does it get set in the 1st place and how does it reset when I fly to a new time zone and I have jet lag initially and it goes away what's going on of course for it to be useful to an organism it has to synchronize to the light dark cycle because the purpose of this internal body clock is to predict when it's going to be day and when it's going to be night and then the organisms can do things appropriately that synchronization in the case of mammals it happens through light acting on the retina of the ice and then through a particular nervous pathway from the eyeball to the hypothalamus natural body clock structure received that information and slightly adjust sits on growing rhythm so that the internal time matches very nicely external time and make what actually happens when you you go out of whack with your body clock say when you're jet lagged or the poor people who have to work in shift work as well evolution never anticipated Boeing airplanes or adverse airplanes so our ability to move between time zones is really going completely against the grain of our body clock because all of a sudden the clock which is predicting when it will be day and will be night is Conference or by the situation when the sun's up when it shouldn't be all this is going down when it should be night time and the rule of thumb as people are probably aware is that for every one hour difference in time zone it takes about one day to recover that difference because the processes in the brain were never. Developed for this circumstance and so sounds like it's sort of quite bad for you but what about things like we're staying up late at night and when we're looking at our screens a lot is this Do we know if this is sending our body clock out of whack as well that's right because it's a particular pathway from the eye to the political based on certain types of nerve cells which have a preponderance that they're much more sensitive to blue light so of course lots of monitors and screens have got lots of blue lights in them so it's not just that you're looking at light when the body clock thinks it should be night time what you're looking at the type of light which will stimulate the body clock and kick it sideways as it were right so that's where you have night time made on your phones I get exactly exactly that I mean the tech companies are very aware of this is quite good that they do this the real message from my perspective is that shift work rotational shift work or see people commonly experience like and we do that for work or we do it for holidays or whatever but it's it's it's a choice we make as quickly over but we know now from Lee epidemiological evidence studies looking at populations of people and looking at their health status if people spend a working life on rotating shift work that can cause seems like a 20 percent increase likelihood of them having cardiovascular disease or metabolic disease you know so working a life time working against your body clock constantly trying to reset it is bad for health thanks me let's just bring in David Wilcoxon David's at the University of Aberystwyth I notice your Twitter handle David is clocks and crabs you better hope you don't have an L. K. Go wrong as that could get you in the G. Medicine clinic rather than a sick I did volunteer lab can you work on animals that naturally do have a rotating cycle of life because they have to keep track of Tide That's right many many organisms live in an environment that's challenged by incoming and outgoing tides in the in our coastal regions and in order for them to be successful they have to. Gear themselves up for this change in their environment and so they have a really precise mechanism for keeping a 12.4 hour that's a title rhythm of activity there's always that one it moves on an hour every day doesn't it which is hence the the half an hour that you've got there that's right so how is it doing it we have pretty good evidence now actually that remarkably lots of these animals have a toddler time keeper separate from the clock so the 24 hour clock so they actually appear to be at least 2 different timekeeping mechanisms in the same animal and this is intriguing I mean as Mick said these animals have evolved in this cyclic environment in environment but you know if we if we believe that organisms evolved from an aquatic environment in a marine environment this total clock could be really evolutionary ancient and to have 2 clocks at least 2 clocks in the same animal it is quite remarkable Let's bring in Stacy Harmer who's at the University of California at Davis Stacy welcome to the program so we've heard how animals keep time and even possibly bacteria keep time but also plants do it as well. They do indeed and it's surprising to many people to learn that you don't have to have a brain to have a clock so plants are excellent time keepers and it makes sense when you think about how they live you know they're rooted to one place and so they have to anticipate environmental challenges they're not able to move or to otherwise come up with other coping mechanisms some of the 1st experiments done to prove that living things had a sense of time were done on plans with me that's exactly right there was a French astronomer who named a moron who was interested in watching his house plants and he saw that they had a daily rhythm in leaf movement and he did the experiment of putting those plants in his wine cellar and show that even under constant temperature and caustic darkness they still had roughly 24 hour rhythms in the movement so you also famously worked out how sunflowers track the sun and they seem to be able to do it perfectly with with predicting when they need to be ready to face the new direction for where the some rise will be in the morning how do they do that well it's a question that we're still working on I have to say but some tires are famous for bending during the day to follow the sun so both the stands and the leaves and the heads follow the moving sun and then at night they bend back again from west to east so they're facing east before the sun rises and so we were able to so that they rely on their circadian clock to move back at night. And what about the way in which plants actually flower because they've got an important role to to try and attract insects and things to pollinate that's what a flower is all about isn't it but flowers also seem to have cycles to them. Also with us David alluded to a lot of organisms have annual clocks seasonal clocks so Plas rely on their 24 hour clocks to determine daylight and that allows them to distinguish the short days of the winter from the long days of summer and they can use that as a cue to determine when to flower is it possible that given the plants of have got body clocks to jet like a plant could I git like a cabbage if I was so inclined you could absolutely to like a cabbage and we do things like that in the lab or you create thing Y. . Well because we want to understand how they can deal with changing environmental conditions and how they can cope with environmental cues there would be consequences for it like in your cabbage though I mean it was sort of it was from a serious underpinning that the reason I also that is because of course one thing that shops and supermarkets do all the time is harvest crops and then store them under variable light conditions for enormous periods of time and when they're in the supermarket on the shelf the fruits and things we want to buy are under all these really bright lights the mix telling us that lights important you are telling us lots important plants or does that make a difference it can make a difference it's been shown in fact that you know when you when you buy a plant at the market it's still alive it still has a clock function in the cells and it's producing helpful compounds with a 24 hour rhythm and so the time that plant thinks it is can determine how much of useful nutrients that plant is making. And speaking of sort of changing environments so the climate is changing massively David what effect is this going to have to have body clocks because obviously there's a lot of migration going on different parts of the world have different kind of light cycles is this something you're seeing in your work is something we're certainly investigating we know for example in the Arctic in the polar regions that things like the ice fronts are retreating the ice is melting becoming thinner this is having quite a large impact on animals that are synchronized by normal light dark cycles because the ice ordinarily suppresses the amount of light that's getting through into the water and so it's having an impact on the animals that live under the iced and the other thing that's being found is that organisms as the oceans are becoming warmer they're migrating further north into the Arctic but that means horse like Jet lag is their body clocks aren't actually set to the rhythm of the Arctic lighting regime so they're moving from an environment because of the temperature but the lighting regime is different from what they used to and we don't really know what what impact this is going to have on those organisms and these are organisms that underpin the whole ecosystem these are tiny planktonic organisms that feed all the other organisms in that environment and you know this could have quite large impacts ecological impacts and that's something we're investigating at the moment from the biological clock perspective thank you very much for joining us and thank you actually 2 of our guests going to Stacy Harmon from you see Davis David Brooks and from the University of Aberystwyth and make a stink at the University of Cambridge stripping science down to their very same church spires life science with Dr Chris Smith And they make it scientists Welcome back to 5 lives science night with me Chris Smith And also we're George mills now about 3 and a half 1000000000 people that's half the world's population use the Internet every year and every minute Google serves up about 2 and a half 1000000 search results on You Tube There's about 4000000. People watching videos every minute of Middle East most of them are cats and dogs and kitten videos and we think about 100000000 spam e-mails get sent every minute there was a result there are more pieces of data being produced in the last 5 years than in all of human history put together before then and with this surge of information and our ability to store it and analyze it comes enormous advantages but also brings great dangers and in the next 30 minutes we'll look at how big data and new technology can save lives but also place you at serious risk of cyber crime with us our Alice HUTCHEON She's a lecturer in the security group at the University of Cambridge is computer lab now she actually interviews hackers and scammers to understand how they think and how they operate and Chris focus is director of enterprise technology at U.K. Fast their web hosting company based in Manchester and Chris is going to be showing me exactly how online criminals trick people into parting with their bank details using only my phone number and hopefully he'll also impart how to avoid being scammed yourself and also with us Carolyn McGregor She's professor of Health Informatics at the university on Tara's Institute has acknowledged and she can spot who is going to become seriously and well in the hospital up to 48 hours before the doctors and nurses So welcome to all of you Carolyn Let's kick off with you because this is a pretty amazing discovery you've made that by looking at data in a hospital you reckon you can predict maybe one or even 2 days ahead that someone's going to become seriously unwell How do you do it let's right well some early research is such that if you start to watch the heart rate you know and all the physiological signals you can see when the body's changing you can see when the body's becoming unwell so we use that information at high speed that had this information for some time but now we can use computing tools to be able to watch every breath every heartbeat and watch how they change you know the time so you gather this data from individual patients being monitored how do you actually tie the changes that were subtly there but missed before to those health outcomes of this person's going to deteriorate when they show this particular pattern of changes. Well in previous times people saw that a very city had meant that you're actually very well in the reality it's the reverse so you know the system will regulate right and will allow your body to adjust to the environments you're dealing with so when you're dealing with a very stressful situation or how it will go up when you're in a calming environment you go down now what happens when you're becoming on well is you nervous systems ability to make those changes in your body so it's to diminish so hot right though use such become very similar so we watch the patterns in the right behavior we watch for habits influencing how much oxygen is being circulated through your body and we