Also says the Boston Vettel and Charlotte Clare are aware that collision of the Brazilian Grand Prix was not acceptable the team mates collided on the into the circuits back straight as they raced for 4th place for Ari say they have since cleared the air this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live Digital b.b.c. Says. The weather and the rain scene overnight in Scotland move move south into central areas of Britain leaving behind some drier conditions across southern England and South Wales will be bright spells along with some showers Northern Ireland will be quite cloudy we shall is heading south through the day. Sounds. Good week for the environment or at least for those who chronicle some of the ways in which we as a species are. Choose day when we between the right of c o 2 countries admit. They've adopted is actually growing yesterday it was Greenpeace putting supermarkets on the. Plastics. After all supermarkets slightly better March for Waitrose. But despite the blue ocean on all the world. The plot of 2018 saw the amount of single use plastic packaging used in the nation's supermarkets Top 900000 metric tons. Of single use plastic never to be used again for any other purpose except optimistically put in the recycling bin. Turned into carpets or something like that let us join Bianca great enough Hello Bianca Hello Rod How are you very well very well we're all very exuberant So you have plastics out we have it but it just is taking time for anything to change you know for it to work through it I mean it's so ubiquitous I was thinking this the other day I was sitting on the sofa at home and think and just looking just in my immediate our surroundings at how many things were made of plastic and it's it's absolutely every way we've become so dependent on it that I think we've we've almost lost the ability to to think of an alternative I mean I know we haven't because people are but it is absolutely everywhere. I'm a talker wee bit about watches when so many of us are have wearables you know various kinds of devices you know that you use when you're out for a run or just stuff that keeps nagging you to take more steps. But one of the most interesting things that claims made was the claim made for the last stop and watch it came out that it could do really good things for your heart special your heart was misbehaving Well this is a really interesting space in terms of wearable devices and health because if you're wearing something that's monitoring your heart rate you know it can be monitoring your blood pressure. Because you know I guess an increasing number all of. The body parameters that these wearable devices can measure that's a really interesting and useful source of information available for doctors and for us of course obviously people use these to really monitor how you know how much activity they have during the day and it's particularly valuable because it's data that's collected over a long period of time so this is so for example when you think about blood pressure this is thing called white coat hypertension which reflects the fact that for some people going to the doctor is a very stressful experience you know maybe you are sick maybe you worried that you know sick but for whatever reason when often this is a lot significant number of people when they're at the doctor's they're having their blood pressure measured their blood pressure is going to be higher just during that time that they're at the doctor's hence the white coat hypertension ally I believe I actually know my the nurse the practice nurse of my doctors will take my pulse and then she'll take it again 10 minutes later once I've calmed. Exactly exactly I mean it's stressful being at the doctor's It very rarely are we there for something good that's going on it's usually something bad so you know that's one thing that these wearable devices can offer is this opportunity to actually monitor for things over a longer period of time but there's. Particular study was a paper was looking at whether we might be able to use the a.c.g. Said the electrocardiogram function which is apparently a there's a new app on the Apple Watch which is the e.c.g. App and this monitor is your your heart rate so not just your heart rate but it actually shows I guess what your heartbeat is doing and so the question is could this be used to diagnose when somebody is having a heart attack because someone's having a heart attack speed is a survival so the sooner that they can get medical care the best which is why this ever anyone has any kind of suspected heart attack get them to hospital a stretch away or to adopt a stretch away like this the hesitation definitely cost lives so what if there was a way that you know because it's sometimes difficult to diagnose these things you know if this person is outside a hospital setting maybe they're in a remote area maybe they just by this are you know on a street side is there a way that we could use this e.c.g. Function on an Apple Watch to actually to see if they are in fact having a heart attack now the challenge with During this is a standard electrocardiogram that you have in hospital normally has 12 lades So if you've ever been at City we have the little electrodes that a stuck to bit different parts of your body and connected to why is so they're all over the place they'll be on your chest and on your shoulders and legs. You need 12 leads because that gives you the most complete picture of what your heartbeat is doing because your heart can still be beating but if there is if the electrical activity of your heart is compromised for example if there's an area of of did tissue because starved of oxygen then that will show up in the in the kind of the I guess the topography of the individual heartbeat so could we do could we get that information adequately using an Apple Watch and this researcher has worked out that you could actually do this with an apple watch so if you had the watch and you moved it around the body and you. Hold it against the different areas that would normally be connected to an electrified for a probable 12. You could in theory generate the equivalent of a multi laid electric hot air gram rating so for example if you had on reste an ankle or place any place a leg so you kind of hold it to one and then hold it to the next for a period of time then lift a finger right finger chest in theory you could actually gather enough information which would need to be read by a specialist but it's it's the idea that we could potentially use what is becoming a very common piece of technology to to help diagnose heart attacks and get people to medical care soon a and also this would particularly apply you know in a country like Australia where some people might live 4 hours away from any kind of medical care you know if you try to working out with the you know dispatch the Flying Doctors or the service like that a remote retrieval service this could be a really useful way of telling you know if someone is how urgent I guess how urgent the situation is in terms of getting to them and getting minute medical care for us and let me give you a few numbers 85058 you'd like to takes us we hope you would or 8 or 85909603 if you like call a poll like the b.b.c. Dot seo dot u.k. If you would like to send us an email or 2 and let's let's chime in with something from the e-mail box night. And this one comes for all. Steve from boss. The ISIS science is that psychology is a philosophy he says One is the current standing of the observer effect where the act of observing or measuring changes the nature of what's being observed can we be certain of any of the all embracing series in physics if this observer effect the plies. Writs a really good question and there's actually 2 I guess this 2 kind of components to the observer effect so that the observer effect in physics and I'm I'm treading into a slightly uncertain waters with this but it is that notion that the act of observing something if you're trying to see a a particle the act of observing and measuring that particle in itself alters that particle and there's also I think that idea of. That we understand you know particles behave. Like if light behaves either as a particular way photons behave Eva either as a particle or a wave that the act of observation fixes it into one of the other and I'm I'm possibly getting my particles mixed up here but this this sort of and this is I think there's also the unsaid on 70 principle which says that if you the act of observing will fix a particle into a particular state it kind of collapses the uncertainty around its position and its momentum so this is the physics aspect of it in other kind of research which I guess would be a whole range of you know clinical psychological medical and a lot of scientific research the observer effect is that idea that you know if you're looking for something you'll find it or as someone once described it to a man with a hammer everything looks like a nail and in clinical research the way that these we try to reduce these is by using a technique called blinding So that's a situation where whoever it is in the study that is making the assessment of the effect of something so you say it's a it's a medication or it's you know it's some kind of intervention who is trying to assess whether there's been an impact on not they don't know whether the the the person that they're looking at has had the active treatment or whether they've been given the controlled treatment which might be a placebo it might be a different version a different type of drug for the same condition so they don't know which is which so that's one way of reducing that. Deserve a bias and you can actually go the whole hog and call double blind which is where both the person receiving the medication and the person who's assessing the effect of that medication neither of them know which drug has been given and so in fact that's particularly important when it comes to the person who's that the patient in the study for example because the placebo effect is very strong if we think we've been given. A particular type of medication then we can kind of convince ourselves that it's worked and that that actually shows up in a physiological state even with something like painkillers you know giving someone . A high a sort of saying that you're giving them a high dose of painkiller can actually lead to greater pain relief even if you're not giving them a high dose of painkillers so this is blinding not a single blind or double blind trials are one way to reduce that observer effect but you're right I mean we we are kind of subjective beings and we do have a tendency to find what we want to find if we look hard enough and look this is a huge issue in particularly in medical research and I think obviously psychological research has the same problem but it's that idea that if you look hard enough you'll find what you're looking for but in statistics he always correct or you're correct for an error and then you come up with something that you hope as I could presumably those that are here true that you can correct for. Well it's difficult to correct for because we don't know how much of an impact it has so it's you know we we like to think that we can be truly objective and that we seek Truth capital t. Truth but I mean the reality is we we view every things through our own lens of our own experience and so that will color every observation I mean is you know you could argue there is no such thing as truth because everybody's truth is different by stone their interpretation based on you know they're kind of the way that they read even reading numbers and it's interesting talk about statistics and there's this phenomenon in particularly in I guess medical research but also all scientific research called Pay hacking and without going into the kind of complexities partly because I don't quite get to know how it works I just don't know the logistics of the kind of underlying thought process but the idea is that if you have this if you have a big enough data set you can look for these associations and you can find any number of associations that are statistically significant so it may be and there was something to do with like the people have found really funny associations like between the number of hit songs that David Bowie had and the incidence of some random disease if you're if you look at a big enough data set and you crunch the numbers in enough ways you will find statistically significant associations but that doesn't mean that those acausal and it's this idea that correlation does not equal causation so this is a huge issue particularly around things like you people say over the introduction of vaccines as has been associated with this rise in the diagnosis of autism and therefore vaccines must cause autism absolutely not 1st of all there's no scientific basis evidence there's countless studies that disprove that but also the fact that those 2 things happened at around the same time there's a completely unrelated phenomena and it just happens to be that those statistics if you crunch the numbers people go on. Look there's 2 things happening at the same time so therefore one must cause the other and that's just that's simply not the not the case so it's you know it is there is so many traps and pitfalls when it comes to trying to interpret data and you know it's a constant battle to try and and you know be aware of our own bias when we do that . Well from scientific method to the natural world now and maybe we could take this question this is from Tony from London who says Hope cold doesn't have to be before polar bears would freeze to death. That's a great question. I actually don't know yet so I guess what. I'm trying to think of. What the coldest temperature is that living any kind of living organism could in. Said there are these there are bacteria called extremophiles here which is basically just means that they that they kind of or they might be viruses but that's debate as to whether they're alive and not but these are all going isms that can survive at extremes of temperature that the difficulty with something complex organism like a polar bear is that it once the temperature gets so low that the water inside your cells freezes then it can rupture those cells which is if you've ever had frostbite I hope you haven't because it's not very pleasant but that is essentially that. The cells in your skin in your tissue have frozen and they rupture because water when it freezes expands just with so I just read by the way about a wonderful lady in New York who's just passed away there are some tonight after she retired the edge of $55.00 she took up polar exploration and she became the 1st black woman of the 1st black American to reach the North Pole and then she followed up a few years later by reaching the South Pole but she was so excited when she reached the North Pole to her gloves off and in doing that she got frostbite Yes Well this is just having quick a quick look at the climate of the Arctic where we have polar bears so. The winter temperatures in the Arctic can drop to below some minus 50 degrees Celsius. So. That temperature I imagine is very few things that could survive without massive amounts of insulation and so creatures that live in those environments like penguins like polar bears there they have a lot of padding whether that be food that can trap a layer of woman air around their body or blubbered that can also insulate you know the the the the delicate stuff you know the muscle and the organs but they will still be a temperature at which even a polar bear would not be able to survive because it just simply would get too cold I don't quite know what that temperature would be a but if I had to hazard a guess just thinking of the kind of range of humans that what we can endure I would imagine it'd be around the sort of minus 40 to minus 50 point but that's that's totally spit balling that one. Says Julie called to me this is from Kiran adventurer a in California and he says a few days ago I was walking along well few days ago from what he wrote us which is slightly earlier this month a few days ago I was walking along the coastline of the Pacific b.m.i. Home in Ventura when I joined I saw just 20 yards from the shore a pod of dolphins frolicking in the shallows suddenly one of them leapt out of the water and for a split 2nd it seemed suspended upright in mid-air nose pointing skyward and tail completely free of the water a much sight later I began to wonder how the dolphin had achieved this feat because of the shallowness of the water it could've given itself a lengthy missile like acceleration towards the surface yet presumably neither did it pressed against the ocean floor as a human would if it were trying to jump out of the water could sheer muscle ball really achieve this elegant triumph over of gravity. Big prize for the most beautiful written e-mail you side note. Someone needs to write a book I think you're also known someone needs to write more about very very lovely described well described look that's a really good question I would my I mean Dolphins tiles are incredibly muscular I mean night they can swim alongside very fast moving boats and I would imagine that they would be able to achieve that kind of complete sort of exit from their water even in relatively shallow to shallow waters I mean also perhaps there was a wave that gave it a little bit of a lift perhaps there was a you know a bit of a dip in. The sort of the bait show the area that they were that and able to Dolphin to get a little bit more kind of distance to travel outputs. But yeah I guess that they must have done it in some fashion I don't think they would have pushed themselves up physically off the sets I saw it wasn't you could imagine yeah beating its tail on the if it was a sign of the ocean floor for example Yeah I mean they were they're incredible creatures and it is such a joyous thing for them to say that I mean often off the coast of Sydney here we get whiles travelling up and down in times of year and saying the breaching is quite something it's something of that size coming out of the water I mean dolphins are kind of think oh you know they climbed of our sort of size each so I consider I can imagine how something of this bulk would be able to get out of the water but seeing a wild break like wow how do they get enough you know energy and enough push to actually lift themselves out of the straight out of the water it's it's quite something to behold so yes I mentioned that it's literally the dolphin just had a really good whack of the tile and had just enough water below it to get to get that kind of lift. To retake a call yes let's oh good let's start to have our who's calling us from Suffolk her daughter Heather her head up the road and the and cattle to get. A light up ahead of health a doctor I should say call you totally crazy with respect I think. I haven't ended I'm not actually a doctor so I should qualify that in that case or in the same boat I think. My question about the capture and the beacon depicts I'm playing devil's advocate here but. It's a difference between our 2 falling grasslands carbon capture I believe that comes from the Better than obviously mature forest kind of he would be best for that but I think the worst sort of lettuce is so dairy farming and the farming seems to be the very worst thing but what about seek the ground that's not really suitable for any other usage cycle hills like you know come back in shape and so that. You just wouldn't family crops. Can you run the animals in terms that we can eat in terms of which ones are worse for the environment and also there's a question about the given is factual so some sticks lights in the sort of those are the ones that give us the most protein it's up to the standard situation