Sing has doubled in recent years researchers at New York's Columbia University compared satellite images taken in the 1970 S. With more recent pictures and testing will begin today in the case 1st hydrogen train on mainline trick is a joint project between rail company ports are broken the University of Birmingham will lead to hydrogen passenger trains within the next few years and in Simpson's from the BURKE It's a cleaner technology the only emission that we make it absolutely pure water because it's hydrogen oxygen combined together it makes pure water so there's absolutely no carbon emissions or to survive large news Michael has the sport there Scotland are out of the Women's World Cup having lost a 3 goal lead to draw 33 with Argentina the penalty which drew the sides level was 1st saved by Alexander but was retaken after V.A.R. Had spotted her move off her goal line Scotland out but Argentina could still qualify for results go their way and they were already safely through but made it 3 wins from 3 they beat Japan thanks to goals from Alan White New Zealand completed a tense run chase to beat South Africa at the men's cricket World Cup by 4 wickets $106.00 knocked out from Captain Kane Williamson So New Zealand for their targets of $242.00 you had a concert is out of the events in Birmingham beaten in straight sets by Elena Asta Penco it was also a straight sets defeat for Dan Evans againstand at Queens College and is still in that ornament a set down against the foreigners sits a pass and Frankie Dettori confirmed he's still the leading jockey riding at Royal Ascot he won 2 races including day to use feature on board Crystal ocean this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. Sound Smart speaker. And the weather Thursday is looking like a brighter one for England and Wales with sunny spells also a few showers freezing quite clearly with more frequent rain for northern parts of it heavy 100. 15 in Wrexham and 16 for customer. I am bringing courageous. Great. Speech. Across the B.B.C. . I can never forget my excitement at attending the Los Angeles premiere of bill for . Comfort and joy the great director of Gregory's Girl and that sinking feeling that turned his attention to the Glasgow ice cream wars of the early eighty's I totally recommend trying not to identify with Bill Paterson's portrayal of it all radio presenter but we 1st see wedding as hanky to wipe a bit of bird poo off his B.M.W. I was reminded of the angry ice cream van drivers pursuing each other chimes blaring by the news that the Scottish Mackie's has worked with Toyota on an all electric prototype good as long as they still try. It's Thursday the 20th of June and we welcome Dr Karl I just said that for the benefit of our podcast listeners so they know that they are listening to the correct edition God forbid that they be listening to the wrong EDITION. That's a good point because they float free not tarred to a particular time and one of them but this time is that it is in fact the longest day of the year almost on whose side of the equator and the shorter stay on our side and this is the my wedding anniversary which are deliberately chose to be on this day and got married inside the Arctic Circle so that in the same way the sun did not sit in the arctic circle then so to the love notes of now marriage right here rifle long and short days the. RE Well congratulations on on so many heads on that one thank you for thank you for telling us about that that reminds me of the old story about the bear. You look out. For got the story of the bear and. You look I was one and only look at who and oh and you see a bear. And then. You look at the other you have to go walking one direction another you have to walk for a kilometer then you turn Roy It would kill the hunch life on a question is What color is it a hell or is the bear and what I questions are what's the question I ask you and me both Dr Raj Oh bother Oh bother it will come. Maybe one of the wonderful listeners can do in terms you look at you're looking through the window you're always looking sorry what color is there in that case then it's obviously want because you're at the North polish to you which by the way is a point it is doesn't have any saws like a black hole the north pole does not have any saw us and that's how they managed to get both Superman with his castle of solitude and Santa Claus with his toy factory in the same spot because each of them has no saws and so therefore they can fit the I think of a mathematical somebody who let me know I'll be very fine with it well I would be very good I want you to tell us about what is called the waterfall allusion It's a lovely idea. Well I thought you'd be interested because it has a Scottish origin and while I lead up tourists How could I know I have yes and the Scots invented everything including the Bible food cook food. And salvation C.S. For the whole thing old thing so in $134.00 Robert Adams who is a natural philosopher said that meant he was a scientist but he was a natural philosopher lecture other when he gave talks he was in fact a travelling natural philosopher lecture so he's kind of like a someone dense man who made his way from one to have the next surviving on what he could by giving talks so he did 34 he was looking at the now in Australia we call him waterfalls but he looked at something in Scotland called You Have you heard of this the force of for you is if Y. Is have you heard of that yes really it's found something. I mean there are many famous Little Falls in Scotland but that is one of them and don't ask me where it is because I'm going to have to go and look up yes that's right he's always surviving 34 Yeah so having steadfastly look for a few seconds at a particular part of the Cascade I do love his Wooding and admiring the confluence and the discuss ation of the liquid drapery above a block and then suddenly directing miles to the left so OK he's looking at the stair one part of it and then suddenly directs is always to the sought to observe the rocks. And I saw he says quote I saw the rocky face as if in motion upwards and with a velocity equal to that of the descending water so he did provide an explanation which is wrong but we've managed to come up with the right explanation since in a bow you can also see this when your on an escalator and he suddenly come off you look at the outside world and then you come off this go over and stop we see different things happening and you also see if you're a bushwalker and you walking up a hill and you're carrying a heavy load say leaning forward you look at the ground and you're staring at the ground walk walk trudged trudge ground is moving ground is moving and he suddenly stop and the ground goes in the other direction so it turns out that in now visual cortex sees plural of cortex Boardman's areas not in 20 and 21 something like that little areas at the back of your head but the size of a small baby's question Twenge face these are the areas your brain devoted entirely to processing vision and one part of the vision thing that they process is measuring. And so you have were called up and down to take this they did the up to take the details up motion and the down to take this as have a toys to take down motion and when you look in Something's just stop the both far away at roughly the same right but if you watch water falling down the down to take the starts wino action if I'm seeing something moving down and after about 2 or 3 minutes I get bored and their activity throttled back because that's the normal throttle back their activity then you suddenly look at something else well the activity of the DOWN TO TAKE THIS IS brings falls down to the up state of the normal sensitivity so then you see something moving up that the currently accepted explanation is day based on his speaker who is a traveling natural philosophy lecturer in fact often call myself one of those right because I'll be giving some talk by this year at the Royal Institution in October and December I think rather than calling most of. I Viggle I'll call myself a travelling natural philosophy lecture such a wonderfully archaic term of smartest Well well well the falsifiers I can reveal are on the other side of Loch Ness there on the site less travelled because the main road is 82 from Fort Augustus goes all the way up the west side of Lock Ness to drum the Draka one of my favorite places. And then on the other side on the opposite side is the falls of 4 years which is often a road that is much smaller and you know much harder to get to but there are lots of walking trails and things around that it's I don't think I've ever seen it to be honest but looks like a wonderful waterfall so there it is good a good thing to visit perhaps I've never been to Scotland of go to fix it up some time in my you do yes you really do and more and more people are coming to Scotland which. Is both good and bad the good of course it's good for the economy the bad as that places which were far away slightly disaster that are not really rather busy during the summertime so particularly the 500 mile trail around the north coast which a lot of people are now doing and they are clogging up roads or never meant to be clogged up so they had it all as hell of the time to do 500 miles would be about 5 weeks oh no well it depends mostly it's driving I mean you're sort of all riding in and out of all these inlets and so on and you're stopping off at the areas B. And B.'s along the way I think. Allowing a good week to do this wouldn't be about idea because it's you know it's pretty involved and pretty right a stretch and I know what you thought of it yes take a look take a look anyway even if it is getting to be a little over 2 arrested it was some geniuses idea started to be too popular I understand and also want you to tell us before we go about before we go on to the listeners and tell us just a little bit about process foods because this is not like Supersize Me where somebody just ate more and more Donald's it's a slightly more controlled test than that isn't it tell us about it in fact this is the 1st ever Test. Randomised control test on the health effects of the food and how much you eat so we won't call it junk food it's called a discretionary food or as they called in the paper outre processed foods such as white bread bacon and hash browns so with regard to Brit you can recognise the grains of wheat and you can boil them up and just have missed such then you turn into Doc bread which is got a lot of the residue in the in what did you get rid of the grain the hospice and lots of other things and you've got fewer micronutrients Bacon has been processed salt added to it has spread around basically potato but with fat and salt added So these are what are called process to alter processed foods and what we comparing them to. Unprocessed foods such as fish and fresh vegetables you can actually recognize what you're eating if you stay at a hash brown from the outside before you opened up you don't know what is was inside of but if you look at some broccoli of fish you know it's there in this particular study from the National Institute of diabetes and are just Eve and kidney diseases so that's 3 lots of diseases they gave people food for 2 weeks and then a different bunch of food for the following. 2 weeks so they spent 2 weeks eating unprocessed foods and then 2 exiting the processed foods and his interesting thing both of the males had the same quantities of macronutrients the macro nutrients that the big guys their fat protein and carbohydrates so each of them have 70 grams of fat protein couple 100 and so mil famille that were matched they didn't have the same micronutrients such as vitamin C. Or R. And or selenium or magnesium but on a gross cow had the same amount of macronutrients and they gave them the food and said Eat is much as you want. And they found that on average people when given the ultra processed foods went from eating their normal $1200.00 calories per day to $700.00 that's about how often to have 40 percent extra calories there was something about the processed foods that made them want to eat more and David Kessler the X. Head of the Food and Drug Administration in the United States several years ago so decades ago he wrote a book called The End of eating. And he said that the processed foods have been tile and manufactured designed crafted to make you want to have more now there's a certain brand of chips thing corn a potato I can't remember but it's sort of fairly stiff and hard and it's got a lovely crunch in the method you think of it by so good it doesn't actually cut my mouth and it goes you want to feel taste and I can eat a packet of buzz and then have eaten house my deli calories in one go and brilliantly for the manufacturer I'm still hungry so then I'll have another one and of eaten more days with the calories and he got very little nutrition so I'm going to have another one and of eaten more days with the calories and he got very little nutrition so he's saying it's this going down the pathway of having ultra processed foods the really delicious that is taking us away from the regular foods which we need lists of and from which we get a new difference whereas if you eat more of the ultra processed foods you miss out by the way the way I get around buying this stuff is that firstly when I go to the supermarket to buy foods in the fruit shop I always make sure I have a full tummy having had a mill and I know that the evil chips of doom the Crispin awaiting for me so I walk past them I saw I say back back you Hills poor and that way I never make it into my kitchen get very good control 85058 for your texts and or 59 iron 6 lines 3 if you'd like to tell it to us and a poll might be B C dot co dot U.K. If you'd like to write to us and that set so off we go with someone who in the 1970 S. Don't know who it is but in the 1970 S. I worked as a tire fitter often inside of used tires that would be spheres dust left over from the manufacturing process had coalesced as that we went right and is this sorta how planets are farmed. Wow In the case of the TA is I think that the there would be some dust left over that they really had no interest in getting rid of and as the top rotated these particles would then Callard with each other which is what does happen in a still a mystery and then having collided would stay stuck in this case of the Electress static attraction in saw the Torah the gravity with the stars and planets but the same sort of overall process of some sort of tract of force and then that would just keep hoovering up to use a British word is that a British phrase hoovering here as soon as the 1st hoovering is a verb yes yes yes yes OK I'll go along with it does your language OK I live well I can I could go farther there's a there's a Scottish group I know and love sadly no longer with us called Scotland the lot of a famous one in which the stick is that is calling back in power they picks up a phone he says hello hello hello is your mummy there oh I just didn't hoovering right could you tell of a. Sandy much the stationmaster I got on the phone for her. Anyway I didn't really do that just as could I did not do that and brought back but it's one of my favorite sketches of all time well I think you're underestimating your broad Scottish accent benevolence So I do love it to pieces and so there is a similarity in the process in one case you saw the TAR I think driven by electrostatics as an attractive force in the case of the 7000 or a still nurseries that exist in our galaxy the Milky Way driven by gravity but you know reckon they could be electrostatics involved. In there as well so yes you are very wise to talk to from the 1970s to come up with a concept Thank you excellent right Alan D. An Oxford couple weeks ago a caller asked if with our ever improving telescope technology would it be possible ever to go out into deep space one day and look into our past Dr Carr rightly explained that no this won't be possible because we'd never be able to overtake the light waves leaving our planet for all practical purposes that's correct but I kept thinking about it says Allen and in the cipher i world of my imagination there is a way it could be done I suppose that a few 1000 years ago the citizens of technologically advanced Beetlejuice pointed their incredibly strong telescopes at us and observed that we were evolving nicely that's making pottery and pyramids and they predicted that we would one day have equally strong telescopes so just for the heck of it they put a huge Murren orbit around their star oriented so it always faced earth not if we could look at their mirror with a hugely powerful telescope we'd see our reflection but as the mirror 600 light years away we'd be witnessing an image which was 1200 years old so in that sense we really could look into our past unfortunately says Alan Beetlejuice went supernova several 100 years ago and the mirror melted but because of the distance we want know about it for another 200 years. I am sensing a brilliant science fiction story there right away our love it turned into a story let me know when you've published that was clueless and you are so broad in your physics as well well thank you thank you very much Peter and Renfrew says in the news today we hear about a hydrogen powered train how does it work is it truly carbon neutral where does the hydrogen come from. Right there's a few ways we can burn hydrogen One is that we can burn it in a standard internal combustion engine that we then modified to do the different temperatures in the volumes of gas and you combine the hydrogen with the air he has got 20 percent of it and what comes at the exhaust pipe is water and maybe a few oxides of nitrogen that were created by the high temperature process and you get Hodgin plus oxygen gives you water plus heat the he turns the water from a liquid into a gas it expands with that steam by $700.00 times this pushes the piston down as MS A number one not so popular method number 2 the fuel cell the fuel so does the same process but vastly slowed down so that you can catch the electrons because when the hydrogen and the oxygen combined electrons are given off and move from here to there and with clever design and the design goes back on how centuries you can catch these electrons say the way you think about the Hodgman powered fuel cell is that it is a box which makes electricity so long as you give it few in this case Hargett and the oxygen that it has to combine with comes from the air so then you've got this box that makes electricity the electricity is then used to run an electric motor Now the big question that you asked was how clean renewable sustainable is it all depends on where you get your electricity from. If you get your electricity Bob burning coal you've got nothing in fact you've lost a bit because of the inefficiencies in the Hodgin gathering process but if you're getting your energy from renewables Well they provided for us by the sun and that doesn't matter when we catch one of the still being thrown at us so us will catch them and finally what are the inefficiencies about 80 percent so if you put in $100.00 units of energy and for example just get some water and you put some electricity into that water yeah platinum electrodes you get of the hardy and you then get the harbors in you score should you put into a cylinder at 700 atmospheres pressure you put in 100 units of energy at one end and you get back 20 units or so 2030 units of energy in the Hodgett So it's very inefficient but on the other hand if your energy is for free coming from the sun and you were going to use it anyway then that's perfectly viable especially with some forms of transport that we're going to absolutely need hard for that we cannot use batteries and I'm seeing that as