Of her retirement . Eastern,ay at 8 p. M. We remember some of the political figures that passed away in 2016, including nancy reagan and antonin scalia. Friday night at 8 00, hour in Memoriam Program continues with shimon peres, mohammed ali, john glenn. This week in prime time on cspan. Join us on tuesday, january 3, for live coverage of the opening day of the new congress. Watch the official swearingin of the new and reelected members of the house and senate and the election of the speaker of the house. I were all they live coverage of the days begins at 7 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan and cspan. Org, or you can listen to it on the free cspan radio app. Astrophysicist who is also the chief science officer for Discovery Communications talks about science and innovation. He addressed a student audience recently at Westminster College in fulton, missouri. This is one hour. I will begin. I will introduce myself. I am chris, a professor at Westminster College. It is in fact my great pleasure to introduce our next speaker, dr. Hakeem oluseyi. Growing up in a tougher parts of in orleans, he has been mississippi. Reading specifically the world book encyclopedias, and if youre not familiar with that, i know we have a younger audience, that is wikipedia without the internet. That is what he was introduced to Albert Einstein in the theory of relativity. After a short time in the navy, he continued his higher education, getting a bachelors in science, physics, and mathematics, and he minor in chemistry by the way. A masters degree and a phd in physics would follow from stanford. He points out the hardships and rewards for his perseverance, he will buy the drive to silence doubters byed by the drive fueled the drive to silence doubters. Named the chief science officer of her Discovery Communications for Discovery Communications. A Research Position at m. I. T. , and most recently a position at ,nasa in washington d. C. Distinguished in the area of expanding and improving Science Education here and abroad. He is a master physicist, a tv host, voice actor, industry mercenary, who is problemsolving across all disciplines, not just astrophysicists. Please welcome dr. Hakeem oluseyi. [applause] thank you for that wonderful introduction. It does not happen very often that someone properly pronounces my last name, so that is quite an achievement. I would like to thank you all for having me here at Westminster College. It is a great honor. I recognize whose footsteps i am following in so i would like to thank your president for having me and his wonderful family for hosting me, but i would also like to thank the professors for hosting me. If you look at your program, you might find that what i am going to talk about is a bit different from what is in the program. It depends on which program you have. There is this nice pretty one here. Audacious ingenuity. That describes my abstract and what i will discuss. I will talk about innovation because that is the theme this week. I have been able to innovate in the sciences and education. Enever i amam whne talking to students, i want to talk about you, not me and the lessons i have learned. When we think about innovation come it is no shortness of innovation in our country. We are a country that maintains a lead in science as well as economic because of the richness of innovation that occurs here in america, but there is a particular type of innovation i want to talk about that happens in science, and that is when you have these big paradigm shifts, when things change. This hit me personally because apparently, people like me becoming a wellknown scientist is a paradigm shift for some people. There were these articles that were written about me several years ago. The first article was titled and the a gangster, second article was titled the gangster physicist. I saw these titles and the first thing i think is it is not like i am Walking Around the lab intimidating people and robbing them. Anymore. Why are they focused on the past . We dont look at our president ial candidates and called donald trump the wet your diaper president ial candidate. We focus on who he is today. Howally did not understand this would impact my career either. How the title of a gangster physicist. I talked to students at lunch and someone mentioned to me they saw this talk i did on infinity. Did any of you see that . Yeah. Did you know that talk took place in a prison . Yeah. It turns out i was invited to go to this prison. I was informed over and over again by the host of the event that hakeem, you are the only person the prisoners specifically requested, which is kind of scary. I did not understand, why do they want me . I found out after i get my talk. On site, visitors would recognize me and say hey, the gangster physicist. For a day in prison, i was a shock collar shot caller. I could order people around. They were using this article to inspire these prisoners. They say look at this guy,s life,his his past, his and you can do this, too. Recidivism in prisons in california are really bad. A really High Percentage of prisoners return to prison. For those prisoners who received a minimum of an associates degree, the recidivism rate fell to 6 . From 90 to 6 . They were using this article to help these prisoners with their lives. That is another paradigm shift. When i think about paradigm shifts in physics, there is something going on right now in the world of physics that is so amazing, i have to share it with you because you students are the next generation of thinkers. We look at the way we saw problems in physics. Sometimes it takes generations. The grandparents lay the cornerstone and the grandchildren erect the steeple. Here is the foundation has just been laid. There were a couple of papers published about a hundred years ago that involved Albert Einstein. We have come up with this equation, not me, but researchers. Epr. Er is that paper by Einstein Rosen that predicted the existence of a wormhole. Do you guys know what a wormhole is . Hole,n you have a black and under certain conditions, the black hole can be a portal to another location in time and space. You can instantly travel from a in space to another location that is hundreds or thousands or millions of lightyears away. It sounds like Science Fiction, and it is incorporated in Science Fiction, but the laws of physics say this can actually happen. The problem is that these wormholes are very unstable so the likelihood of it was really small we thought. If you are a scientist, one lately innovate is through hate. Did you catch that . Through hate. Here is what i mean. Here is an example in history where in the 19th century, there was a question of, how does the process of diffraction work . We knew how reflection worked and refraction, but what is diffraction . The most common example where you get to witness it is when you see oil on the surface of water, you see this rainbow pattern. The French Academy of sciences held a contest to solve that problem. A gentleman submitted an essay. That essay relied on the fact that light travels as a wave. Physicists did not think it traveled as a wave. Isaac newton thought life was a series of articles. Judge is the as a mathematician. He says, yes, this looks elegant, but i know it is wrong. Do . Hat am i going to i am going to take these equations and see if they predict anything that i know cannot be true. You found something. He found that if you were to take a route object, a circular object, take it into a dark room, and cast a light on it, the center of the shadow of the object, there would be a spot of light. That is obviously ridiculous. Also on the panel was an experimenist. A circulart we take object into a room and cast a shadow of a light is there. What you think he saw . The spot of light was there. That phenomenon became known as his spot because he discovered in the equation although he was attempting to hate on the theory. Albert einstein did the same thing. In the early 20th century, Quantum Mechanics had come about. Quantum mechanics was different from general relativity. He thought, let me look at this quantum mechanical system of equations and see if it predicts anything that i know cannot be true. He found what he called a spooky action at a distance that we today call Quantum Entanglement. A paper was written by einstein, podolski, and rosen. Born, we share an existence. We are entangled. Due to our state of entanglement, whenever one of us is sitting, the other must be standing. We sit and stand really fast. It happens like a trillionth of a second. There are people who can measure whether or not i am standing or sitting and whether or not my twin is standing or sitting, and they can do the measuring down to a millionth of a second. Lets say for example that throughout our lives, i have three people observing me and three people observing him, and they keep records to the millionth of a second when each of us is sitting and standing. I decide i will leave planet earth. I will go to mars. My observers come with me and keep the record. Then i decide i hear there is a new planet, so i will go there. They continue to keep the records. Then i decided i would like to go to million lightyears away to the andromeda galaxy, and they continue to get these records. After maybe 50 years, the observers get together, and they compare the records. What they see is down to the millionth of a second that this has helped through. Whenever one of us was sitting, the other was standing. How could that be . In order for me to know when my twin is sitting or standing or my twin to know when i am sitting or standing, a signal must reverse between us. How can it happen instantaneously what we are separated by great distances . Because that is what space is. The reason you are seeing me and i have seen you is because light is traveling between us. I am not seeing you as you are now, but as we were a tiny fraction of a second ago, so how could they be communicating . Quantum990s, entanglement was measured for the first time. Is a real phenomenon in our universe. Physicists have been trying to get their mind around, how good this communication be taking place . Ago it wast want to go recognized that Quantum Entanglement and wormholes are perhaps the same phenomenon. That is mindboggling because in order to create a wormhole, a bridge, it takes an incredible amount of energy and mass to do that. These entangled particles are single elementary particles. Could they possibly be connected by wormholes . That appears to be the case. That appears to be true, but what does that tell us about the space in which we live . What does that tell us about space and all . This is not something that was on for seen. The Science Fiction writers had a problem they had to solve. If you are in the Starship Enterprise on the other side of the galaxy 1000 lightyears away or 40,000 lightyears away, how do you communicate back with earth instantly, and communications not take 40,000 years . They invented the concept of subspace. You familiar with that . Where are my nerds in here. Can a nerds section raise their hands. There are minor. My nerds. What does this have to do with innovation . Well, the theme of the innovation i am looking at, i am considering is looking at the old, but looking at it anew. These papers existed 100 years, we knew about these phenomena, and only recently have they been connected. This is about to transform how humankind looks at space. How are we going to take advantage of this in the future . What are going to be the new technologies that will take advantage of this communication. Another example that is really similar, when Albert Einstein came up with his special theory of relativity, we learned that time is not something that is absolute. Passes to you in comparison to me depends on our relative motion and the differences in gravity between us. For example, when you are in space versus being on the surface of the earth, time moves more quickly. When einstein looked at it that way, einstein looked at it and said when things move fast, distances get shorter. When things move fast, time passes more slowly. In the modern times, we have a new interpretation of it. The new interpretation of it is this. At all times, everything in the universe moves at the speed of light. Right now, you are moving at the speed of light, and i am moving at the speed of light. Do you feel it . No, you dont feel it . Here is why you dont feel it. Because we are at rest relative to each other in space. We are together moving through space, moving through time at the speed of light. If one of us was to take off going really fast through space, then because you must move at the speed of light at all times, you must move more slowly through time compared to the rest of us so the exact equation is that the speed of light squared is equal to your speed through space squared plus your speed through time square. Here is some consequences of that. How can i take advantage of that . Lets do an experiment. Have you heard of the twin paradox . The twin paradox is exactly what i said. I have a twin and one of us leaves earth moving at very high speed. Time passes more slowly for the traveling twin. , they travel for some time come back to earth,. For them, maybe 10 years have passed, but on earth, maybe 1000 years have passed. This is a real phenomenon we measure all the time in the laboratory. There is one measurement that we wish to make. You heard the universe is expanding, correct . There is many evidences that point to this, but the we have not been able to observe is the universe expanding in real time. Can we see the expansion change . Can i observe the shift of a galaxy change . What we call zdot. Imagine the twin experiment done in a different way. Suppose there is this light that fills all universe. Because the universe is expanding, as the universe expands, that light gets fleshed out by the exact same amount the universe expands. That action exists. We call that the cosmic microwave background radiation. Ok. My twin and i measure the microwave of this background radiation. Then, the twin goes and travels at a very high speed relative to me and comes back. We both measure the wavelength again. We get what a scientist will call delta lambda, the change in the wavelength, but we can also measure the change in time between those two measurements. For the twin who stayed home on earth, that time is big. For the twin who was traveling in space, that time is small. Obviously, we measured very different results for how fast that light was changing its wavelength. Are you with me . Yes. So, what does this tell me . This tells me that if i want to do this observation that physicists are trying to do right now every day of observing the changing of this light that fills the universe or the measurement of a galaxy moving away, that all i have to do is move at a very high speed, and then i can observe that perhaps in a human lifetime, whereas our current ideas would take much longer. These are deep, very abstract ideas of how we can use innovation. But in my work as a professor, i judge these student competitions. Helped discovery, i judge three young science challenges. What i see is students like yourselves are looking at the technology that has been around you and saying, how can i reproduce this technology to solve a problem that exists today . It really depends critically on defining the correct problem. Buddy give you an example. One problem let may give you one example. One problem is safety. Supposed to have to work late and a lousy or parking lot to get in your car at night. If you talk to a police officer, they will tell you parking lots are very dangerous places. How do you know you will be safe going to your car . Now, cars are equipped with cameras to help you back up. The students said, what if i build an app will allow you to turn on the cameras run your car to determine if you are safe at night . That is a wonderful innovation. Exists,es what already and less repurpose it for something to solve the current problem of today. Another way that we can innovate, when i look at my life of innovation, as a scientist, as a student, you become an expert in a particular field. You are studying some phenomenon and become really intimate with it. When you become a phd student for example, your first job is to become current in your field. That means that you take everything on your topic that has ever existed, and you read every paper you can, especially from all the top scientists. Now they know what everyone else has said about it, it is time for you to add, to contribute to this knowledge. It is time for you to give something new. That is when you receive your phd when you make that in contribution. We have a saying that goes like this. Becoming an expert means knowing more and more about less and less until you know everything about nothing. Right . It is kind of close to true, but here is something i found. When i was a graduate student, i was studying solar physics, processes that occur on the surface of the sun. You see pictures of the sun with the hot gas. I was on a team that took that technology and applied it to observing the sun for the first time. Sun andm studying the what is happening there, but when i go to get a job, i cannot go to academia. I go to Silicon Valley. I go to Silicon Valley and i am working on solving this problem of efficiency in making computer chips. When you make a computer chip, that is many steps. Substeps deposit material on a silicon wafer, substeps remove some steps to remove material, and every step you need to know how it works. I better make sure i got these processes right or i just lost a ton of money. What they do is, they put in these waivers, so you do the process on that and then take it out and measure to see if the process happen as it was supposed to. If it did not, you throw away the waivers. At the end of the processing, you test certain chips. Every time you test a chip, you destroy that chip. It cannot be sold. There is a lot of waste going on, and it is no way to make sure in realtime that, you know, you make the process happen properly. You can only tell after the fact whether or not it did. I step into Silicon Valley, and i work on a team that wants to address this problem. How can we