Frankly might inform the way we do our debates here. Is an important global dialogue. I and thet question, president of a Dominican University. The selection of the debate site is not a small matter. I knew we were going to get to this question. It is not about the past. It is about why you choose colleges and universities as opposed to other sites. And whether this matters . Dynamicthe more economies is in california. Why colleges and universities . It is mantra. We are involved in educational function. We just that we would do this on university campuses. If you see what it does to a college community, it is just incredible. We continued to do that. Try to get geographical balance. We try to do it in the west, northeast, south. It does not always work that way. Sometimes the proposals do not meet the standards. There are very strict standards on hotel rooms within a certain district. You will have 10,000 reporters it is a facility to take care of the reporters from all over the world but are there. You have to feed them. Things thatlot of go into the process. In the final cut when we sit down as the secret service. We normally get it down to about 10 or 12 places. The secret service goes with us. They have to know it is security, that they can lock it down. It is a very serious matter. Whether it matters to a state i do not think so. Chairman, when i was where we going to hold the convention . If withholding california it will be california. Party has it worked out. I do not think the location much of the voting that goes on in that state. We try to get that geographic balance. We went to a campus that had a brandnew multimillion dollar theater for the performing arts. It was state of the art. He still had to put in 500,000 worth of additional lighting and air conditioning because the demand of the cameras and the light when youre doing national television. There are a lot of intricacies that go into the choice. We actually have some students from the junior statesmen programs that are here. The young people are so excited. So idealistic. A lot of universities and colleges that sponsored the debates with us develop curricula and so their students study the history of debates and they get into it. It is the idealistic element that you are going to get some sense of this is about the future of our country and here is the future and the students that are represented that makes the opportunity really refreshing. This is usually iterated to to others attributed saying there is no higher calling than public service. I would like you to join me in thanking them [applause] great job. Now to close. Resident of the Dominican University of california. Now this meeting is adjourned. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2013] gavel with that authority. And i am righthanded. In just under half an hour, president obama will sit down with john mccain and Lindsey Graham at the white house to talk about a response to serious after the apparent chemical up and attack on august 21 that took the life of 1429 people. They have suggested that they support a military response on that country. It begins at 2 00 p. M. Eastern. News wehere be any will have it for you. Members of the House Democratic conference were briefed on a. Onference call that call lasted about 70 minutes. The Senate ForeignRelations Committee will start. Senator mccain will attend. They have decide whether congress will authorize the use of force for violation of International Law on chemical weapons. Cspan will have live coverage starting at 230 eastern. We will hear house and Senate Members talk about serious when. Hey return on their we want to get your thoughts about how your members should vote. He says strikes on serial are warranted. They said it would be self destructed to except this kind of killing as legitimate combat by doing that in. This from molly hampton. They should focus on the problems at home. They have over 1500 responses so foar. The media is clearly an increasingly dominant criteria for every first lady. In the end, there are the human stories. Orm not limited to the 19th 20th century or media or anything else. It is how these people indoor and prevail in the very rough world of politics. Richard norton smith and edith mayo preview season two influenceladies, and image. Livesg at their private and public roles. Tonight at 9 00 eastern on c span, cspan radio, and c span. Org. Dartmouth College Hosted a discussion on the divisional digital revolution. We hear from harvard professor and the founder and president of living in digital times. It creates exhibitions to showcase new technologies. This is just over two hours. [applause] thank you very much for the generous words. A way for setting a good home for what it is we will be talking about. Inn i conjured up an image my mind of the digital revolution, in some ways it matched the cover of that program you have, the cartoon. My images walking through Harvard Square and coming straight at me with someone with a smart phone in hand, head down. A fine i jumped i out of the way we would have collided. Or walking into harvard yard with a nice statue. When hundred chores gathered around forests tourists gathered around snapping pictures. This past april, five young men got together in a cafe in cairo egypt. They decided to launch a ofition calling for the oust president morsi. Within a few weeks the petition had gathered 22 million , some ins done online hand and on paper. It gave an indication of the a technology to communicate against all thoughts of lines. All of us were brought up sharply recently. They have been gathering materials. Some several trillion phone calls listed. Then some trillion other internet records collected. The digital revolution is here. It raises many questions about where it came from, who was involved, he uses it, who is affected by it, who makes decisions involving it. As i want to do as a historian, i always ducked back to three prior revolutions. The scientific revolutions, the and theal revolution, biological revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries. A harvard colleague of mine was writing about the scientific revolution. I suspect in some ways that feels comfortable. In 1999 is book 1986 with the following line there is no such thing as a scientific revolution and this is a book about it. [laughter] what does it represent . A revolt of the historians. They were trying to Say Something new and do it in a different way. Is also represented an end of a time of certainty about climatic events. About thee knew natural world, its series and concepts at the core of the scientific revolution, how do they know it . How did they gain the knowledge . The telescopes. The microscopes. We know thate historians looking back hadlaim that mock modernity and europe had emerged from the dark ages. The great french historian Alexander Correa called it the most profound revolution achieved or suffered by antiquity. Ince the scientific, revolution outshines everything since the rise of christianity. It is the real origin of the modern world and of the modern mentality. These were not modest frames. It is interesting. What are they there for . What do they represent . The in the 17th in use century or the 18th century. 1939. Ame most, after Alexander Correa in the study of theleo talk about scientific revolution. Some of you back, i know were in courses that i was involved in some years ago, Nicholas Copernicus wrote his famous book. On the revolution of the heavenly spheres. Revolution. Revolution was the movement of bodiesddities as he as he proclaimed around the sun. Term probably came from during the french enlightenment of the mid to late 18th century. Let me go back to copernicus. What were they doing . They were talking about the change in series. To some extent they were supposedly talking about a new method for gaining knowledge and new practices for gaining that knowledge. They had new views of the heavens. They had new views of life itself tummy tuck. The philosopher servers of itself. Is philosophers, scientific covering should be driven not just by the quest for intellectual enlightenment but also for the relief of mens estate. In order tod nature dominate and command it. It is possible to obtain knowledge which is very useful in life instead of that speculative philosophy which is taught at schools. The scholastic philosophy. And surrender and to render ourselves masters and possessors of nature. The notion than during this early. Of modern science that one reason we Gain Knowledge is to dominate nature, to command it. Tension that exists in historical interpretations. Numerous others and claimed a utilitarian promise. The actual achievement never matched it. The vast majority of people, the great names of the scientific revolution or not known to the people at the time. Awareness ofbroad a revolution taking place. The literate were there. Poet, writinge the new philosophy called all in doubt. Weight can well direct him where to look for it. In a sense, there was a framing that some people were making of a world undergoing change. What does it mean . There are some underlying issues that emerge. Where did this science that in a world governed by keying and gs and priests and popes. The society will ignore all morality and politics. We will limit direct to the tv to those things which we can know directly in nature. In one hand they were proclaiming the greatness of the new science and its ability to change the world. On another level they were saying we are not going to challenge the authority of the societies in which we live whether secular or religious. Keys with the church of the state. There were new ways of understanding what happened in nature. , takeyal societys motto nobodys word for it. We will know nature only as we examine it directly. They were and exempt law. The natural philosophies could do. Who was he . Robert boyle came from a family ,onnected to the aristocracy the gentry with Large Holdings in ireland. Wealthy enough that he could conservatory,me someone who build the instrument which he wanted including the air pump tha. Robert hookual was who could not have done this on his own because he had no income other than that he got from boyle. Touching experiments the spring of the air and it affects made for the most part with a new new medical engine. This was the handbook of how you experimented in the new science. It became a model dealing with the properties of the air, combustion. Could combustion take place in an evacuated cube . No. Could a mouse survive after the engine had evacuated the air . The answer was no. And down the line they went. Could insects fly . No. It has been referred to historically as the greatest fact making machine in history, this volume. A lot the simple experiments. While this is largely practiced by those with a well thought there werentry, methods developed. Became which in turn democratizing. Who can know nature . To do not need great wealth know nature. You do have to understand a method of experimenting and observing nature. The new method even at a time when the practitioners were up here and most people lead down lived down here. Let me turn briefly to the Industrial Revolution. Like to pick a date. They roughly say 17 60 was when the Industrial Revolution began and lasted roughly to the 19th century. This is a very different history than the scientific revolutions history. It began in place. ,e know exactly where it began in england. Not in france or italy or germany. Actors. Re different in theor practitioners Industrial Revolution were from the emerging middle classes of British Society and a working class. There were different locales. The Industrial Revolution did not initially take place in london. What do we know about the middle cities . The cities were largely the home of dissenting how distance, not the organized Anglican Church but the new defenders, whether it be the quakers, the presbyterians, the methodist. Werewere the people who primarily those engaged in making the Industrial Revolution. There were different outcomes. What was happening . Theal, hand production, thing that artists and had engaged in was being replaced by machines. The workshop attached to the home was being replaced by factories. Making of cotton was revolutionize, turned upside down. Chemical manufacturing came at a scale that had not been known before. Things aree way being done but also scale. The Industrial Revolution allowed things to happen on a much grander scale. Iron production was greatly increased. Waterpower was developed and improved for mills and factories. Steam power was invented and developed. To ability to harness steam drive vehicles which in turn you could use for many activities. Machine tools were invented and produced. It is something we have lived with ever cents. The switch for the source of energy for this new Industrial Revolution. Of daily life was being transformed in england. Population, self sustained growth. There was a doubling every 50 years of england population, a striking fact. From the rurale areas to the cities but not to london to loop with places like manchester and birmingham in the citiesial midland, it which barely existed prior to the revolution. People drawled off the lands to the cities now earning a living, workers inome as these factories. By the early to mid 19th century trade unions became part of the scene as there is a redistribution within society of where influence and power resided. Said this is the in humanitynt area since the domestication of animals and plants. My guess is for any of you who want to take a look, look at my famouscolleagues studies of the Industrial Revolution. You will get a sense of the way in which things did seem to represent that change. There was a second Industrial Revolution which came in the hot on thecentury heels of the first Industrial Revolution. What was being transformed then . Transportation. How did you get from place to place. , theourse drawn carriage. Anal barge the ship under sail. These replaced the canals in those not very well paid roads of england at the time. Cotton spinning. Steam driven. An increase in output of workers by a factor of 1000. An enormous job and what a single work that could produce during the work week. He power loom increased the stationary steam engine increased deficiency and 20ectiveness by using only to 25 of the amount of coal that had previously been used to reduce the same amount of energy. By the 1820s that have been adapted for moving. Steam locomotives and steam ships. What about the social impact . Who is being affected . The initial impact on the lower classes, those drawn from the faced a severe reduction in Living Standards at spurs. Why . If farming you can almost be selfsufficient. Moved to slums around the industrial cities. There was squalor in these new cities. Dickens if you want a description of what it look like in the 19th century. The cities were cramped and crowded. Of whata developing had not really existed in england or on the continent. That is a new middle class. Lawyers, doc yours, businessman. People who earn their living by overseeing production, contracting production, and societyor it the ill of in a fuller manner. This is a. That represented the triumph of businessman. A shift in who had power within British Society. A shift that was replicated on the continent as france, italy germany underwent initially, there were Health Problems and you can guess what they were tb, lung disease, cholera, typhoid fever. As the Industrial Revolution increased, activity sanitation improved and there were conscious event, conscious movements to increase and improve sanitation. Factories emerged. Otton spinning was mechanized cotton production soared. Manchester became known at the lis, the centerpo for the production of cotton goods. But not everyone celebrated as we tend to now. There was pain, a lot of it at the time, and it was felt. To 1817, a called themselves luddites, followers of the mythical man led took up the challenge mythical man lud, took up the challenge and they were machine breakers. They would indeed break the machines when they got the chance these new cities. The weavers, and weavers, the isans one employed unemployed by these new machines. Remember William Blake possible full cry in jerusalem didnt those feet walk upon englands Mountain Screen and what the holy man of god in englands pastures seen. Did the countenance divine shine forth upon our clouded hills and was jerusalem built it here among those dark satanic mills. Ring me my whole of ringgold, bring me my arrows of desire, ring me my chariot of fire. I will not cease from mental fight nor shall my sword sleep in my hand that we have old jerusalem in englands green and wasnt land. 1808. ,s blake, a romantic, good poet as blake was reflecting the pains of some of his fellow citizens. Other intellectuals followed suit in much the same way. , wordsworth,ings keats, byron, shelley, and of course all of you remember mary shelley. Documentkenstein as a of the midIndustrial Revolution some ofcan begin to see the responses of the citizenry of the time. There was another movement led by another mythical figure called captain swing, a movement earnricultural workers who the threshing machines which. Ere replaced there were things called the swing letters. Sir, they write, your name is down among the in the black book and this is to advise you and the likes of you to make your wills. You have been the black art enemies of the people on all occasions. Ye have not done as he ought. Sir, this is to acquaint you that if youre threshing machines are not destroyed by you dir