Transcripts For CSPAN First Ladies Influence Image 20140119

I think they thought that the white house was so glamorous, and that what you did was so glamorous, and your life was so glamorous. All they saw were the parties and the greeting people. I have got to tell you, i have never worked harder in my life. Nancy reagan was Ronald Reagans fiercest protector. She was active in key staff decisions and in campaigning. She had a signature white house issue with her just say no campaign. Welcome to first ladies influence and image. Let me introduce our two guests. Judith woodruff is the coanchor of cbs news hour. She coproduced a documentary about the first lady. Thank you for being with us. He is the Washington Bureau chief for real clear politics. He is a californian who has been covering National Politics since 1984 and cowrote a book with his father, a reagan biography. Lou, nice to see you. We looked at hundreds of hours of video about the reagan presidency in the cspan library. We decided to start with the closing chapter. This is footage from the funeral when mrs. Reagan says goodbye. We thought that it symbolized the partnership they both covered so much. Lets watch. Then we will talk a little bit more about the relationship. Hard to believe it was nearly 10 years ago. As you look at that, as we have worked our way through the series, especially in the 20th century, many of the first ladies were Political Partners with her husbands. Was this a particularly special partnership between the two of them . It was from the very beginning, from the sacramento days, from the hollywood days. But the partnership we see as nancy pats the coffin, it is heartbreaking. You imagine her patting his shoulder every night for 10 years. Every night it was like losing him again. I think nancy got a rough start in this town, and she got a rough start in sacramento. She won everyone over in the 10 years that he had alzheimers, she took care of him. Maybe they werent her words, the people around them called it the longest goodbye. It was 1994 when Ronald Reagan wrote that letter announcing to the world that he had alzheimers. It was not nearly as familiar to us as it is today. He would live another 10 years out of public view, but she was with him. They were in their home in bel air, in los angeles. And the closeness was with them right up until the end, and you see that in the video. The christening of the boat was in 2001, my father and i were both there. It was a cold, blustery day in april. And she said, i have to get back. He is agitated when i am not in the house. She really was his caretaker. Lets talk a little bit about what the partnership meant in terms of National Politics. What made this a successful quest for the white house . We have talked a long time about that. It was a remarkable partnership. It was a strong marriage. They loved each other deeply. It was very much a working partnership. Once it was clear that Ronald Reagan was interested in politics, and it started when he was the spokesman for ge, traveling around the country. He was hired by ge around 1955, somewhere in there, and from that moment on, and when the friends they made decided that Ronald Reagan would be a great candidate for governor, and he went on to be elected governor, that she was the person people i talked to call her the personnel director. She made sure that the people around her husband had his best interest at heart. We are going to show a brief clip from role of a lifetime the pbs documentary, and she talks about what she brings to the relationship in terms of looking out for him. The first lady is another means to keep the president from being isolated. I talk to people. They tell me things. And if something is going to be a problem, i am not above calling a staff person. I make no apologies for looking out for his personal and political welfare. Your thoughts on the partnership . She said she was the personnel director. In september of 1980, when they started to hit a rocky road, and the campaign was in a little bit of trouble, it was nancy who said where is stu spencer . He was only back in the campaign because nancy had helped bring him back. There was one person he asked, when he was going to come back, is it ok . And that was nancy. Nancy said it was her idea. We will have more time to talk about the white house years. We are going to go back and talk about the nancy reagan biography. Before that we will talk about how you can be involved. Your questions make it so much more interesting for us so we can take the conversation in the direction of your interest. You can see us on facebook and find cspans page. There is already a discussion going. You can also tweet is at first ladies. You can also use the good old phone. We will get the calls and probably about 10 minutes or so. Lets go back to where she was born, in 1981. Her early days were not easy. It was not the smoothest childhood. Her mother was an actress. Her father, kenneth, was a salesman. The marriage between edith and kenneth did not last long. Nancy was around two years old when they divorced. Her mother really wanted her acting career, and she wanted a safe place for nancy. So she had nancy live, until she was remarried, with nancys aunt in maryland, outside of washington. Nancy lived in what was then a suburban neighborhood. The woman who was described as very different from her mother. Her mother was very outgoing, was the life of the party, was in the middle of every conversation. Her aunt was much more quiet. The rules were fairly strict. Nancy herself talked about it. She talked in the interview in the documentary about how she missed her mother, and she would be thrilled with her mother came to visit. So it was rocky for a few years. What changed for nancy when her mother remarried a chicago physician . There was money. He was successful. She went to Smith College. He was the doting parent she had lacked. For most of her life, that is the man she called her father. They gave her an idea of what a family could be. From that moment forward, she had an idea of what she would like to be, and what she wanted out of life. And she wanted to build a family that was the family she didnt have. That was something that she and reagan had in common. She went to hollywood. She went to the theater, and then she went back to hollywood. She was typecast. She was cast as the steady woman. And that is what she was. Did nancy reagan and barbara bush know each other as students at Smith College . Toi dont know the answer that. I would have to ask. Do you know . I think nancy was leaving as barbara bush was coming in. She was only there a year or two, so i dont think so. That is a good question. We know that nancy went to new york to try acting right out of smith. She was in new york for two years before she went to hollywood. She had a contract at mgm studios. A question about her stepfather and the influence on her politics. Dr. Davis was very active in conservative politics. Did that influence her . He was a republican. I think that did influence her. When she married Ronald Reagan, on their first date, reagan was discussing politics. And hes talking about communism. He didnt like communism. She was receptive to his message. How did they meet . It is an interesting story. This is hollywood in the late 1940s when there was the communist scare. It was after the end of world war ii. People were named for being somehow associated with the communist party. Nancy davis, which was her name at the time, showed up on a blacklist. She knew that that was not she. She wanted to get her name off. And that was as someone who was in hollywood that was part of the communist party. She told her good friend, who i believe was a producer, she said how can i get this done . They said Ronald Reagan as the president of the screen actors guild. She said, as soon as i knew that, i knew who Ronald Reagan was. I was very interested. I said, absolutely, call him up. And i would be glad to meet with him. He said he would be glad to talk to her about this. And then one thing led to another. There was a meeting. Then it became dinner. She really tells a funny story about how they both agreed to go to dinner but insisted it had to be an early evening because they had an early call, which neither one of the actually did. The old hollywood ruse if the date doesnt work out, you can ended in a civil way, right . But they didnt ended early because they didnt have anywhere to be the next morning. That was 1949. When did they marry . 1952. So they had a threeyear courtship. You will be seeing some video of people telling the story of nancy and Ronald Reagan. This is about their early relationship and the love letters they shared. Nancy was asked if it was love at first sight. She said, it might not have been, but it was pretty darn close. She was a very sentimental woman. She kept mementos of the relationship. All of these artifacts are on display in the museum, and a document how important they were to each other. One of the things that we have in here, which is very symbolic of their intense relationship, is a letter the president reagan wrote to his wife in 1953 when he was in new york, and he wrote a very charming letter to her. He wrote it as if she had actually joined him at dinner. You can see how creative you was. The final page of the letter is very touching. Lets take a look at that page, along with some of the other artifacts in the collection. This is that fourth page of the letter. It is where president reagan expresses his heartfelt feelings to his wife. This was written in 1953, about 1. 5 years after they were married. He says, i suppose some people would find it unusual that you and i can so easily span 3000 miles. But in truth, it comes very naturally. Man cannot live without a heart, and you are my heart. You are the nicest thing about me and so very necessary. There would be no life without you, nor would i want anybody. Signed, the eastern half of us. Recently, mrs. Reagan given us this little box that held precious keepsakes of hers. We were pleased to receive them. Ineterestinge stories in here. When nancy reagan received her own dressing room when she was under contract to mgm, Ronald Reagan went to a jeweler and had a special key made for her. It had an image of a thespian on the front and on the back. She thought that was such a nice idea that two years later, after they were married and they bought their first home, she had keys made for their first home. And there is little house on the top. And theyre both engraved with their initials. On his key, right above his initials it says, our first. What were the early married years like . They were married in 1952, and their daughter was born in 1952. Herpretty much gave up movie career. Shed been getting some roles fairly steadily. And his career was the one that was stalling out at that point. Then the ge offer came along. She became a homemaker. She did a few Television Roles in the first decade of the marriage. She was his wife, and the mother of patty, and i think years later ron junior was born. Her family was her life, and she devoted all of her time to that. There is great story that once he went to work for ge, ge had an all electric house built for them, which had every imaginable special feature in it. Drape closures. The kind of things that we wouldnt think much of today but back then it was a big deal. She became much closer to the wives who were influential. And Ronald Reagan brought two children to the marriage, maureen and michael reagan. By the time they came onto the national stage, first as governor of california, and then, of course, in the white house years, there were tensions between the kids. One of our viewers refers to this. They ask, what is the relationship between the kids and stepson now . We have a documentary that talks about the reagan partnership and the effect on children. Lets listen to ron reagan talk about life inside the Ronald Reagan household from his perspective. We were conscious, i think, growing up. All of us, i know i was. There were really two sets of people, two definite and distinct sets of people involved in the family. There was my mother and father, and there was everybody else. And while we were all part of the family, when push came to shove, there was a distinction to be made. It wasnt like, be seen and not heard, but it was you know, we were expected to put ourselves in second place to whatever they were doing. What can you add to this part of the story . Ron reagan junior, the family calls him skipper, and he tells the story about emotional distance. Kinds ofhere are two fathers. Theres the kind who looks out the window and sees a kid playing football, and has to go and join the game, and theres the kind that goes back to his work. As he went on he said his dad was the kind who came out and played with the kids. You find yourself wondering, what was there beef . You keep hearing about this emotional distance that reagan had with his children. But he played ball with all of them. He was very involved. In his own mind he was a family man first. He separated hollywood people into those who had multiple marriages and then the family people. Jane left him, so he didnt want to be divorced. Michael writes about it years later when michael admits he was abused by camp counselor. He said the guy felt his pain, and reagans eyes kind of glazed over. There was this emotional distance that was subtle that everybody talks about. Sometimes people would blame nancy. But nancy, she once told my dad, after they left the white house, you can get so far with ronnie, and then something happens. It took him a long time to trust me. Theres a place you cant go with him. On twitter there is this question, todays hollywood is decidedly liberal. Was ronald and nancys conservatism unusual in 1950s hollywood . I do not know that i am the right person to ask. There were other conservatives in the community. But those that supported Ronald Reagan and in his candidacy, were people not in the movie industry per se. Or they were personal friends. There was Jimmy Stewart and people like that. I would not say that the conservatives were necessarily in the extreme minority, but they probably were not the majority. Most of the people in hollywood were democrats. There is an interesting story about that. When reagan runs against pat brown, a popular twoterm governor who had beaten nixon like a drum, pat thought it would be wise to run. He would say, he is an actor, the way he would say, hes an idiot. People would say, why is this a Winning Strategy . But the people were from northern california. But in Southern California people were proud of the movie industry. People were criticizing him for being an actor, and jack palance was there. He said, you can criticize this guy, but dont make fun of them because he is an actor. They said, he is one of us. And they were proud of him. We will take phone calls and then learn more about the Governors Mansion in california. Phil is watching in northern hollywood, ca. You are our first caller tonight. I was at the Reagan Library, and i recommend it to everybody, whether you agree with their politics or not. I was struck by the omission. We saw one line about jane lyman. I was wondering what the dynamic was between the reagans and jane. I thought it was odd that there was one little line. It said, oh, yes, jane wyman, he was married to. Obviously, mrs. Reagan was in control of the president ial library. I was wondering if you had any insight on that. I really appreciate the program. Thank you so much. I do not think we know very much about that. Jane wyman was his first wife. And they were part of the family after ronald and jane wyman divorced. But there was never any discussion that i heard of jane wyman. Reagan felt hurt by what it had happened in a marriage. But jane wyman never gave interviews. I think she was just as well to not be made a spectacle of. She was not part of their political story. She was part of their personal story. Keith is in illinois. Hi, keith. You are on. Thank you for taking my call. I heard somewhere that nancy was really into astrology, and things of that sort. Is it true that she held seances in the white house . That would be mary todd lincoln. [laughter] our caller made the same mistake. But nancy did consult an astrologer after Ronald Reagan was shot. She did so because she was desperate for anything, anything she could have. She did not have much to control the schedule, so she consulted an astrologer. This came out in dons book, and that came out. It was a kiss and tell book. It was a mild embarrassment. Many people thought that she was so traumatized that if she wanted to consult astrologer she was well within her rights. Jordan is in pennsylvania. Hi, jordan. Hi, my grandmother has the same birth day as nancy reagan. She was born july 6, 1920. She was one of my favorite first ladies. Did her mother live to be almost 100 when she was in the white house . I do not remember. Do remember if she was around for the inauguration . 1921 was actually her birth date. Sorry to pop your balloon there. I am looking it up while we sit here. This helps us with the transition from the ge years, to politics, and ultimately, to the governorship of california. Did nancy personally like politics, or did she learn to like it is she loved ronnie . She did not love politics, and she was not built for politics. It was on the job training, and it wasnt always easy. She didnt like the town, and the town reciprocated. She was asked to move into the Governors Mansion, which was a victorian structure downtown, if i remember. I think it was 16th street. Nancy called it a fire trap. When she took skipper up he was eight. It was the second floor bedroom, and the screen was rusted shut. How does he get out in case of fire . He was supposed to ram a dresser into the window, pop up the screen, and climbed on a rope ladder. He was 8. Nancy decided they were going to live there, and they moved to east sacramento. I have an answer to jordans question. Edith died in 1987, shoes to was she was alive for most of that time , so she was alive for most of that time in the white house. I wrote a couple bullet points down. She was criticized for not wanting to live in the Governors Mansion. She was critical of Ronald Reagan, governor reagans staff. She was criticized by the press for her glamorous lifestyle. And she had a number of issues, including veterans. My notation next to that was the white house years. Those were many of the same things. Interesting, isnt it . I also think she developed a thick skin. She didnt like the criticism. She is specially didnt like the criticism of her husband, and she talked about that. She knew was not going to be easy, but she underestimated how much the press and it does everywhere be critical of politicians everywhere. She had to develop an thicker skin. When the press went after her she had to develop a thicker skin because it had to do with where they live, the children, her choice of causes. And she and the press had a testy relationship. She shopped in beverly hills, and sacramento did not have stores like that. She was used to cool breezes. Sacramento gets hot. And mostly, she hated the sacramento bee. It was a very democratic newspaper. They were relentless in their criticism. She canceled the subscription. People asked reagan about this. He said, it is ok, i get it in my office. He did, he read it in his office. She took care of him in washington. In those years, she was a little bit brittle. There is a piece written for the saturday evening post. Harshy hard story story. There was a very her story that made fun of the gaze, you know we all talked about that. It was an adoring gaze that she gave reagan. They thought it was funny. We learned over the years that it was not funny. It mightve been a knowing, but it was genuine. Reagan protected her in this time. She treated the staff like servants. All of these things, i think, in those years, she had the rough edges. Reagan had to smooth them off. She learned how to be a political spouse. She learned that there were great moments when you fill feel terrific and appreciated. Then there are the really tough moments. It prepared her for the presidency. She also had these causes. There was a lecture series, i guess it was in 1994. I watched it recently. He is a first lady biographer. He found her interested in drugs and youth as early as 19 sick he seven. 1967. You mentioned veterans. She helped get reagan interested in pows. The other thing about sacramento that you notice were the causes that came up in washington. She had to do it a lot because the children and grandchildren of her friends were starting to have these issues, and she saw that when her husband was governor of california. Abuse became a bigger issue. We have answered that question. Lets move to a phone call. This is duncan in ohio. Thank you. Ronald reagan was a member of the bohemian grove. Did nancy reagan express ideas about that . All i can tell you about that is that it is men only. We should say that. They walked in the woods naked, and did all kinds of things. There was a call between nancy and him, and the papers are being released. Many more conversations and alliances between them. I am inferring that she didnt mind. This is a much too long and political story to be told about Ronald Reagans career, mounting his president ial challenge one year later. What was nancys role in encouraging Ronald Reagan to seek to challenge against gerald ford . There was a group of influential republican men, and nancy was very Close Friends with their wives. I am simplifying it, to some extent. There was a larger circle of people. It wasnt just this group of men who had their eye on Ronald Reagan. There were people around the country who thought he would be an effective spokesperson of the conservative cause, as the ge spokesman. Remember when Barry Goldwater ran for president. Ronald reagan gave a much commented on speech. That was the big comingout speech for Ronald Reagan. All of those disparate forces came together while he was still in the governors office. They gelled more or less in that year after, when gerald ford was running for election, and he had, of course, succeeded richard nixon, Ronald Reagan was on the public consciousness as a very appealing conservative challenger to gerald ford. Remember, he had run a in 1968 for president. I have a story about nancy in the earliest president ial conversation. Maureen reagan is writing her dad letters. They communicated. They communicated. The road all these letters back and forth. She is trying to encourage him to run for governor. It does, you could be governor. He said, if we want to talk about what i could be, i could be president. This was in 1964 or 1965. So they decided to do this intervention. Nancy was on the side of her stepdaughter. Both were telling him to run for governor reagan said something first. Like, it is two against one. They are against me. That is how involved nancy was in the earliest conversations. That was unsuccessful. There was a discussion of a candidacy that went nowhere. How do they spend the next four years . They organize for the serious run. That one popped up spontaneously, but after 1976, when Ronald Reagan showed that he had substantial support in the Republican Party, from then on it was an allout effort to win the nomination in 1982 when in 1980 and to go on to win the white house. That does not mean he would be a shoe in. There were other republicans running. Some people were saying he was too conservative. Some were saying he was a warmonger. He was known to have very strong antisoviet views. I remember people i covered the carter white house, in those years. Critics would say that he is the one who has his finger on the bomb. There was a lot of this rhetoric flying around. This was by no means a walkin for him. When the time came, he had the people. He had the money. They were out in california. And he was the nominee in waiting for four years. The only thing that is remotely like it is like what is going on with hillary clinton, to be honest with you. She is going to have to win a nomination. It will not just handed to her. He had the money. He had the support. The Republican Party was in transition. And it was going to be Ronald Reagans party. There were people in the east to did not realize that. Nancy thought it was true and she turn out to be right. Lets fastforward here. Are we going to slowly . It was a landslide against jimmy carter. 48949 electronic a literal College Votes for the sitting president. Electoral College Votes for the sitting president. Much of that was colored by the iranian hostage situation. That was coming to a common nation on Inauguration Day. Would you spend just a minute talking about that unbelievable Inauguration Day, when the country was waiting for the hostages to come home, and it happened right then . It was extraordinary time, run the perspective of the carter white house. I covered jimmy carter, and they had a painful final year of presidency. Hostages had been taken into tehran and were being held by iranian extremists. Jimmy carter and his administration did everything they could including, we know among other things, about the failed Mission Failed rescue mission where the helicopter went down. It was a humiliating episode in the carter presidency. No doubt it was not the only reason jimmy carter lost the election, but it was a factor. What was the mood in the country about the change in leadership . On Inauguration Day reagan came up with a plan, and the plan was, remember the hostages were being released. If they were being released while reagan was all of this was being done deliver early by the iranians to spy jimmy carter. Spite jimmy carter. They thought they would be in airspace while reagan was still speaking, and the plan that they agreed on was that reagan would call carter up to the lectern. That would have been the most paramedics moment. But that would only be of the hostages were released, and they would announce it together. It did not happen. I asked, what did nancy think of this . She had a good theatrical sense too. And she was all for it. It didnt happen. But it was not carter or reagans fault. John hinckley attempted Ronald Reagans life at the washington hilton. We had an interview with nancy reagan at the Reagan Library, and she spoke to us about that day. We got downstairs. I said, im going to the hospital. He said, it is not necessary. He hasnt been hurt. It is not necessary. I said, george, you either get the car or im going to walk. We went to the hospital. And mike met me at the hospital and said, he has been shot. And there were police all around. And there was a lot of noise. And they put me a little small room. There was one desk and one chair. That was it. I kept wanting to see ronnie. And they kept saying, well, he is all right. But you cant see him. And i kept saying, if he is all right, why cant i see him . Finally, they let me see him. He was lying there with that thing on his face to help him breathe. He lifted it up and said, honey, i forgot to duck. How did this impact a brand new presidency . I was a part of the press pool that day. It was a time i will never ever forget. It made her much more protective. She was all ready completely focused on him and his safety, but after this, it was her sole purpose, you could argue. At one point she said something like, when he left to go somewhere, i wasnt able to breathe deeply until he came back. That was in the movie. It was something she said in the documentary to us. We have spoken about the astrology, she was looking for any which way she could. Of course, he was president and would be out and around. She was grilling people around him to make sure that he was always doing whatever was the safest possible thing. It made her even more determined to keep them healthy. Just one comment about that, honey, i forgot to duck, that nancy said. For americans of their generation, that was a famous line. It was a line that jack dempsey used after he lost the heavyweight championship. Dempseys wife came to see him and his face was all battered. And he says, honey, i forgot to duck. The line was reported in the newspapers, at the time. It made dempsey the hero he had not been in the publics mind, until the time. He was bigger when he lost because of this bravado. I think the same thing is true of reagan. That line was reported in the press here. Americans really admired reagan for it, because they realized what he was trying to do, which was reassure his wife. Ronald reagan really endeared himself to the American Public with his strength through the shooting. Some said it was a difficult debut for the first lady. The Approval Rating for her was 26 . The president was much higher. What were some of the reasons why it was a challenging first year . As in california, where she found a governors home, a Governors Mansion that she felt was unsafe, she felt that the white house was in disrepair. She felt there were repairs that needed to be done. She said the furnishings were shabby. She wanted a complete renovation and refurbishing of the white house. She wanted new drapes and new upholstery. She raised private money to get this done. She said often, i loved entertaining. I thought that was an important part of being in the white house. It was a way to connect with people. Said, we dont even have a full set of china for a state dinner. She raised the money to buy a set of china. She was also very interested in style and fashion. She was a woman who cared about her appearance. Combine the effort to redecorate the new set of, china, and the publicity of her new clothes, and it was the image of a woman who cared more about things that did not matter. And it did not go over well. That contributed to the public view. What was the difference between Jacqueline Kennedy coming in wearing fashionable, european design clothes and nancy reagan doing it, not that long after . That is a fair question. Nancy thought it would be a fair new start for, but it was deja vu all over again. She expects washington to be more and it isnt. They criticized her for going shopping at bloomingdales. Look, jackie was a special case. There is an edgy website. I dont frequent it very often. It is called nerve. Com. It is about sex and younger people stuff. I was there to see they ranked the sexiest first ladies in history. Nancy reagan ranks very high. I was very surprised that this hip, young website thought that. Jacqueline kennedy, they dont even need to clean up. They just showed her picture. Jackie did things that no one else could do. Do you have a comment on the difference . It was a different time. It was the 1960s. It was camelot. There is a difference in age. There is a difference in appearance. A lot of people were very divisive between john f. Kennedy and richard nixon. That was a time when a lot of americans were excited. The reagan presidency was a different time. It was 20 years later. The country was getting a little cynical. It had been through watergate and vietnam. The American People and certainly the press corps was not as willing to just follow and accept whatever the president and first lady were doing. A call from michael in pennsylvania. You are on. Thank you. This is great show. Was there a position or ideology that they sometimes disagreed upon, or that the staff disagreed upon . Thank you. Were there any issues at the reagans did not see eye to eye on . Not that i know of. But the staff, absolutely. There was open warfare on many issues. The most important issue was the iran contra. Dealing with the soviet union. Nancy would push. Nancy had a point of view, and she would push. On the soviet union, she believed strongly in negotiating with mikhail gorbachev. She pushed back against staffers they didnt have his agenda at heart. You have to think about this. There were differences. Nancy knew her reagan was. He was there in 1976. Gerald ford called reagan up to the stage. He gives an impromptu speech. What does he talk about . Nuclear war. Armageddon. How that cannot be our legacy. She knew that that was what reagan wanted, and she pushed in that direction. She did not push against reagan. She pushed against aides who did not know what reagan wanted. I think she was a moderating influence on him. She wanted him to be the best president he could be and that the best legacy. She felt the best legacy is a legacy of moderation. They didnt disagree. There is no question that she worked very hard behindthe scenes with the secretary of state to make sure that president reagan was listening to those who were on his side. Aids is an issue that has come up. There were people in the white house who thought he should speak out. Early on, there were people who didnt want him to speak out. Nancy was on the side of those who wanted him to talk about it. He talked about it in 1985 and 1986. In 1987, he gave a speech and nancy did not trust that the white house policy shot would say what he wanted to say. She had someone who would come back and write the speeches. Youd get some pushback and would say, this is how she wants it. The first lady was having trouble with her image in the press corps. And there were approaches to help change that. One of those came in 1982, with an event in washington dc. An annual preston or call the gridiron club. Nancy reagan appeared before the club, which was full of charities. It was a game changer. We will listen to her talking about that in a 1988 interview with journalist heather smith. She will talk about her charity and why she approached the issues this way. Secondhand clothes, they are all the rage at the spring fashion shows. Even my trench coat with a fur collar ronnie bought for . 10 on , the dollar. Gowns, gallons, old handmedowns. The china is the only thing that is new. Even though they tell me im no longer queen, that ronnie has to buy me the new sewing machine, secondhand, secondhand i hope that he sows. I guess i came around to, ok, well, we will try. It could not be worse than it was. She said, originally, they thought that i would make fun of the press. And i said, no. No. No. I am not going to do that. The only way we can do this is if i make fun of myself, if i make fun of myself. Then maybe i will have a 5050 chance here. As you well know, that first year was not nobody was really crazy about me. And i dont think i would have been crazy about me, reading what i did about me. The press was rough. The press was rough. And i really dont know why because it started before he got here. They did not know me. I never did quite figure out why. I didnt know, until i read in your book, that they were having meetings about me over the west wing, that i was a liability and everything like that. I guess maybe i was. I was pretty gun shy. It had been rough. And your inclination is to run and hide in a closet and lock yourself in. You tend to pull back. I do, anyway, when it is that rough. That is the wrong thing to do. You shouldnt do that, but i do. She was very self aware there. Her instincts were exactly right on. She had selfdeprecating humor. She made fun of herself. The press ate it up. The city, the country it turned an important corner for her. Another thing that nancy reagan did was the antidrug campaign, which became the just say no campaign. How political was this . First ladies are supposed to have a signature issue, and this is something she cared about and knew about. This was a phrase in the anti Drug Movement among psychologist, just say no, and she seized on it and popularized it. They criticized her because it was simplistic. Her answer would be disarming. She said, if it saves one life, it is worth it. Drug use amongst young people did decline. I do not know if it was a result of this campaign. She also had other recognition in the united nations. She was the first lady to do that. She was the first first lady recognized by the president in a state of the union address. In 1986 the two of them, this was another first, a set down to sat down to talk about the antidrug effort. We will talk about the use of television to connect the American Public. Lets watch. To those watching and listening, i have a personal message for you. There is a big, Wonderful World out there for you that belongs to you. It is exciting and stimulating. Dont cheat yourself out of this promise. Our country needs you to be clear eyed and clear minded. I recently read one teenagers story. She is now determined to stay clean. She was strung out on every several drugs. What she remembers about her recovery is that after her treatment she was able to see colors again. To my young friends out there, life can be great but not when you cannot see it. Open your eyes to life. See the vivid colors that god gave us as a present to his children to enjoy life to the fullest and to make it count. Say yes to your life. And when it comes to drugs an alcohol, just say no. I think you can see why nancy has been such a positive influence on what we are trying to do. The job ahead of us is very clear. Nancys personal crusade, like that of so many wonderful individuals, should become our national crusade. Another interesting three and throughout 200 years of history is how the white house has used the media. Acting within their profession, and television was in their ascendancy. How did they use it . People talks about reagan was an actor, but she was an actor too. She had 12 feature films. They used it as easily as you and i would pick up the telephone and call a friend. She talking about color, and she is wearing a red dress. She understood how the message should go with the pictures. It was almost Second Nature to them both. I want to move to the second term in the white house. I want to move to the second term in the white house. Again there were so many issues. In brief, some of them included the arms treaty. , the explosion of the challenger, and the iran contra affair. And there was the iran iraq war. Did she become a positive Political Force in the white house and the second term . She came out of it and really was a very careful in her dealings with the press. She has a presence about her poise. She was able to communicate in a way that was helpful to the white house. The second term was very different than the first term. They both learned a lot by then. We know president s second terms can be rough. The problems came and youve listed several of them. Hi, lucy from wisconsin. The question goes back to the Jackie Kennedy, nancy reagan episode with both of them having the same interest in changing the white house. I sense such a double standard with the press. I have no problem with the press reporting. I have a problem with the president shaking the image. I cared a lot about the kennedys but they gave them a free pass on many issues. They ripped nancy reagan apart and i felt that was a bit unfair. I dont know if that will ever change. I just wanted to know if you could address that. I do think it was a different time. We talked about this a few minutes ago, but i do believe the country and the press corps were more accepting of politicians, president s. Look at what we now know jack kennedy was doing part of the time. The press did not report on that. 20 years later, we had been the country had been through watergate, vietnam. Many more questions about whether our leaders were telling the truth and i think there was a much greater reluctance to believe our eyes. I dont mean me but i mean the presss eyes. There were some criticisms. We talked about the sense of style she brought to the white house and whether that was appropriate for the time. They used the white house to promote the political agenda as most president s have. We are going to show you a little bit of how the Reagan Library was like her style. Nancy reagan knew how important it was for her to dress appropriately. This gold gown is from the second inaugural. There was a matching dress underneath and it was designed from one of her favorite designers that designed for her during her white house years. This dress is her lucky dress. She wore this when she attended the National Republican convention in 1980 when her husband was nominated to become president. She always loved it. It was designed by adolfo. She wore it quite a bit. It was one of her favorites. In 1985, they flew to geneva to meet with gorbachev. Mrs. Reagan wore this suit to that meeting. One of the truly, most classic dresses that she wore and the colors that she wore exemplified in this portrait dress. She wore it for her official portrait, but she also wore it to a number of other events. It is quite elegant and stunning. I want to ask about their use of the white house rooms for entertaining. How did they use them . They used them strategically. They liked entertaining. Having come from hollywood, the social life was important to them. Nancy reagan herself talks about this and when i interviewed her she said, this is an opportunity to play host to a visiting head of state. You invited people and whoever the hollywood stars at the time from Frank Sinatra to elizabeth taylor. You were invited and you came. That is true today for any president but the reagans were very conscious of that and conscious that they could impress their guests. She also said, you could get Business Done on those occasions. Yes, they were social but there was also business. We have learned so often that on the diplomatic stage, personal relationships could have very important effects. What was important to note about these two couples . Reagan thought he could do business with gorbachev. He brought his number one ally to the summit. The speeches kept getting changed. Anita black credits nancy for helping reagan push back. There was another man who was the soviet expert. Reagan kept saying, i can do business with this guy. He took nancy there as an ally to show the world that two couples could get along and maybe the two countries could get along. She continued the tradition of live events from the white house. She introduced the public to some of the musicians and other cultural events. That is a tradition that continues to this day. Not long ago, the obamas hosted one of these. I think Jackie Kennedy started this. Floyd is in california. Are you there . I had a question about how did the reagans interact with Prince Charles and Princess Diana when they went to visit the white house in 1985 . You have any memories of that . I dont remember. I know everybody in the world who wanted to be at the white house probably wanted to be at that dinner. Lets move on, because our time is going short, to an event that became very important in the disposition of the white house. From the perspective of the first lady, this was a real crisis in confidence for the presidency. What was Nancy Reagans role in counseling the president . She thought it was a threat. She did two things. She doubled down on the negotiation on getting reagan to negotiate with gorbachev. She encouraged that because she thought that would be a better way to change the conversation. Another thing she did i have not mentioned it a lot on the show but i should my father was reagans biographer. The one and only lou cannon. He told me recently that he thought the most important contribution nancy made was pushing on reagan to make the apology on irancontra. It may have saved his presidency. He had that funny speech. It took him a while. It was an agonizing period when the president did not want to recognize this was taking place. He said, it happened and i didnt i cant believe it happened. It was a convoluted explanation but he did say that it was a mistake and that broke the ice and the American People turned at that point. We are talking about the image and influence of the first ladies. This was a key moment. She had many contributions. We were talking earlier about the dinner in 1982 but people forget by 1986, reagan at the white house Correspondents Dinner is joking about nancys influence. He says, she and don regan he says, don regan and nancy had a lunch and they each brought their tasters. By the second term, nancys influence is acknowledged on the staff and policy. She did not acknowledge it as much as others did but it was very much there. In 1987, nancy reagan was diagnosed with cancer. She talked about it and handled it with grace. This was another event that drew the public to her because she was able to talk about it. She had a mastectomy and made it. By no means was this something that was easy to go through with but the fact that she could talk about it at a time where it was still hush hush. Betty ford had been through her own episode but i think for nancy reagan to do this we will hear one last piece of nancy reagan in her own voice looking as her role as the guardian of Ronald Reagan and the white house. This is her talking about her political antenna. I had little antennas that pointed up when somebody had their own agenda and not ronnies. I would tell him. He wouldnt always agree with me but i tell him. What was the first thing you noticed when somebody had their own agenda . You just know. You have those antennas. Visible antennas were probably directed to don regan who ultimately lost his job and some of that was over the disagreement over the iran contra situation. What did we learn about their relationship . He wanted to get back to her and the astrology thing was a poisonous arrow in the quiver. They had different ideas about what reagan shouldve been doing. She listened. She was a careful listener. She tried to get george h. W. Bush to help her get rid of don regan and he told her it was not his job. She was talking to the Vice President of the United States and told him it was his job. Later, when bush was running for president , he said he would promise a kinder and gentler country. Nancy said to a friend, kinder and gentler to whom . She was instrumental earlier in the presidency in the removal of William Clark because she felt he took took hard a line against the soviets. She was not the only one but she played a big role. She demonstrated her political antenna on behalf of her husband and her influence inside that white house. She was a personnel director. January 1989, they turn over the white house to reagans Vice President. We have about 15 minutes to talk about a very long post presidency. That was marked fairly soon with the announcement of president reagans alzheimers. Before that, this memoir came out. This was in 1989, so clearly she was working on it during the latter part of the white house years. My turn is the name of it. Her turn at what . She talked about some of these aides. She told her side of the story but the book does not have any surprising revelations in it. Not really if you knew about her. She talks about how she supported the president. You might say she wanted it both ways. She was very powerful but if you crossed her, you would feel it, but if you said she was powerful, she would think you were dissing reagan. The opening of the Reagan Library at that time. How did the reagans raise the money for the library and how did they use the library . They went to their friends, many of whom gave a lot of money. They went through other foundations. They worked very hard through mrs. Reagan and initially through the president before he became ill. This is telling Ronald Reagans story but today it is seen as a way of maintaining his legacy. We know in the Republican Party today, Ronald Reagan is still very much a revered figure as is nancy reagan. The library is part of telling what Ronald Reagan did as president , what he believed in, but also perpetuating some of those views. They hold seminars, speeches. Speakers come and talk. It is a beautiful setting right there on the california coast. Philip is watching us in brooklyn. Thank you. Let me say at the outset, i just love mrs. Reagan. First i have to say i watch every episode of this series and how nice it was to find out that nancy was not the first lady the first first lady that wanted to bring new style into the white house. I was very happy to hear there were other ladies that wanted to do that as well. It didnt go on for weeks or months. The china story went on for years. The media really went after her. One of nancys good friends was an expert at protocol. Such an expert that the queen of england went to her for consultation. Nancy had friends like her that were poised and i think nancy when you have that much poise and grace, you are going to have some enemies. Every White House Administration has a very closeknit circle of friends but it seems like the reagans had many, many years of loyal supporters and i was wondering how did mrs. Reagan cultivate all of those people that were so loyal to her and her husband . She was a perfect size two, for the record. Or zero. Lets focun on her importance in keeping that circle of advisors together. It was a little different for reagan and nancy. He was a beloved conservative leader. A guy like that comes along he is like roosevelt in that respect. People love what he stands for. Nancys situation was a little different. People love her. She has these lifelong friends and she treats them well. I think, in that sense, if she was never in politics, she wouldve been an admirable person the way she kept friends. They left the white house in january 1989 and it was five years later in 1994 that he announced that he had alzheimers. There was a period of years and you can add a few years after that when he was communicating and recognizing her. A point came in the late 1990s when she was telling people he did not recognize her. In 1991, at the 80th birthday of reagan, it was held at the library and reagan got up and spoke. He spoke slowly about thatcher. He turned to nancy and he said his life began when he met her and it was rich and full ever since. There was a time when they left the white house that it was magical for them. This tour she gave she talked about alzheimers and the effect on her. What have you learned about this disease . It is probably the worst disease you can ever have. Why . You lose contact and you are not able to share all those wonderful memories that we have. We had a wonderful life. Can you have a conversation that makes sense to you . Not now. No. The letter itself, what were the circumstances in which he wrote the letter . I was with him and we were in the library. He sat down and wrote it. That was it. First draft . First draft. He crossed out one or two words in there. I dont know what that was. Only ronnie could write a letter like that. She devoted, once his illness became debilitating, she devoted her life to being his caretaker. Occasionally she would make an entrance to the public arena. You stayed in touch with her. What is her own explanation of how she used her postwhite house years and when she decided to become public about issues that mattered to her . It was all about pushing and preserving her husbands legacy. It was all about Ronald Reagan, the man that was at the center of her life for 65 years until his death. Her interests i think you were going to bring this up in Stem Cell Research even when it was not a popular thing in the Republican Party was all about its connection to alzheimers. She had friends who had children with juvenile diabetes. It was believed that we need to do much more with Stem Cell Research than the u. S. Had been doing. She lobbied president george w. Bush in the early 2000s when this was an issue. Again, went against the party, she called members of congress. She was a fierce advocate. She made speeches for it. You could trace everything she has done since then with something that has to do with what her husband did or alzheimers. In terms of party politics, in 1996, she was at the convention in san diego. She got involved in the mccain president ial efforts by endorsing him. When had she chosen to be involved with the Republican Party politics and why . She knew john mccain. The reagans are one of the first couples that mccain went to. I think of that as another one of nancys friendships in which she was loyal. She would not be now if you are entering the arena, we would not think of her as a right winger of the Republican Party. We would think of her as a moderate republican. Were there any other social issues she was interested in . She was very strategic about it. She works with a team of people who are very involved in this issue. They planned way ahead about where they can use nancy, where can she go to make a speech, who can she call to get it done. She was effective. Kim is in california. You are on. I love your show. I was wondering what charities or groups is nancy reagan part of at this time . I have shared this already but i have spoken with nancy reagan over the telephone today. She is every bit as sharp as she has ever been. She does not get around as much as he used to. I think her ability to get out in public and do the kinds of things she did for many years, that is limited. She still can get out but it is not as much. She is 92 years old and she is not as active in public but she still follows what is going on. She follows the news. She may be even watching this tonight. She is an avid follower of what is going on in american politics and american life. She released a statement about the reagan spokesman. We just showed a picture of nancy reagan with michelle obama. Were there first ladies that she had a special relationship with . Do we know . I dont. She overlapped with barbara bush because they were Vice President and president at the same time. The reagans left washington after. They were not around in washington during the bush presidency and before that they were not in washington. She has been available to other first ladies. You just saw her photographed with michelle obama. I know that laura bush and president george w. Bush saw her from time to time. She she was focused on her husband when he was alive and since then on her life in california. Justin is in indiana. Thank you for taking my call. You touched on it earlier about the special relationship between Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. I wanted to know what was nancys relationship to the thatchers . We will have a woman president in our country. She invited Margaret Thatcher to the Birthday Party of reagan. A woman president . It was a statement. He may not have to wait that long. We have about four minutes left and it is important for us to put a cap on this. What is important, do you think, to know about nancy reagan in the role of first lady and her contribution to the reagan presidency . I think it is what we have been saying. First ladies have long been close to their husbands, have paid close attention to politics. I think nancy reagan took that to a new level. It wasnt so much she wanted to be sitting in cabinet meetings or policymaking meetings. She was very aware of her husband and wanted him to be successful and was ready to act. To make sure that the people around him were serving his best interests and letting him be the best person that he could be. And that way she exerted tremendous influence because she would move a mountain to make sure her husband was protected. You called president reagan a movement president. How should the public view Nancy Reagans role as first lady . She was the personnel chief. No personnel chief has ever slept with the president. She had more influence. She was a very modern first lady in that sense. Their son told judy that she did her best to make sure he could do his best. I was thinking about that this morning. She once said that reagan preferred heights to valleys. She would make sure they would go up to the mountains. She went with him and did it metaphorically. She was a height, not a valley. She lightened his mood. We are going to listen to president reagans answer to that question. In a 1988 tribute to nancy reagan that happened in conjunction with the Gop Convention in that year, he talked about her and that is how we are going to close our program. Let me say thanks to both of you for being here tonight to tell the story of nancy reagan. We appreciate it. Now president reagan in his own words about nancy reagan. What do you say about someone who gives your life meaning . What do you say about someone who is always there with support and understanding . Someone who make sacrifices so that your life will be easier and more successful . What you say is that you love that person and you treasure her. [applause] i simply cant imagine the last eight years without nancy. The presidency would not have been the joy it has been for me without her beside me. That second floor living quarters wouldve been a lonely spot without her waiting for me everyday at the end of the day. She once said that a president has all kinds of advisers and experts who look after his interests when it comes to Foreign Policy or the economy or whatever. No one looks after me with the needs of a human being. Nancy has done that for me. Every president should be so lucky. [applause] i think it is all too common in marriages that no matter how much partners love each other, they dont thank each other enough. I suppose i dont thank nancy enough for all that she does for me. Nancy, in front of all your friends here today, let me say thank you for all that you do. Thank you for your love and thank you for just being you. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2013] we are offering a special edition of the book first ladies. You can find it for the discounted price of 12. 95 at c span. Org products. I know truthfully that every single problem in america would be better if more people could read, write, and comprehend. I know that. We would be able to compete with the rest of the world. We wouldnt have children who are committing crimes because their families dont have jobs. They dont have jobs because they cannot read. They cant write. They dont understand. Americanvery thinking is coming to that conclusion. We have got to educate our children. We have got to educate their parents. It is not just a whim, it is a necessity if we are going to compete in this world. Night,bara bush, monday live on cspan and cspan three. , a discussion about teleCommunications Policy. And, a look at u. S. Military force abroad. The American Enterprise institute hosted a discussion about the internet and teleCommunications Policy. One of the topics included the D C Circuit Court of appeals haveg that the fcc did not authority to regulate the internet. Next, a closer look at the ruling. This is about hour. 2014, in the context of making predictions about major policy events likely to occur this year. I think we are already exhausted. Hat wont happen it has been an eventful week. Were when the focus our discussion today on the events of this week with respect to the Net Neutrality hearing, the Net Neutrality decision with respect to the events, including the president speech, which will take place towards the end of on the National Security agency Data Collection efforts. To me talk about what we are up to. We announced and launched the center for Internet Communications and Technology Policy in september of this year. In doing so we launched a daily blog called tech policy daily. Com. You will see the internet address for that on the podium sign in front of me. For those watching, if youre not already subscribed, i encourage you to do so. Many of the folks you will hear from today our regular contributors. We aim to have timely, on alltive commentary the Technology Policy issues of the day. We do have new content every day. We have a connection with survey event, an online we asking folks to take. It is this bit of fun. It is just five questions. Theyre provocative questions about events that may or may not take place in 2014 in the internet space. , feel freeolks here to plot a blackberry and do so, and if youre watching online or overseas, please google. Either will bring up links to our poll. We hope people will complete that poll. We are going to announce the results of that survey in a break that will take between the 10 30 area. The program for today, we twoinally had planned to do separate sessions. We have combined them. We have all of our speakers together today. I am one of moderate the first 60 minutes or so. That will feature discussion of Communications Policy issues. With Net Neutrality playing the first and central role in that discussion. We will cover some issues as well. We will announce the results of the poll. Our moderator will take my place and moderate the second half of the discussion. That will focus on issues other than Communications Policy issues. Dataamong them the collection issues in intellectual property policy issues. That, im going to make brief introductions of each of our speakers. I dont need to go into any links in doing that. Who,t you know who is Roslyn Layton is a visiting fellow at the center for informationn of the Technology Policy. A contributed of tech policy. A graduate student at Auburn University in copenhagen, denmark. She focuses on Communications Issues and brings perspective to everything we do. Fellow bennett, visiting and contributor to tech policy daily. He has a long history in internet policy issues. He is an engineer and inventor is of some of the Important Technology that we use every day. , he focuses on International Trade policy, intellectual property, and lately has been focusing a good bit on National Security issues. He will kick off our discussion. Cyber security issues. He will kick off our discussion of the nsa issues in our second hour. Dustin horwitz is a professor at the university of nebraska loss goal. Someone allies made someone whoo has made contributions in his brief career. You will see that in his remarks today. Read swanson and i have known each other for a long time. Based inisiting indiana. Visiting fellow. My partner in the center for Internet Technology policies. Without with those introductions, we are ready to kick off our discussion. We are trying to be brief. We ask able to be concise. We are going have a dialogue among members of the panel. Neutrality,with net moving into consolidation issues. Whether we will see merger activity about broadband issues. We will have two or three brief presentations. We will have some discussion among folks of the dais. We will open the floor to questions. Let me say two things on that. If you havent turned your cell phones off, please do. Secondly, we take questions, we will ask folks to use the microphones because we are being webcast and on cspan today. We want people to be able to hear and understand questions as well as the answers. Let me turn the floor to richard. Talk about the Net Neutrality decision, and where that is likely to go. Good morning everybody. Thank you for coming out. It is a blast to see so many people in the audience. And to realize we are reaching also to cspan, and the people watching the webcast. We are going to make something fundamentally foolish, predictions about what is quite happen in washington policy circles this year. It is not nearly as reliable as baseball predictions i make every year. The oakland as will when will win the world series. Is up to washington. I cant really control that part of it. As goree datadriven organization, one of the key issues certainly that is occupying everybodys attention this week since last tuesday is the notion of Net Neutrality. It is the kind of issue that if you asked three policy wonks, youre liable to get four different definitions. Isdamentally, Net Neutrality certainly from an engineering standpoint a myth. The internet is not neutral. It has never been neutral. It is never going to be neutral. It would be good if it were. Tot we need for the internet do is provide each application of each user, each part of the internet of things with the particular Customized Service that it actually needs to do its job. But, where the notion actually comes from when you try to parse the writer behind it is that it is an expression of the fear. Somehow thoseat of us in the United States in particular are not really getting the proper kind of Broadband Service from our providers that we should expect. On its fear based is no accident in fact the people that are the most vociferous and strong on Net Neutrality are also really telling a narrative about the quality of the Broadband Networks that we have in the United States. That is why i wanted to start this off with a little bit of data. What i have appear on the screen, a chart that ive taken from the data that is collected in the state of the inner report which they publish four times the year. They have been collecting this data since 2006. They have been publishing it since 2000 and eight. They characterize broadband threemance in terms of different ways. Is whats chart shows they call high broadband connectivity. Essentially the percentage of population. A ranking of countries based on the percentage of the population in each country that has access to the fastest broadband speeds. In order to get a high ranking on this scale, the nation Needs Network ofextensive highSpeed Broadband capability, and the currently defined high Speed Broadband at 10 megabits per second. That is not simply the link speed. It is about a third of what the actual speed would be because of the way they measure it. You have to have high span Broadband Networks. They have to be fully deployed across the country. Most importantly, people have to actually be choosing to sign up for the highspeed options. Measurementalworld. It is not an artificial test, like speed tests were yet to decide if you want to test the speed of your connection. This is a test that is drawn from the world world experience the people have accessing the web through optimize content delivery networks. It is the most accurate reflection of the actual speed. They have millions of test points around the world. There are billions of samples taken. They most virtual sleigh, they keep the data online. Validate the to claim that the United States is falling dangerously behind, which with the New York Times told us, you need a Historical Data step. The trendline here in red goes upward. The top ranking country is number one. The u. S. In terms of this metric is number 10. The most recent survey. We have been as low as 27. Back in 2008. As high as number seven. The trendline continues in that upward direction. They have two other metrics. On one of those, we are going steeply up. In another we going slightly down. Validity oftion the whether this is the most accurate way to measure it. Clearly, the proponents of the does not support the thesis that are Broadband Networks are getting screwed. So, if things are doing the direction we want them to, this is just in the wired broadband space, if you look at wireless, it is not and even a comparison. In terms of the most advanced capabilities, the United States leads the world in lte. You do not buy the assumption that the United States is falling dangerously behind, then the argument for a more interventionist policy on the part of the fcc is really quite flimsy. Tom wheeler the fcc is smart enough to realize that. He talked several times about the seesaw model that he is seeing guiding his work as a regulator. Where an industry is doing the right thing. There is no need for the regulator to intervene. If the interest you if they are not doing the right things, they should. The broadband quality of the United States, the affordability , these things are going in the right direction. We are certainly not where we want to be with probably 95 adoption of broadband. That is not an issue that can be addressed by Net Neutrality. On the d c Circuit Decision tuesday, which is the reason that Net Neutrality is the big issue this week, what they basically did, to understand the thesion, was they vacated parts of the fcc Net Neutrality rules that essentially violated the d regulatory consensus that we have held in the United States towards the internet since the clinton administration. For the longest time, tech policy was a bipartisan, not ideological issue in which the actual goals were simply to grow a Technology Industry around the internet in the United States that was served the Public Interest in the best way. What the rules did, according to the court, was they applied a common carrier standard that was devised to the competitive Broadband Internet space scenario, in violation of the fcc determination of Broadband Services should be title i deregulated information services. Inconsistencyear in the fcc determination of where those services fit in the revelatory framework. And the roles they drafted. That they did affirm the Authority Act in the internet space. Which was in fact a big victory for the fcc. Prediction about what is quite happened with Net Neutrality policy, this year, in fact very little. I think there is going to be a lot of gnashing of teeth and wailing about the issue right now. I think that will probably dissipate. This will continue to be an issue that occupies a space inside of the beltway and in tech policy circles. It is surly not going to be an issue that excites the popular imagination. There are too many other things that are more relevant to people. I think there will be some studying of tom wheelers indication that he wants to offer toe basic reevaluate the rules. There are two ways he can do that. He can look at what he can do under title i. You can look at reclassification. The classification is going to be a political fight. It is not the kind of issue that he wants to wade into. , as rosslyn has pointed out, he doesnt want to get bogged down in the issues left over by the previous chairman. He wants to do some things where he can get into an issue, examine it quickly, make a decision, move the agency forward, and make real tangible progress, and contribute to leaving a legacy where we can say after tom wheeler leaves the fcc he left americas networks and better conditions than when he started. Which will happen if he doesnt do a whole lot. Im going to pin you down here. I think i understand your predicament the fcc will not reclassify broadband as a Title Service during 2014, and the fcc will not appeal the court decision. We dont know about thirdparty groups to appeal. I think i hear you pretty can the fcc will not appeal are you predicting the fcc will not appeal. I will predict that. He is what a study the issue. A likely lou a likely lou waysere are different rules can be formulated, the team as it is casebycase review. He is going to rely on the commonlaw approach. If people have propped him spring them to the fcc. A can be dealt with through adjudication. Not everything has to be dealt with in a rulemaking. Im going to ask anyone who wants to weigh in on this issue. We will start with jim. Lets take 1530 seconds. Im not going to weigh them. We have a sophisticated audience here. Everyone maybe not everyone is sophisticated as richard and you are. Define three terms. Title i, title ii, and Net Neutrality. Richard didnt want to define Net Neutrality. I want to make sure that people who are watching on television and elsewhere understand what the terms are. Im going to actually ask answer with expertise to that. We have a lawyer who is an expert on the subject. Defer how ioing to want to characterize Net Neutrality until the end. Title i and title ii referred to titles of the medication sac. It gives the fcc titles of the medications act. The framework for regulating common carrier edge common carriage. Landline Telephone Network systems. Odd authority. It only applies to telephone systems. The fcc has the power to classify the internet as title i or title ii. It has decided to pacify the internet as a title i service. Not entitled to common Carriage Service prayed title i Services Says it is classified allow the fcc to regulate information services. Basically, this is any Communication Network that isnt a common carriage network. The fcc has been approaching regulation of the internet under title i historically. The reason that the Net Neutrality decision happened, and it is interesting, title ii title i cannot treat services as common carriage. Regulate something as common carrier, you can use common carrier you roles. , youu upset the internet have a lot of power to regulate it. What you cannot do is create a title ii regime under title i. What is that in what is Net Neutrality . Is,simplest idea of what it the idea that broadband isps cannot prioritize traffic coming over their networks. Reasons,r technical security threats. To take on agoing specific isp. Timehousecast. Theyre goingat to enter into a deal with bi ngle, a terrible name for a search engine. If you pay us 2 billion a year, all of our customers are going to get are your ties access to your search engine. Google and being, they are going to be deprioritized. Of the one characterizations of Net Neutrality. The concern is that this will happen and folks believe this is a problematic concern. It may be. It may not be. We have not seen at a large scale a problem like this occur that under existing antitrust under existing authorities, the agencies have been able to respond to. Isseems the commissioner saying lets take a step back and wait to see whether or not any of these problems actually occur that require us to use these broad Net Neutrality powers, and if it does they will handle on a casebycase basis. Im going to take it as your prediction. They will not reclassify the fcc they will not reclassify to title ii services. That would be my prediction. I will make one more. As people continue to think neutrality, thereby to islize the same issue animating the transmission consent concerns that we have in the aereo case. That are all cases focusing on the relationship between the content providers, and how content is just to be did. And how content is to should be did and how content is distributed. Were going to start to see them converge and be addressed as a unified set of issues. That is an insightful point. I agree. Does anyone else want to weigh in on these questions . I would just urge everybody to read chairman wheelers casement after the decision was handled up. It was a thoughtful statement about dynamism in the internet echo system internet ecosystem. He will neither reclassify the internet nor appeal the case this year. This is a prediction. [indiscernible] i think the critical issue with the decision is whether it the actualt providers of the billions and tens of billions of dollars that is necessary to continue to build out an increasingly build out the infrastructure on which the interest the internet runs to actually do more or whether were not quite sure because of what the decision said. I am going to say that it will affect them to some the deep degree. Incent in sent them but the fccsions needs to make it clear that they will not appeal and not try to reclassify in order for us to see the real explosion in investment that we need in this country. That is going to happen or not happen . Reclassify or not . My prediction is no reclassification. Any other predictions . We are running out of time. Does anyone else want to make a prediction . Im going to deal with the prettyho have made should unanimously. I dont think they will reclassify. I think it is entirely in the fccs purview because maybe others will appeal. I doubt verizon will appeal. It is possible some of the thirdparties will appeal. I dont think the fcc will go first