Thanks for being here and being interested in living in space. Its not what i do for job, as you just heard, but it is what i used to do for my earlier day job and my first career and it is my first love. I love to think about it, talk about it, and argue about it, and hopefully we will do a little bit of that in the jam session, which is the purpose of it. Im here to talk to you about a topic that is not talked about a lot, the moon, and what humanity could and perhaps should do on the moon. Mars, ime hear about not going to talk much about mars at all tonight, i find it uninteresting. You can ask me about that in q a. You seefirst chart something, lets see if i can get the laser going here. Maybe its off . There we go. This is the earth moon system to scale. For those of you who might want to go to a planet someday, this is a planet you could go to. It takes three days. 2 people have been there there will be more in the future and they wont all speaking less. In fact, the ones who will be back there soon speak a language that is extremely hard for us to learn and very few people learn it because it is spoken on the other side of the world. This is a remarkable thing in the solar system, which is a double planet system, really. Our moon is far larger compared to earth than most moons compared to their host planet. There is all scientific set of hypotheses about how the moon came to be, why its there. Theres a whole other set of hypotheses about what it consists of and how it operates as a planet, how it functions as a planet. Many years ago there was an author and visionary who published, about the human some ofent of space, you may have read his work. He was fined of saying that if god intended man to explore space, he would have given him a moon. My purpose tonight is to give you a sense of the times the kinds of things that could happen and what i want to argue is that the reason they are relevant or you is not only could they happen, they could actually happen in our lifetime, your lifetime, even my lifetime. Thats exciting to think about, contrasted with many things that people think about it will almost certainly not happen in your lifetime. So, what is moon village . This is the head of the space agency and he had an amazing vision a few years ago that he called moon village. Its not a place with a church in the town hall in so forth. What it is is what you see here. It is the notion that multiple actors by which he means governments, companies, investors, and so forth can all come together but do their own thing in a place where they share resources and capabilities, which gives them safety and critical math. In my analysis, i conclude it is not really a single location, there are probably a network of locations linked through transportation systems. This is a very compelling vision, not just technically but for the reason he is promoting it, which is it is more practical for the global space bearing community than a human to mars vision. The reason for that is virtually every player and race today can participate in space today can participate in a man village. That is kind of a modern western concept. This is not a nation eating their trust in trying to outcompete each other for flags and footprints and headlines, this is a community of nations and commercial players operating together, supporting each other, providing each other services in a community, which sounds a lot like what we do on earth. What a weird place for a village. However you define a village. It is a pretty desolate place. Im sure it is even more magnificent when you are standing there, and i hope you so someday written as an architect, i want to talk about some of the strange places where we build cities. The first thing i want to say about this is, as you heard a little for my bio, i thought about this and written about this for a lot of years if your interest in, there are a lot of papers going back many years that we can hook you up with where you can learn more about this. Here is one let us talk about where cities happen. Here is one on the Arabian Peninsula that was lost for many years. It was a city of legend until it was discovered by imagery from space at an intersection of trade routes in what is now the desert what was once a limestone environment full of water. And had the unfortunate attribute that they built the fortress over top of this. It is hollow, it is limestone caverns. That is what makes the shape or the radar dish is. So, it collapsed into the underground caverns oneday and then spawned the legend of ubar. Here is machu picchu. The captives or the offspring of captors were sent to be indoctrinated into ink and philosophy. It is a very strange place because it is built on the top of the mountain in a valley next to the sacred valley of the incas on purpose to be an accessible. Inaccessible. Location was hidden so well conquistadors never found it. Why would you build a city there . This settlement was built 1000 years before the greeks. It was built on a volcano, which then you up blew up, perhaps leading to the legend of atlantis. We are building a new settlement there on the edge. This is sintering santorini. I have lived in both of these places. Houston and washington, d. C. Sometimes rebuild cities under sea level. This is new orleans. You can say the same about a lot in holland. Here is where we are today. Pasadena is right about ther this is a seismically activee. Arid region that needs water from other parts of the state in order to support our lifestyle. This was the station fire in 2009. Here is one, a city of about 2000 people that happens to be on the north slope of alaska. Youd on the why this city is here. The point is cities occurred where there is economic activity. That is why they grow where they grow. If we are going to contemplate any kind of edelmans on another planet, any planet, even a very close planet like the moon, you have to ask a fundamental question of who is going to pay to stick a city on another planet. If you cannot answer this question, it is not going to happen. That is just a harsh fact of life. It is not the loss of physics laws of physics. Heres what is interesting about a man village or a settlement on the moon. There are four types of things you can use people for in space. True they are. There is the one that the u. S. Government has only ever been interested in, which is exploring. There is the one that most people were enthusiasts actually mean when they are enthusiastic about space, which is getting the chance to go and experience it, feel it, see it, witness it, participate in it, and write about it. There is an activity that if you enthusiasts are interested in, which is extracting resources from it for the benefit of earth. And then finally, there is an even Smaller Group of people who probably want to actually just go and live in various places. You can explore, experience, lloyds, or expands. Exploit, or expand. The fascinating thing about the moon is you can advance all four of these in that one place. It is the only place as a human destination in the solar system where all four can come to play. In the analysis i published last year, there are six principles that i think government village activities. The first is about science. It turns out lunar science is fundamental. You all knew this because in star trek, there are only three colors of shirts. Command, engineering, and science. All the interesting one is in the science color, the blue shirt. That is why it is blue here. That is fundamental because we know basically nothing about 1 6 gravity. You know the hopping gait you see in the video of apollo astronauts . That is not because of 1 6 gravity, that is because their suits were so stiff, they couldnt spend their joints. We dont even know how people walk in 1 6 g, let alone all the other things you have to do to be a person in an environment like that. We just dont know. Next, is what i call the practicum. That is because we know nothing about 1 6 g or operating on the surface in a vacuum. All the Little Things you need to know about how industrial processes work inhouse systems he hates and how humans operate and how biology works in that environment is pivotal. You may learn you didnt like the answer but you cannot know that before you go. Experimentation is required. Because the knowledge is pivotal, the fourth principle is if you have that knowledge and Something Else wants it, you can sell it. That is a basic law of economics , and i think that will become an engine of Economic Growth of any type of settlement on the moon. Number five is resources. If you are not producing something you are exporting to somebody who is willing to pay for it, you are not growing. Might be a hobby of the government or a foundation, but you are not going to grow. You cannot grow unless you are extracting wealth from something new and exporting it to somebody else who is interested in. Six is for the divisions we see, to get to that level of sophistication even for a city of 2000 you need a settlement orientation. That covers your choices for lifesupport technologies. Physical chemical or biologicalbased . Which is more scalable and robust . Governs your choices about Construction Materials and where you get them and what you bring from home. If you dont choose to have a settlement orientation at the beginning, that lowers the bar for all the kinds of things you have to do because you can just bring stuff from home, which is far cheaper than developing it there were expecting to depend on it there. So, those six findings are principles that came from a set of finding in my analysis. I will not bore you with all 12, i will just show you a couple that are particularly provocative. Number one, technically we could do it. We meaning the Global Aerospace enterprise with the capabilities that exist around the world. We could do it. Here is a comparison. The International Stage station space station. An amazing accomplishment. If you reduce it to its essence, its power production, its laboratories, it is a way of getting back and forth. It doesnt have to be a shuttle. It could be a dragon, but it is some kind of shuttle. What is the moon village . It is always think the four things we do not have today. A way to get back and forth between the earth and the moon, a way to get to the surface and backup from the surface of the moon, a way to build and maintain things, and then a way to extract materials from what we find there. This alone tells you that if this thing costs 100 billion even because we have most of these things, if this only cost 50 billion, then you have to spend a whole other program to get this stuff. It is the reason why humans to mars is unaffordable and will remain so. All these things are necessary for mars as well and mars is really, really far away. Ok but here is finding number , two. There are rules for all of these all of these players at all scales. Fouris what i call the Big Government agencies. Nasa, the European Space agency, the Chinese Space agency, and the Russian Space agency. Then there are others and then there is we call industry. Old space and new space. The point is, all the things to do in England Village are so diverse and interlock in such a way that there is room for everybody. There is more than enough work to do for everybody to play. That is an important consideration for building a community, a practice, and a community of progress. Growth requires export. You have to export it to somebody who is willing to pay or else you will never grow. This is what i call the topline Budget Constraint problem. The nasa budget is 20 billion a year and it will not double or go up by a factor of 10. All the other space agencies together are about equal in some to the nasa budget. If you expect to present any kind of city worse element or settlement, you need money from somewhere else. Where do you get money . You get it from other Capital Markets and entrepreneurs. Will they buy . What would they buy . The in space one might want gases and things to breathe and so far. So forth. The terrestrial ones might want special elements and things we are much more familiar with in the tourism and entertainment industry. Those are the things to export. I have struggled with this for years i have never yet come up , with anything other than this list. What is interesting is the scale. You can probably find a couple hundred Million Dollars worth of science that governments are willing to pay you. You can find an order are magnitude more than that, still constrained by the governments topline budget for what people are willing to buy from you to use in space, and then the real money comes from the terrestrial market. This begins to give you a sense of what it would require if a man village were to be able to grow moon village were to be able to grow. Finding six, the practical stuff has to come first. Wayok at it this Environmental Management means , learning how to operate in that environment. Industrial operations. How do you do production scale stuff . Manufacture things build things, fix things. Kitchen science. For years i said, you cannot have a space hotel until you can cook and on that and make a martini in space. Nobody knows how to do that, by the way. Nobody knows how to do it. That would be a great reality tv show. Right . Experimenting in the kitchen on the man. The moon. Imagine the accidents that could happen. That makes good tv. How to live and do all the things you know how to do for a community of people. The thing nasa talks about which is preparing to go to, which is mars area all of these thi mars. All of these things need to be learned. Finding seven is learning those things costs and expense of the amount of experimentation because it is on the moon. It is expensive to get there and back in function and survive. To do experiments. All that stuff has to be learned in an expensive if extensive experimental phase that only the big four can pay for. That stuff is learned, once we know what we could get from the moon, we would know how well and how fast could grow capability on the moon or settlement for moon, then the growth comes from group three, the commercial guys. Theyre making stuff they are selling to each other and to everyone else. Government investment is enabling, but commercial enterprise controls growth. The picture that im painting for you is, in my mind, optimistic. Probably didnt seem that way to you. But i think we have learned many times in many fields that the greatest optimism arises from the most critical visions. By critical and envisions that can become real, that meet the requirements of reality. In a world in the world we live in where we see things on screens that appear to be real, they are realistic, they give us a sense of what is real that may or may not be true. So it is best if we actually , understand what is true, what must be true, what cannot not be true so that the visions we fashion and work on together and toward our realizable. As were great things come from. Things that are not just visions but there actually built and they happen. That is how the nation happens. That is how technological process happens around the world. I dont mean to be a wet blanket on mars. More on our visions of stuff we want to do with the moon. I just want to share with you what must happen without which visionary things cannot happen . With that means is taking this place which we see all the time in the night sky and humanity has seen since you it was since it knew it was seeing and reviewing it this way. This is a map of the moon but it is emblematic of appreciating this other place with a surface area as large as africa is full of resources, opportunities, questions, unknowns, and chances for explanation, for experience, for exploitation, and for expansion. I will stop there and ask you guys for questions. There is one already. Then we will get to the gym in a jam in a couple of minutes. [inaudible] so, i will back up. The question is about the potential for manufacturing on the moon. Oh, we have a roving mic. Ok. So, i can use that one and great. If youre asking questions, please ask on the mic. They are being recorded by multiple cameras, so. The question was, what are the potentials for manufacturing from the moon . My answer is it completely depends on the utility of what can be manufactured. So one of my favorites, as an , architect, is there is a lot of native iron in the lunar regulus. Particles of reduced iron because of hydrogen in the solar wind. That means there are particles of iron that can be extracted magnetically and used to make things out of iron, which is an it is a thing we havent done for architectural purposes on earth since the late 19th century. It might even introduce a whole new aesthetic, architecture made out of rock, cast, stone, and iron. I personally find that remarkable. In terms of exporting stuff from the moon to some other place, there are two. One, is using later materials, including metals and glasses for the construction of solar power satellites. The other would be things for earth directly. There are only two bank that have been discussed in literature. They are both problem of uncertainty. One is helium three because it is the fuel for one Nuclear Reaction that might be usable in a fusion reactor for power production, although there is plenty of helium three in sea water. Enough to demonstrate you could build a fusion reaction, which no one has ever done. If you could, and if you could scale it up and use it for energy on earth, then you could strip mined the surface of the moon. The other is rarer elements, which do exist in some concentrations on the moon, particularly on the Northwest Side as we see the near side of the moon up in this area. You guys may know that they must Common Source of rarest elements on earth today is in china. That is where we get most of it far from. The most common use is widespread in advanced technology things. It is in every screen and all your cell phones, in the magnets workmake the Wind Turbines out on the way to palm springs for clean energy. We get all that fancy stuff from china. We could get it from the moon. It is unknown whether that could ever be economical and that to enable a Growth Market on the moon. That was a long answer. You addressed the material and elemental part of the question. I will yield the mic to the person behind me, but i would like to follow up with could you address possibly the aspects of low gravity and the unlimited amount of solar energy . The solar energy on the moon is unlimited, b