[applause] i want to take you on a tour of what the science discoveries from ours are, especially in the last 14 years of our program of exploration known as the Mars Exploration program which is implemented in our jet Propulsion Laboratory and i want to leave you with a thought that the science discoveries i hope to convince you are real and they come from a Large Community of scientists across universities, nasa centers and private industry. They are really the impetus for human exploration of this planet. Many of us have been working these missions. I hope i can give you that sense. Want to remind you of where we are. We are a long way today from ours, even though we are in a close approach right now. I reminded our administrator of this 15 years ago. Mars is not our mother earth. It is a profoundly different world. It does not read our textbooks. Our ideas are changing. There is a Large Community of science working with scientists working with the missions of curiosity. We dont totally know what we have. That is important as we look forward to the era of human exploration. Mars is an everchanging frontier. We are just realizing the questions we have ask you to allow us as aware human explorers on that service to do the jobs we do so well, that situational awareness. This is a view of where we see we are going with curiosity over the next hundreds, and as we drive every day we see elements of the new mars, the same with opportunity, spirit, all the way back to viking. Science organized itself in different ways. For the last almost 20 years, we have looked at mars science thematically, through four primary themes. We would like to know whether we are alone in this universe. And is a profound question he goes back further than we can record in history. Ofting into the question life, active biological systems, is a really tough question. It took humanity a long time on earth to understand the past record of life on our planet. Even sometimes the extent level of life. That was a joke. Get into the question of life, we need to look through the record books, recording elements of Climate Change, change of environment, the rock record, the pages in stone that dont lie but are not always available to us, and through the preparation for having us be there to make those discoveries. We have organized our program through these themes following different threads, understanding the role of water. Mars is a water planet. Understanding whether there are places that could be inhabited by organisms, and understanding what the signs of life are and, could they be preserved. If they were there and not preserved because they cannot be , we need to parse those through our program. What we have done for the last 14 years with the restructured was develop a robotic science exploration program. Every step is driven by questions we have had, hypotheses we are testing, things about mars we want to in many ways enhanced by technologies, new approaches, new measurements. The mars we have seen during the course of this program goes all the way back to around 2000, and moving forward, it is about questions, measurements, approaches. The same way people would attack problems in science. This is all about stem. It puts together the engineering, science questions, the math and technology to solve problems. We have been doing that remarkably effectively. Many teams in Major League Baseball would love to have it. It is a partnership with engineering. We cannot do all of this without engineers helping us do that. Many of these missions survive today, way beyond design life, opportunity being a good example. Let me splay in the discoveries we have been making. This would be the movie version. Many of my colleagues would like to tell it. Let me try to do that. Let me remind you, the mars we see is rather foreboding. Its not really waiting for us. Is oxidizing, cannot breathe the air, lost its Magnetic Field, though to understand why the surface is covered with large deposits that are very inconvenient. Micron scale, not good for spaces or rovers or actuators or camera lenses. Go for not the place to your summer vacation. Scientifically, it is. We have learned that since the first voyages of the 1960s and into the viking era. It is what we see and what we get are really a little bit of a misnomer for what really mars has done. We have to look at the mars today and project back in time to a planet that we think records in its record book something to really help us understand our planet earth. Mars has an extremely rarefied atmosphere today. We have often talked about the temperature on our toes versus our head. Through gradients of tens of degrees. Common on mars. The kind of surface liquid water would like here on earth, necessary for microbial life, cannot exist today. , at least on state the short term, is unstable. That could change. Mars does Climate Change really well. The record of water on mars in the minimals and landscapes, and much wherever we look is there. We learned that. If someone said we discovered water on mars, one of our science colleagues will say we kind of knew that, thank you. What does that mean . How much was there . Where did it go . How would that have affected the geological history, the climate, and looking for signs of life . Many of us believe the mars we see today at one point reflected a history where water was a prominent surface feature. Lakes and seas covered the lowlands. The reason we can do this kind of study is because way back in the 90s we made measurements of the fine scale topography and character of the landscape, so we can flood mars and go back in time and ask what it would have been like. That is what we have done. This allows us to figure out the land in an engineering sense. We flood mars. These areas would have been underwater, and we see landscapes that reflect some of the signs that you more for clean in the rocks and the landscape to tell us this may have been the case. We are still looking for the shorelines and how that would be reflected in the shape of the planet. We see that. Then there is a question of the record of life. On earth we sort of know that, or we think we do. We look back in time to the earliest times of our planet. The planet became at least habitable by the single celled we knowto the world with primitive dna, a few billion years ago, that is recorded in the records. Things got better in terms of the atmosphere and more complicated organisms, eventually us came about. Think we knowe very simplistically about on earth. We see records of these things recorded in the record on our planet, which is extremely dynamic. Could this have happened on mars, and could it have been preserved . If it happened and its not preserved we cant tell. How do we ask, is the mars of today reflecting a history like this or a flat line history or even a history of extant life . What we did 14 years ago after some setbacks in Mars Exploration in the late 1990s, we restructured the entire program. Thebest women and men in country together, working with our team. We put together a Mars Exploration team driven by science with a strategy that go . , where do you its a big planet. You cant go everywhere. Lets understand where the action is from orbit, with land where the action is, and move around as if we were there. Apollo without the astronauts. And eventually get to a point analysiscan do in situ and return stuff from mars to earth. While we were doing this we realized there were media rights delivered to us from mars, favorably by mother nature. Meteorites delivered to us from mars, favorably by mother nature. Rangers like phoenix, and curiosity, and moving onto [indiscernible] on the way, we have really rewritten the textbooks. Those young millennial stemmers will see a new mars in the textbooks 2014. We did not know about the paleo Magnetic Field back then. Some of them have huge science value. The topography which is good enough to land things on. Understanding of the minerals in context of dust, the character of the family planet. We have seen complexity over time. Let me fill in the tape. Over those years, what we have been able to do for our missions is increase the resolution and thedetail across wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to see the planet. Observingmini mars system in place now on the surface in orbit to study this world. Some of them tell us about the character of what the service is like. Others tell us about the character at the scale we would walk on. When we first put together the roadmap that have cameras that can see things the size of beach balls on the planet, many colleagues said, we dont need that. I can say now with some able to buildwere these amazing instruments for orbit. The success of those have allowed us to watch ourselves drive on the planet and make choices that help us with where we are. What did we learn from all of this . We started to see exposures should exposures. Rockionships between layers the history of water and wind on the surface. We went from an era of first landing viking this is viking 2 there is the flag, of course. Amazing site. The probability of landing safely in this Boulder Field was about 40 to 50 . We did not know it was a Boulder Field and we landed anyway. We landed with new delivery pathfindere airbag sojourner, moving onto the era of the rovers which gave our Program Division at the surface to ask the tough questions that beget curiosity, where we are today. Startingce missions, with the first lander on another planet from viking, have painted a continuously changing picture. Super desert, nothing would survive that. Transitioning into the walk mars we sawk world with pathfinder into the history of water world that we saw and still see with the rover into this world we are probing with new instruments with curiosity. What have we learned . A lot. We still have not assembled the jigsaw puzzle. Mars has lots of interesting variations in compositions. Avalanches, vulcanism, impact craters, that expose the surface like natural drill rigs. This together with areas where we have seen the water. Theres a little trench from our phoenix Scout Mission in 2007. Exposing the water that we measured and verified. We have seen surface layering with radars that have been partnered with italy through the polar caps that show us the way the climate record on mars is put together. All this paints a picture for a planet that is really profoundly andresting, alluring, compelling to get ourselves there. There are still problems. On our convenient earth we have mother natures Natural Force , protecting us from all that nasty stuff that bill and mike talk about that you would experience if you left the protective sheath of our Magnetic Field. Mars does not have bumps on it. It has relic magnetic signatures we discovered from the surveyor. We think that mars inside versus earth is very different. We are a dan amick planet exchanging injured dynamic planet exchanging energy. Mars, that story changed. Maybe it wasnt quite big enough to retain the convective energy to do that. There are new missions we would like to fly. Insight will contribute to understanding this picture as it launches in 2016. A different world. Of places diversity on mars, and the things you see here in terms of these strange names of mineral stages, i will not go through them at nausea with you. Everyone of them has a bearing on how you record the history of water and sediments that could preserve potentially the history of life, if it is preserved as organic chemicals. Things seen all these since we began our program in 2000. Gives us the impetus to want to be there, to want to touch the rocks that contain molecules, to go to the place with chloride that might preserve records of life. We see chloride deposits in earth on supercold in supercold, dry places on earth that preserve microorganisms. Able toalso been organize the landscapes of mars in time, from the early time before the floods of early mars all the way to the present through the different landscapes we have measured from orbit with these powerful reconnaissance steps. The mars reconnaissance orbiter still relating most of the data from curiosity is a recon asset like no other we have ever sent into deep space. We put it in there in 2000 against many colleagues to give us the vision to be able to do this. This is a record book. We have fossil river deltas on mars. Imagine what the Mississippi River delta would look like in 10 million years. Places that reflect the layering history of the role of water. Pummeled by the stuff of space. Our atmosphere shields us. Everyone of these blemishes on the order of 300 of them tell us about the shallow interior of as it is affected by the exegetical world of space. Exogenic world of space. On mars, they are not meteor showers. Some of the bigger ones excavate craters the size of football stadiums to small cities, and they expose the shallow subsurface. That is important. What you see on the surface is not always what you want to see when you measure things on mars about some of these very tough questions we are asking. We have also discovered that mars experienced major changes. From the time it was wetter, and the kinds of volcanoes that erupted work explosive erupted were explosive, to the kind that are today oozing la vas. We have also seen with our rovers and amazing history of water and the rocks. This is something we had not anticipated. We rename things, blueberries and new berries in different sites. We asawn sheeted rocks. We began this program in 2001 we looked at the identity of putting the most powerful Vantage Point we could. This behemoth the size of a minicooper or vw bug carries with it 14 experiments, including ones that deal with weather and radiation. For dissent imaging, chemistry in different ways. A beauty,en performing beyond any expectation. I will give you a brief synopsis. We had made more measurements and even the slide pervasive, almost 500 gigabytes of data has been released. Everything ranging from our own good job, curiosity to the measurements we have made without actually touching rocks, by using laser induced breakdown. A partnership with france. The instrument that can measure things on mars as good as the labs that measure the rocks that buzz brought back from the moon, we can do that on mars without bringing it home. Talk about engineering vision. Science can now measure parts per billion at the level of detection where we can see that we contaminated aspects of our experiment with air. Are a long way from home. They are small dots relative to this dust view from curiosity. Laboratory, even though sometimes she moves up the pace of a giant tortoise, is an amazing feat of engineering as she makes her measurements. She is seeing things that to me as a geologist are spectacular. These conglomerate to crocs with bits of rock made of other rocks is what we expect to see when streams and rivers leave deposits that are baked into stone. This is geo one. Here it is on mars. Water flowed. Shallow water. We now know what it was made of. We drilled mars. The surface,ed measured down centimeters, collected it and made measurements inside our billy with this integrated belly with this integrated spectrometer. It allows us to measure exactly what made the stuff you see here. You can see the surface materials we have excavated are not the classic brownread, brownred. What we have discovered on mars is there are environments on mars that are habitable. The buildup of the chemistry we know and love, this is the classic elemental stuff we need for life to exist. The minerals and oxidation suggest there was energy, the kind of energy that some microorganisms used on earth. We have found habitability works on mars. What might have been there. That is the challenge we face with curiosity and beyond. One of the things we did, not even imagine when we launched the mission. We took that rover with its mass spectrometer and we were able to use it to measure not only what stuff was made of, but by using some clever chemistry, our teams at caltech were able to measure the actual age of the rocks. This was a huge goal for mars, as early as 2000. We also measured the surface exposure rays. ,hile the rocks are really old older than any rock on earth, they have only been exposed for a few tens of millions of years. What we see in those rocks exposed is very important. We now know from new lab work it has been done that has been were that nasty stuff we talking about earlier today destroys organic molecules. If you sit them there for tens of millions of years, they will not look organic. Be more creative and clever. We think we understand the materials buried deeper relative to these little hills are protected from space radiation relative to those who are constantly being scavenged by the wind. If youre trying to find organic cannotes, you really look out on the parking lots. They will be baked by radiation for tens of billions of years. Have to go into places where they are exposed or more protected. This will be important for human explorers to understand that when we start exploring ourselves. The mars we see today is like the badlands of the american southwest or mongolia. Layered rocks. We love them. Ofs is an artists rendering what the ancient mars could have been like. The measurements we made of these isotopes of key elements suggest that we can possibly understand the earlier atmosphere of mars to be a window into whether it could have been habitable. This could help us understand what kind of place we could ask is our record of past life. We have done that. The mars we see doesnt not look like beachfront to rain today. Not look like beachfront terrain today. We know it was habitable. What we dont know is how long that stage of habitability existed. Our science team on curiosity and in the mars program is trying to understand that. Was it a long period . Did it cycle . Carl sagan talked in much better language than i about the nature of climate on mars. We dont know. We have more measurements to make. That is why the robotic program, the science push for human exploration to open our eyes to the window are so important. Humor. To show one bit of we found interesting rocks on mars that one of our scientists found. We did not find a mummified seal on mars. Your imagination can take you wherever you want it. I found my initials many times. Some people think they found walmart. More importantly, we have been pursuing this line of reasoning. We have found the water. Water has altered rocks. We have discovered there were habitable zones on mars, certainly in gale crater. We are still looking for this one. Connecting these things up to here, and may be able take this. Maybe we will get so far and then it will tak