[piano playing] Ground Control to major tom Ground Control to major tom lock your hatch and put your helmet on, Ground Control to major tom commencing countdown engines on detach from station and may gods love be with you brian how long did it take you to do this video . Col. Hadfield a couple hours. Saturday afternoon on a space station. I had done the audio a few months prior. My son had said, dad, you have to have video to go with the audio. I floated around inside the space station, just sang the song a couple of times. Thinking, what would make an interesting backdrop . My son edited it on the ground. It is amazing to see the result of that, how it has led people to see life on a space station and therefore , in a different way. Brian how many people have seen this . Col. Hadfield it has been seen over 25 million times. I do not know how to measure it beyond that. Brian what happened after this was out in the ether . Col. Hadfield the interesting measure of it is, my son released it on a sunday night. You are coming home on monday. I was helping ready the Russian Space station. I knew that was out there. Came back, big fiery reentry on the plains of kazakhstan. Our vehicle rolled to a stop. Russian technicians come up, open the hatch, drag the commander over, and they saw me. And he said, chris, i saw your video. It was great. That was my welcome back to earth not even 24 hours later that i had the idea. Just a small fatherson music project had reached all the way to the plains of kazakhstan. Brian what year did you do it . Col. Hadfield it was the last few days i was on the spaceship. 2013. Brian lets do some of the Little Things before the bigger things. Where were you born . Col. Hadfield i was born in a town called sarnia where lake huron joins lake erie. Just on the canadian side of the canadianu. S. Order in ontario. Brian what service did you go into . Col. Hadfield i joined the Canadian Armed forces, the Royal Canadian air force, and sorbet t served a tour with the u. S. Air force and 21 years at nasa. Brian how many times did you go in space . Col. Hadfield i flew in space returns. The first was three times. The first was on atlantis. The second was to build endeavor and do a couple spacewalks. The third was to live on the International Space station on a russian rocket, the soyuz. Brian what is the difference between a russian astronaut and a canadian astronaut or american astronaut . Col. Hadfield very little. To take all 7 billion of us and you set tight requirements and constrictions and filter people that apply and choose 18 he tiny representative sample of humanity. That filter, whether it is japanese chinese, european, it tends to spit out the same sort of person. The language is different. But once you get all of us in a room, we have a lot more to talk about than you might think. Brian how different is the Russian Space program from the american Space Program . Col. Hadfield the American Program and the Russian Program really set the standard for the world from the beginning with sputnik in 1957 and the early american unmanned and the race to the moon. It set the tone of it and what space agencies should look like. They have a lot of similarities. It requires a huge amount of infrastructure. The time it takes is longer than any political cycle. It has its own sort of environment. A great sense of technological bride. And pride of accomplishment for something new for humanity. There is a lot of similarities between the two. The russians have put a lot of effort into longterm human habitation of space. Nasa put a huge amount of effort into getting people to the moon and the shuttle program. They are closely linked on the international station. It is a nice balance of expertise. I was nasas director of ops in russia for several years. There are more similarities than differences. Brian how many videos have you made about space . Col. Hadfield someone told me about 100. I served as an astronaut for 21 years. I am not sure how that sounds to people, 21 years. Neil armstrong was an astronaut for eight years in the accelerated pace of the race to the moon. 21 is a long time to serve in the Astronaut Corps especially as a canadian. In that time, i spoke i could not count the number of schools and businesses. I thought, if i ever get to orbit for a while, live on a space station i am going to make a little video to answer questions that everyone has been asking me for two decades. I crammed a lot in. People at the Canadian Space agency turned them out into Youtube Videos. Hundreds of millions of people have watched the videos. It was a great way to share the experience. Brian you have a book, and astronauts guide to life on earth. The paperback is out in 2015. We are going to another video, selfexplanatory. [video clip] col. Hadfield we take our asparagus and hydrated. You can see what it is like to eat asparagus in space. This is where i am going to rehydrate the asparagus. Right here. You dont want to lift the spoon too much or the food will fly everywhere. Imagine trying to mix in other food with this if the package is already full. It is not possible. You cannot hold two or three of these at once. You kind of need to eat one and then the other. Brian what does asparagus taste like up there . Col. Hadfield i have not seen that since the day i made it. Most of our food went through a water dispenser. The food is dehydrated. It saves weight getting up to space. You would think rehydrated asparagus would be disappointing to eat. But actually, it holds its texture pretty well. It has a fibrous but chewable texture that asparagus has. Quite a strong flavor as well. Asparagus weathers space travel pretty well. Brian how did you do the actual recording . Col. Hadfield it is really busy on a spaceship. I think the fact that i made a bunch of videos maybe gives the impression that all i did is make videos. But you will notice that i was just by myself because five other crewmembers are busy running everything. I said, im going to eat some asparagus. Set up the camera and take 30 seconds to film it. I have been the subject of many documentaries in my life. I sort of watched how professionals do it. You need the shot that shows the scene, does the introduction, then an action, then a closeup. When you are finished, try to bring it all together. It is not a complicated. I would just make 15 little clips and overnight, when the communication with station was quiet, we could send all the video to the ground. A very talented lady at the Canadian Space agency turn all those into a twominute Youtube Video and fired it off to the world within a day. And you would not believe the letters and emails and School Teachers and kids and everybody that watch to those as part of environment classes. The use them for so many different purposes. I am really pleased that i recorded daily life on a station. Brian what are you doing today . How big is your family and where do you live . Col. Hadfield my wife and i have been together for years this year. We have three kids, all around 30ish. One lives in china, one lives in chicago, one lives in toronto. My wife and i have lived in california, maryland houston and russia, but we recently moved back to toronto. I split my time between a bunch of things. I teach at university. I work with schools electronically through skype. I have written a couple books. I give a lot of lectures. I am on the space Advisory Board for canada to help the government decide what to do. I play a lot of music and perform with symphonies. I am coming up with the vancouver symphony next. The first book is being made into a tv show in hollywood. There is a series of youtube science videos and documentaries in the works. Lots of different things. Brian what kinds of questions do you always get from kids . Col. Hadfield there is a fundamental difference between what a young person asks and what an adult asks. At first, i was bemused by it. But i thought about it. An adult will ask me, what is it like in space . Sort of an aimless question. It is sort of like saying, what is it like on earth . What i realized is a kid will ask, when you exhale in space if heat does not rise, why does your breath not just slowly collect and suffocate you . I think the difference is, by the time you have reached some level of adulthood, you have put limitations on your life. You have decided, these are the things that are never going to happen in my life. Your level of engaged curiosity drops way off. Whereas if you are nine years old and you are watching a video of someone explain weightlessness and what that actually means, they see themselves as part of that process. It is one of the many things that may still happen in my life their life. They become very engaged. If they are engaged mentally they are challenging themselves to think new things and perhaps make decisions with their lives that will expand who they are. Brian how big is the canadian Space Program . Col. Hadfield it is tiny. The canadian Space Program, the budget of the entire program, is less than the communication budget of nasa. Just a few hundred people. But it has a lot of bang for the canadian buck. We were the third nation in space after the soviet union and u. S. The have had eight astronauts in space. We have a lot of satellites orbiting the world. We lead the world in robotics and telecommunications. It is little but purposeful. Brian another video, this one has to do with liquids. Col. Hadfield they do not behave the way you would expect. [video clip] col. Hadfield the average person on earth uses 350 liters of water a day over 1400 cups of water. Water consumption is critical on earth and even more so on the International Space station where we have a closed environment. From washing ourselves to making coffee, the water that is expelled is collected in a purification system. We reclaim about 93 of all the water. We even recycle our urine. Ewww. Col. Hadfield before you cringe at the thought of drinking left over urine the water we end up with is pure than more of the water you drink at home. That makes the International Space station its own selfcontained environment. A critical step towards living long periods off planet earth. Brian how long does it take you to get used to drinking urine . Col. Hadfield we all drink reprocessed urine every day. Dinosaurs were here for millions of years, and all the water on earth passed through a dinosaurs kidneys at some point. The real question is, do you have a good vacation system . Purification system . When ever you flush a toilet, it does not magically disappear. It goes into a process to purify it. The difference on a spaceship is you know whos urine it was. It is different if it is a little more personal. The process is much more close. To leave earth, to turn our tail and leave, we have to go from 93 water recycling to 100 water recycling. We do not have an infinite supply on a long voyage. We will have to find a way to improve the that. One of the things we are doing on the space station is proving technology that has to work in weightlessness without breaking down basically forever if we are going to not just orbit the world. Brian how long has the space station been up there . Col. Hadfield the first piece was launched in 1998. We have People Living permanently in space, which is a significant thing to say. We as a species have people permanently living in space since november of 2000. Coming up on 15 years. When we look back and say, when was it we left earth, it was november of 2000. Brian how big is it . Col. Hadfield if you were in it, you would be amazed how huge it is. Part of the beauty is, you are weightless. Square footage does not mean anything. It is a threedimensional environment. In this studio, we could be in this corner or that corner. You can take advantage of volume better. As a scale, it is like a couple big airliners with a door in between. There is only six people on board. If you think of a couple big airliners and only six people you can go half a day without seeing another person. Brian when you sleep, how long do you sleep . Col. Hadfield that is up to the astronaut. Nasa pumps out a schedule of intricate, directive detail like you would not believe. There is an electronic screen with a red line that tells you what you are supposed to be doing every five minutes for sixmonth that you are up there. Imagine if your life was directed to that degree. It tells you when you are supposed to go to sleep and when you are supposed to wake up. If you want to get something personal done, make a music at io, for example you do that in the time you are supposed to be asleep. Nasa gives us seven hours a night, but i got about five. Brian do you take medicine in space . Col. Hadfield we have a full pharmacy on board and get trained as emergency medical technicians. Trained for basic dental work, surgery, just in case someone got badly hurt. So our medical team has stopped the space station with all the supplies you need, just in case someone got hurt. But we launch healthy people, higher healthy people. We make sure they are extremely healthy before we launch the. They are monitored carefully from the ground. Even though we have medicine on board, maybe you take some headache pills, but you cannot catch a cold. It is a pretty careful environment. Stay healthy the whole time. Brian we have some video of sonny williams. Col. Hadfield she did a bunch of videos of herself. Brian you can see her on the screenwriter. Right there. [video clip] you do not have the sensation of line down. Here is one sleep station right here. You can follow me if you want. I am inside. It is sort of like a little phone booth, but pretty comfy. I have a sleeping bag right here that weve been. We sleep in. You can sleep anywhere. I have a sleeping ceiling. I am on the floor, but it does not matter if i turn over and sleep upside down. I do not have any sensation in my head that tells me i am upside down. Brian how much privacy do you have when you sleep . Col. Hadfield it was one of the concerns when nasa and International Partners were designing the space station. What does a person need for privacy . Especially if it is a tightknit crew . One of the things we learned when we did it wrong, by expediency on apollo or the shuttle, where there is no privacy, is that a little privacy is a good thing. What suni was showing us, we had these tiny sleep pods, a little taller than i am, slightly wider than my shoulders. When you are in there, it has little saloon doors that swing close and have a little magnet holding them. There is a nice fan so you do not suffocate. It gives you a little place that is your own. It does not need to be much. But for the longterm Psychological Health of the crew, it is nice to have a little introspective location. Brian who owns the space lab . Col. Hadfield it is 15 different nations. Ownership is a complex issue internationally. The way we have determined who has access, who has authority, is basically proportionate to how much you put into it. Whether you build one of the modules or paid for a part of it. It is divided across 15 partners proportionate to the amount of gdp or whatever they put into building it. Brian who has put in the most . Col. Hadfield the u. S. And russia are the dominant partners. They either built or paid for the building of most of it. Two big Mission Controls in moscow and houston. There is a Mission Control montreal, germany, japan. The predominant i do not know what the right word would be the main control is with nasa and houston. The russians, because they built a whole segment, they are very active in the program. When we had a software or hardware program, the russians can take over and control things. When they have a serious problem, we can do the same favor for them. That has saved our bacon countless times. Brian how many pieces are there to the space station . Col. Hadfield more than you think. Each piece had to come up in a rocket or the back of the space shuttle. Each rocket limits the size of the peace. The russian pieces are built in moscow and shipped to kazakhstan. So the limit to their pieces is the height of the Railway Overpass and length of railcars. They have several modules. Nasa has several modules. Japanese have a couple modules. If you looked at it, it would feel like you are in a 12 bedroom house. Not 12 bedrooms. 12 room building. Brian do you stay in your own area . Col. Hadfield the station is an International Space station. You stay in the area where your work is, but your work could take you anywhere on any given day. Often, you will be working a suite of experiments and may spend 80 of your week in the japanese laboratory, but you could be anywhere else. Brian here is Chris Hadfield trying to cry in space. Col. Hadfield here is a common question can you cry in space . Lets try it out. Im going to take some water put it in my eye. We will see what happens. Just as if i started crying, my eyes are full of tears. You can see it just forms a ball. In fact, i can put more water in. So if you keep crying, you just end up with a bigger ball of water in your eye until eventually it crosses your nose and into your other i eye or spreads over your cheek. Brian what is your relationship with water in space when it does what it just did in the video . Col. Hadfield you have a Great Respect for water because it is a limited resource and you recognize how precious it is. You try to never do anything where the water is going to end up in the trash we sent back to earth. We want to wring all the water out of everything so it can get recycled. It is also a huge threat to us because on earth, water falls to the ground. If you had electrical wires in the walls of your house, they are not liable to be submerged. Give water can float anywhere, think of how you would have to change the Electrical Panel in your house or a simple light switch if you knew that at any given moment, the light switch could be under