I think that that signs up his view of it. He writes about technology and culture. The guardian, the new republic, mit tech review and his work has been included in the science and nature writing. I cannot note that in his biohe also says in the early 1980s he was a founding number of the universally unnoticed group and i want to give you sense up behind the stage banter that we were having. These guys all know each other they say that he and neck have been disagreeing for more than a decade. And he also describes it as a walking bummer. [laughter] there is no pessimism in davids view. Antiis a bit more moderated and then we will hear the doom and gloom area and david, start us off, he is the author of enchanted objects. I want to show you an image of my living room. Its a couple of minutes and that will illustrate many of the products that i talked about in the book. Enchanted objects have the same functionality as before except for now they can talk. These are ordinary things and have extraordinary capabilities when we are creating technology for the home am a we want to make something that is seamless and transparent as opposed to having things draw your attention to it. Making it a more ambient experience. We will continue to behave as those everyday objects are viewed in the world and we can remain focused on this between two people. And what we are seeing is the proliferation of different devices that are moving out from the cell phone and onto our bodies and into the world. In the middle of the living room, there is a coffee table that has google earth. And i just found that having access to this amazing map changes how often we talk about travel and the world and how often we look of places that are mentioned. And its nice to have this object sitting in the middle of our living space. The devices can be a lot simpler. It can just be an umbrella that only shows whether its going to rain. Youll need to tap on an icon or do anything that seems artificial. And so this can be a platform that we personalize and we customize. The key is how do we create this that allows us to move from one experience to the other in a more seamless way. Some people might think that this would be overwhelming and i think about how we decorate our homes today and we put photographs everywhere and paintings and post it notes and theres a lot of decoration and the doorman in the home. I think that enchanted objects designed in the right way, we want hundreds of them around us. What we are going to see is a new renaissance where designers as well as scientists are going to make a really big impact in the type of technology that we see. And the history of computers has mostly been about proficiency. I think one of the things that is changing is that enchanted objects can be about adding motion and magic to the fabric of our everyday lives. So i think in the book as we describe the different relationships to technology and how there is a huge wave sweeping, taking technology from this that seems to be monopolizing this back and forth and these things were designed in the age of the interfaces for smart phones where we had microsoft dos. A computer does Something Back and then you do something and there is a huge opportunity now that all have a little bit of technology and Artificial Intelligence that can simplify the relationship to technology as you can see in terms of this and jewelry and all the things that we will have there. So from the examples that i showed that this will impact felt in a positive way, impact transportation in a positive way and housing. The apartments, they had like a big wall, its like a richer dispenser and so it comes out and theres all these space hogs it had before it can be nested way so you can live downtown in new york or singapore for less than 1. 3 million. This is the cost of Square Footage today. And i think as we illustrate this in the poster that i broadview, a way to think about what should we make now that technology is affordable enough and small enough for everything. And i made this periodic table and divide it up the things that we could have based on human desire. So i go back to fairy tales and comic books and i think about what our human aspirations that could be satisfied with new technology. I talk about objects for this ignition. About half are real and half of them are prototypes. And this includes human to Human Connection like the little cabinet to my sixyearold can talk to, my parents who are in wisconsin, as often as they want to, i dont have to set up a connection, they just open the portal and the other person as they are. Or the desire for immortality and these objects that help us understand ourselves and our behaviors and give us a digital self portrait that nudges us towards being healthier versions of ourselves. Objects that make travel easy and the last one is objects for personal expression. Once the other desires are being satisfied, we can spend more time with personal expression like things that make painting easier or guitar hero or lego bricks, which makes sculptures or inventing robots easier. And so that is quickly a Position Technology and that includes this new same that i call enchanted objects. David has a number of his posters later. [applause] the next up is andrew mcafee. He is at the center for Digital Business at mit. He was previously a business professor at the Berkman Center for society. Thank you all for coming out. This is already a really good day for me because ive been described as the optimist. In our book came out in january and it is called the second machine age. I want to talk a little bit about where this comes from. And first i want to underscore davids optimism about the world we are creating with Digital Technology. And i am concerned with economic prosperity. Its hard to believe that this is the single biggest change became in the late 18th century and has been going on ever since. Its a story about what happens when powerful Technology Enters human history. We have really good evidence going back hundreds if not thousands of years and it tells us that theres no Economic Growth and almost no population growth and no advance in the state of civilization. For honestly thousands of years until the late 18th century and you can grab these things like this. And the story about why that happened is a Technology Story and the main thing that changed is that we finally have power to let us overcome the limitations and that continues in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with electrical power in the internal Combustion Engine and its like nothing else. Its a lot of Technological Progress. And it does spread. What we are witnessing now thanks to innovations like the one david talked about is what we call the second machine age where we are overcoming limitations of our minds and senses thanks to Digital Technology as we overcome this in the first machine age. I cannot conclude anything else except this is going to be the best Economic News on the planet for sometime to come. So you think, how can you possibly get this and the reason that comes in is as we look at the evidence, its absolutely true and Technological Progress is the only free lunch that we believe in. The problem is there is no economic law that says that this has to benefit everybody equally. The progress can easily be biased towards some groups and away from other people. The main people that it is biased against is the fulcrum in the second machine age and the people that want to offer this labor to the economy, they dont have in demand or differentiated skills. They are finding it really hard to get a job at a wage that is going to be healthy and acceptable for them. So we see that the average American Family is no better off today than they were in the late 1990s and is slowly going backward in some measures as well. The middle class in this country and around the world is clearly getting hollowed out. People at the low end are actually doing okay and they work and the physical world. And that includes gardeners and massage therapists. Their jobs are the robots cannot do yet. And the technology has already been really good at those and that is explaining the polarization and the hollowing out. And when we look around, we saw astonishing advances in Artificial Intelligence and autonomous vehicles. And this is becoming problematic in some ways it helps me understand the rise in inequality and plight of the worker. Unless we figure out intelligent ways to intervene, those trends are going to continue and i believe theyre going to accelerate. So the challenge that i see coming with technology are these economic challenges and i always love nick because he gives me new things to think about. So i find myself reliably disagreeing with him. Andrew mcafee hook is the second machine age. And nicholas carr, his book is the glass cage. Since i am the appointed doom and gloom guy, i really feel like i should be up at the pulpit. This is the optimistic take. In the future you wont have a job, but you will have a really cool umbrella. [laughter] and i would like to take a slightly different view and look at a bit of a different question as we look ahead or look at what is going on now and we think about how computers are changing. And when we rely on machines to perform our jobs, do the talents fluorish or do they weather . And that is a very old question that people have been asking for least 2000 years, back to the ancient greeks. Its a question that kind of encapsulates the fundamental ambivalence about labor saving technology. You know, you will save us or it will destroy us. And that is captured in the title of todays session and i was happy to see the word a. M. Been there. And i think that the question is is a it more today than it ever has been . Whether we are going to florence in this new environment or whether we are going to see the quality of our lives diminish. Including providing evidence about automation through computers and software through the professional jobs. And on the other hand automation itself as the first wave of Industrial Automation in the 1950s. And they raised productivity. And its also presented as an emancipator. And what we found out in reality is something very different than that promise. The Business School professor in the late 1950s went out and actually did Exhaustive Research on what was happening in the industrial or and he went in to their teener 16 Different Companies including a wide range of industries from companies that made automotive engines to ones that were baking bread on an industrial scale. What he found out in large part is that their skills did not rise up. The jobs are not rise up for it and in fact he went down. They went down throughout all of these sectors. Instead of turning the factory worker into these higher skilled people, they turn it into a Specialized Labor the became a Machine Operator in the pusher of buttons and that sums it up in a report that he gave to the government. And the lesson is that its not true that sophisticated equipment to wires skilled operators. And so i think that that is a lesson that we are learning again on a much broader scale. Today as we see computer automation move into all of these professional jobs across the economy, we are often given an optimistic view that says oh, well, as soon as we dont have to do these routine jobs, we will have more strategic jobs or aesthetic jobs or some kind of higherlevel skills called in to play. But if you look at the evidence across many different jobs these days and you see something different. And if you look at how doctors are coming to work when they are doing a diagnosis with the computer and when you look at managers. What you see is not people being raised up and you have a lot of complex different ways to interact with the world to express your skills and thoughts to a more homogenized economy where more and more people are either watching screens or have data into screens and providing backup should it fail. This is not only happening in the professional economy but its happening in lots of our individual personal lives. All you have to do is probably look at your own behavior and go out afterwards to do all sorts of everyday tasks. If you want to get to another place and you wont be recommendation for what movie to watch, even when you want to socialize that activity is mediated by Companies Like facebook. What this does is make us more dependent upon computers and technology and less likely to engage with the world and less likely to engage a greater talent and opens the world to us. What we see is what we struggle with and this has been going on since the human race first emerged. Great tool users and is absolutely essential to our survival including our ability to lead aid for filling satisfying life. But we always have two choices when it comes to this. We tend to use them in a way to engage with the world and take on hard challenges and use our talent and analytical talents, judgment making talent in a way that leads to more for filling work and activity because one thing we know about it is that we actually arent very happy when everything is made easy for us. And that includes accomplishing hard things or you can go the other way, which is you can use the technology as a type of barrier between you and the world and all its complexity and this includes very simple tasks and decisions. And so what i would and what is that it we should encourage you to take a different view of technology and what we have come to do is judge these things as purely economic inefficiency including means of production and consumption. And so if we think about them in that way, the demand that even the computer tools are designed to enrich our experience rather than impoverish it, as i think more and more is being done, we will actually create the future well created human beings rather than wellsuited to robots. Thank you. [applause] i have to say it was a former editor at harvard is this review. Only their wood Weed Research where someone visits 12 to 15 companies to be described as comprehensive. And i just completely disagree. The actual Systematic Research shows that there is a consistent upgrading of the skills even as it became much more automated and it became the worlds best Education System because as demanded a more highly skilled set of workers. We are looking at it from two different angles. So what does it mean to the particular jobs or you can look at it as what does it do to the mix of jobs. What you are saying is that the increase in productivity nevertheless created Bigger Companies with more complex management requirements and we have this whole white collar work force that was built up on top of it. The factory workers became more highly skilled. And its a little bit simplistic. And so the last time when we went on a flight, how many of us were hoping that the pilot had a for filling experience on that flight. If its boring for the pilot, thats good news for us. Two let me respond. There are two different ways to look at it, as i said, you can look at individual jobs or you can assume that we are going to create a richer level of jobs and that richer level of jobs as being either way by computers and theres no sign yet that there will be this big general further increase in jobs and i think we have to look at the reality of the situation come out that says when you introduce more and more sophisticated software, people began to have more homogenized jobs and become more reliant on computers. As for the pilot, for 100 years the story of this had been about increasing safety and inefficiency. When you look at what has happened in recent years, we see that they have Manual Control for about three minutes into flight. They lose the situational awareness, the skills get rusty and we are seeing this new kind of accident beginning to emerge. Automation related accidents where something goes wrong because their skills are rusty it crashes. Plaster the faa sent out a notice saying you really have to get pilot to be more engaged in the flight. In practice the skills. So this story is a big story and then what it shows us is that you can take too much responsibility and too much skill away from a person and control away from a person and then you get the opposite effect. If we back up a little and actually respect the skill of pilots and give them more control and responsibility, it can be even more than today. I think that the balance point is the right answer. I think about my morning this morning being aided by three technologies, one is my fixer will play my craft, you could say that that is screen time. But i think just talking about people as a society, creatures of the screen, it is condemning the medium itself. Thinking you are a creature of the page. And so i think its a constructionist game and not the First Person Shooter mode, i think you can do it for an hour on the weekends. That doesnt seem to be too bad. I was talking about an inductive top and all of that seems to be i didnt have the struggle in terms of cocaine, but also i didnt make the choice to do the tv dinner, like i didnt just get something out of the freezer and say, okay, respect is, everybody. I made the choice to use some tools and so there is a middle ground. And i used this system is easier to get if you have them come to you in the driver is someone who is and on ordinary person and they know exactly where to go and i just left that and billed my credit card. It was an awesome experience and i think the person who could make some money driving people around, those were three tools. Whats wrong with those tools . I dont think theres anything wrong with the tools. I have different issues with uber. That includes companies that dont have the workers best interest in mind. But i think youre absolutely right that as i said we constantly have a choice as the designers of technology. To use these tools and if you look at how most everybody uses gps navigation. And its extremely valuable