If anything, i think the world is becoming even more brutal and more engaged in genocide than it ever was before. I was just wondering what your feelings are about these trials and the role they play in terms of changing the way people feel about genocide and more important acting on those feelings . The acting is the hard part. We have not done too well. Look at rwanda, cambodia, any number of situations. But i think what has changed is the principal now. I think even every tyrant and somewhere in its mind is the thought, if i am no longer in power, somebody may charge me with work crimes. Or crimes against humanity. Those not a concern before. To me like also the stories there would lana mitts about not the hunters, like remember the voice from brazil hunting down a character not america. Some of that myth actually made people like escape justice. The hiding and living in terror at the end of their days. So maybe it is not all bad. But in terms of the principles that have been established, the reality is still a long way from it. I think that is a breakthrough. Again to get back to the principal and say that i am obeying orders when clearly orders and you are meant to every individual has to judge those orders and its like during the grouping case that one point the judge asked one of the most educated Group Leaders if you have been ordered to shoot your sister what if your chart your own sister . And analyst left him speechless. If he said i would shoot my own sister he comes across really like a monster. But if he he says i wouldnt, then he undermines the whole idea that i did not have any free will hear. The question you raises the question about deterrence. In my own mind deterrence is not a particularly strong justification for international prosecution. If you look reasonable you look example at the charter of International Criminal court which is now a Permanent Institution which is meant to supplant the need for creating these kind of ad hoc courts like nurnberg. Nuremberg was ad hoc and after the trial was concluded, all of these International Tribunals always talk about deterrence as one of their justifications. If you if you talk to any international lawyer, no one takes it seriously. No one really believes that these kinda trials are necessarily going to deter some tyrant in some country from engaging in atrocities against his own population. Nonetheless as annie pointed out, that does not necessarily impeach the importance of these cases. That is they make a symbolic statement that these type of atrocities will not result in impunity and the other thing they do is because back to something that andy had mentioned and i wrote about as well, these trials perform an incredibly important function in offering and intent and to offering a story of the history of the tragedy which then can be assimilated by both a victim population and also a country that perpetrate such crimes. I think that is more the value of these cases, these kind of trials rather than a perspective deterrence effect. Not to mention that deterrence is always a speculative thing. Its speculative thing. Its hard to prove why something didnt happen. Thats always an impossible thing to prove. I witnessed early justify the firstorder in that regard. Thank you thats my question. Apart from genocide there is an increasing prevailing antisemitism particularly in europe. In france in which the word is becoming pervasively used. Particularly one of the great allies, britain, and england the labour party now is full of antisemitism as i wrote recently, at least 50 members of parliament have been suspended because of antisemitic remarks. The muslim error muslim error of london is the most one of the strongest opponents of the seo tie semitism. Its call for the explosion his mythological still believe that or search that that hitler was a zionist. That was his claim. And so im wondering notwithstanding that we have that genocide in that kind of horror that pervasive increasing antisemitism that is in europe with the former allies, thats evidence that lessons really have not been learned. I cannot argue with that. All i would say is that lessons would be even less learnt if we had not have the efforts of these people who really kept this issue alive and brought and made the holocaust a part of the conversation. That was not inevitable. There is nothing nothing inevitable about it. Any of these trials would not necessarily taken place if theyre not had been pressure on governments and successful operations. But in europe and its also mixed in with the muslim immigration problem. Sometimes people appearing to speak up when for instance in france french are frayed in certain areas of being attacked. So the issue silence in the face of antisemitism. Im glad you brought up the new mayor of london. Ive been very impressive with how he stood up to it within his own party and its good that there are some actions have been taken. But our knowledge of history, i mean you had the former mayor of london who just called the e. U. Something akin to the efforts by napoleon and hitler to unify europe. Its a little astounding that we still have these discussions. I think another thing it highlights is it does highlight the way in which on some level the creation of International Criminal law is a terrifically important breakthrough. In fact you can in many ways see the whole field of what we call International Criminal law is something that is born out of the laws the problems of the holocaust. At the same time, International Criminal law is incredibly vulnerable to polarization. Its incredible vulnerable to be used with political ends. So at the same time its incredibly important to see people who are pm prosecuted for genocide, its also alarming to see the way in which prosecutors in Different Countries can also claim that well that is been justified in the prosecution of it is really had a state for crimes against humanity against the palestinian people. So i think it highlights the way in which this thing that we call International Criminal law as important as it is is also a doubleedged sword. Thank you everybody. Our two authors will be out front. [applause]. The books will be on sale. I can say personally theyre both really engaging reads and have been getting great reviews. So come out, asked more questions, and buy a book. [inaudible conversation] book tv continues in prime time on tuesday night with books in our best sellers. Our lineup includes author of if you can keep it, the forgotten promise of american libey. Then Matthew Desmond shares his book, evicted which takes a look at poverty in america. Will feature in annette gordonreed and peter onuf who coauthored a book on thomas jefferson. Watch book tv in prime time tomorrow night starting at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, here on cspan2. Democrats are meeting in philadelphia this week for the national convention. You can watch every minute of the event live on cspan, or listen on cspan radio app and view video on video on demand at cspan. Org. In addition to the convention, there are several other activities taken place in the city this week. Heres a look at week. Heres a look at one of the places open to the public. It there telling market section of philadelphia where gino stakes with professor bruce hardy of temple university. Professor hardy, the food and photo op, what did it become a staple of of Political Campaign . It basically coincides with the campaign, the more personalized president ial campaign. They come into the community, they want to show the community that i understand you, understand your values, care about you and it gives them a personal lights their campaign. In terms of years this started, what decades are we staying when it caught on . I think its been going on since postwar campaign since we started introducing the campaigns in the 50s. When the candidates, they stop at the right bar, they drink the right ear, they they shake everyones hand and it connects with the community. In the language food is higher among the community so we refer to food in terms of geographic region, telling, telling, indian, socially connected to the community. What are some more memorable food ops of recent years. What are some examples. For example here in philadelphia in 22004 john kerry came in and ordered swiss cheese on a cheese and 2012 romney walked into a campaign in order for chicken but chicken but took the skin off because he wanted more nutritious or healthier option and Everybody Knows you donate Fried Chicken by taking the skin off of the south. In 19801980 gerald forbidden to an on check to molly and built into the corn husk. So some risk involved in the food photo. The professor of Strategic Communication what is the advice you a gift. Make sure you know the community. Its not just rude comments anything community bound. For example remember brock obama role in a gutter ball in a bowling alley. Or when he spoke to farmers in iowa saying have you been into whole foods lately seem the space of a reglan there is not whole foods in a place near iowa. And hes talking about so you have to be careful and know the community and know the values. These campaigns are always the opposition is always out to make the candidate look like theyre out of touch. So when you get to the ordering spot at ginos what is the right way to order a genus cheese steak. So you say with onions and with cheese and then you get your drink at your second window. In the the right way to that she say . Hot and greasy and with your hands and he went it went look good eating it with us for connive. We are across the street. How do the candidates candidates choose between one of the other. I would tell the candidate to go to both. And which candidates have been to one the other both the cycles . I dont think our front runner candidates, donald trump nor hillary have been here yet. Maybe hillary will come through this week washes here at the dnc. Scott walker was here during the primaries but some protesters for him were behind them so his photo op got wrong. So well see about hillary if she stops by this week. Enjoy your cheese steak this morning. Thank you. Take you very much. The cspan bus stopped in philadelphia pennsylvania test people about this weeks Democratic Convention and issues most important to them to the 2016 president ial campaign. The most important issue to me that is facing our country today is gun control. Too many people should not have access to guns have access to guns and that makes me and many other people feel very unsafe. Im a state senator in pennsylvania. So the you have may have heard of my opponent and he is one of the reasons i am here today i want to show the rest of the world that iowans are moret concerned about pollution then creating division, medicaid for seniors as well as security for all families. I and a delegate and i ran to be a delicate for the Common People i decided to become a delegate this year so we could fight for the Little People to make sure that utah had a voice in the democratic process architecture and provides details of the city from the early times until today. This is 50 minutes. I am david johnson. Staff events associate ion the staff the bin secession it with the university my connection into architecture was through the project written in 1927 through 40 completely stretches out the parisians city life for those covered passages extending the culture of people watching when the maid says jade past time feasible. In some ways Adina Hoffman has the strong biographical architectural meditation and end is not unlike the work with the view into jerusalem which is one of the most beloved and trouble the citys. The the book examines the wave day neil goal and collided in constant conflict as three via a puts it he brings out the diversity they work in a period of political upheaval for those that could that make up their minds and provides of sufficient findings they are responsible for the top layer of the ancient civilizations providing another cheer to jerusalem archeological history. Well inclm author of portraits river jerusalem neighborhood in the revolution into happiness that i thank you talked about that here. Also the coauthor of the lost and found world named the American Library association in jewish. Of the year. Nd pay close now i plan to sit down and pay close attention to Adina Hoffman and i ask that you do the same. [applause] i they give for the introduction i could not control the brush fires i apologize for the delay. Thanks for reading so i will jump into chile you what happened one day in jerusalem. Hen i se a few years ago when night set out to mail a package at the Central Post Office i go there almost every day for aev dead 25 years i lived there it was a hot day everyone, was irritable the of lines were long i get to theac counter i hand the clerk my package it was a black issue probably heard by a foreign accent she threw it on the scale and grabbed it from my hand in sneered from everyamps e possible all angle crooked upsidedown and say to her what you do win . She lifted me with utter contempt and she announced to me that we dont have time for aesthetics. [laughter] bettis is a pretty common idea that you hear that often in jerusalem with politics and violence and ethnic strakes theyre all in excuse for ugliness and other kinds. But now on this occasion it hits me like a sucker punch and i thought i have time i doubt theyd historically i have been alone so the werent so much of corporatete extremely irritating to me in a sensitive way theyved provoked and made me want to understand what does she mean we dont have time . So as i walked around the city and looking at buildings just thinking ion would turn the phrase over in my mind we dont have time for aesthetics. What did that said did not say about the citys debt and what i came to was that the people live built the finest buildings now from the first half of the 20thcentury into that period from the end of rolled war was in the collapse of the british as they took control of palestine in 1948 to the people that built those buildings had time for ascetics but it was in thehe aesthetics that somehow that was ignored to turn up your nose the question of context but those aesthetics that took into account political historical and geographical context which is to say coming from luxury or diversion it was survival so all this thinking is an th irritation i end up breaking the book that i will talkabout t about tonight which really is what it means when he tried to build in this is a win conflict is a president and that overshadows almost Everything Else specifically about architecture but i am also writing about what it means to put something positive into this context i think the same thing holds for an actor or teacher or social worker the book is autobiographical focusing on the three men all from somewhere else theyll brought with the radius but theyre all fascinated also as they manage for in the way of what they were bringing in finding but this had become part of theare landscape to become interval to the cityscape in fact, people are very proud of these buildings that is during the time of each of these men in jerusalem with this declaration that we dont have time for aesthetics but in fact, over the course of their time in one way or another they were told his great sensitivity will make it very hard for you to work here. We will get to back to but i would to take the water fast walk quickly down the road read the post office is is the main road of the modern city jerusalem also along the street where it developed some of the middle of the 19th century jerusalem was a walled city and it just so happens that on this street there are buildings of these three men second give you little tour docile looking into their prayer griffey how they dealt with this tensionhetics i physically it is a very small area but it would leave us across a lot of time taking a few detours as well. If you walk just a few hundred meters you will see the first building until recently was known as the International Bank when it went up the was actually the Palestine Bank the tallest building in jerusalem at seven stories into me itlltown received like one of the biggest buildings the way it sets in relation to the streets and the hills just to be constructed with thewa incredible awareness of its own context so that it was no great surprise when you learn the man responsible was the man of the threehe with the International Reputation he had a sliding career and of the busiest and most productive and his most famous building was not the most difficult that was known as the einstein towerng a it was a strange building on the interesting buildingte. Thisidering i masterpiece ofof expression ashley prefer building is like this this is the movie house the he late 2 built in the late 20s and to me it has an incredibleta sense of a motion part of the largest commercial interstate commerce during our entire period he is famous for the kurds in the way he handles corners in in the field i hear in the also in this building which is one of my favorites, for the publisher and cultural businessmen and together they built a series of Department Stores aroundrt of germany he was no physical architecture one dutch architect with a bias one of those responsible for bringing into palestine eventually. A and before then was fascinated by palestine and been there in the early 20s. This is a sketch from the first trip. He found himself drawn to the landscape and the possibility of building there as a jew and architect. It unnerved him and i think this sense he had a tribal affiliation distressed him. He was interested and worked on several architectural plans that didnt work out but he had it in the back of his head it was a possibility. He was interested in a serious way in the wider Mediterranean Region and how palestine sat within that region. And in fact he was involved in a project to form a europen mediterranean bow house. He took his time to get to palestine but everything changed in march of 1933 when he and his wife fled berlin with a suit case and a stamp collection. Hitler had come to power and they understood they had to get out as quick