Union fell maybe we were left with a superiority complex at the extent of the other two candidates that are then a superiority complex which has massive problems anyway is tempered by proving your self. The first question is what you want your country to have the triple package. And it requires they make countries do terrible things and in the last chapter america has available the sense of exception out of the other democracy and inclusiveness if that can be the basis of the complex in terms of insecurity and impulse control there are so many domains with the inability to stop borrowing the insecurity there is a good argument to be made of people doing better in times of adversity so maybe there is a kind of perverse Silver Lining to the political problems weve had over the last ten years. I was going to say exercising the impulse control. I was going to say china is a good example of a country described by the scholars as a strong sense of superiority. We have been humiliated by the west so we will see what happens. Thank you for joining us to talk about the triple package. Thank you so much. That was after words booktv Signature Program which authors of the latest nonfiction books were interviewed by journalists, Public Policy makers, legislators and others familiar with their material. Afteafter words there is evey weekend at 10 p. M. On saturday, 12 p. M. And 9 p. M. On sunday and 12 a. M. On monday. You can also watch online. Go to booktv. Org and click on the series and topics list on the upper right side of the page. Alexander russo sat down with booktv at the Catholic University of america to discuss his book points on the bio golden age radio beyond the networks. This 25 minute interview is part of a book tv series. Host youre watching booktv on cspan2. We are at Catholic University interviewing some of the professors who are also authors into joining his Alexander Russo who is the author of the book point for mobile golden age of radio beyond the networks. Who invented radio . That is a complicated answer. Like many of the stories there were Different Actors operating in different times and that kind of institutional history is one of the reasons i wanted to write this book. The Media Industries to not turn on a dime to figure out what to make of Digital Convergence what struck me about the radio starting in the 1940s and 50s is how quickly it had adapted to the introduction of television. You had a pre kerning profitability the radio industry as a whole that when i begin to scratch the surface reading different literature and looking at different archives i begin to see a lot of things that have been talked about at that moment seems like multiple radios in the house or local Advertising Sales kept being called new in the preceding years and i kept going back and going back and eventually i was back in the 1920s and the start of what is called the network era. What the book then became is a way to tell that story as an alternative system of radio programming and radio technologies and radio listening techniques that didnt receive a lot of scholarly attention because most of the work on radio focuses on the national that works, the bing crosbys and jack bennings. I found there is a parallel industry at the time and i began to explore different facets. For many years radio wasnt necessarily national. It doesnt give you couldnt reach across the country. They left out swaths of it in the west so what does this mean for the communities that listen to those . Sometimes they could hear stations from big cities but did they have their own culture and what did it sound like . So i began to find other ways the programs were distributed. There were Transcription Companies that would basically produce everything that you would need to put on your own radio show to provide commercial copies to store all this stuff and its the local stations that began to use the services on the local programs so there was a level of interpretation going on to make these programs acceptable to the local audience and they began to put in local references and regional brands for different products. You mentioned you were from indiana earlier and one example the company wasnt able to advertise the alcohol breath smell because indiana procedure right area at that time so these are the kind of regions i covered in the book. I look at an interesting guide who saw the ability to connect with what he saw as a new england audience and he created a Regional Network that aired baseball games, local University Football games all of which was designed to drive the local department but he created the idea of the networks that was distinct from the mass audience that was thought about in terms of National Radio at the time. Wended when did the regionalr local stations start to form tax he was a pioneer broadcaster. I shouldnt give the impression that he was separate. He was affiliated with all of the National Radio networks in the station so he wanted to bring that top talent but he also wanted to make sure through other point in the day he could provide other programs. So it was called the Yankee Network into the Colonial Network they started in the 1920s as well and the studies expanded into the 1930s. One of the interesting things is that he was a pain in the rear of the networks. They liked him tremendously and they needed him because of his access in the industrialized region but that they were kind f making a deal with the devil so there were clashes between the different networks. At one point nbc kicked him off and nbc took him back and thats in part because unlike the views in the National Media culture that obliterate the other kinds of culture you can see some pushback hybrid culture that wasnt going to take everything all culturebrid culture that wasnt going to take everything all culture offered. Was the radio industry from the start in advertisingbased industry . There was a fair amount of skepticism among the radio advertising in the 1920s that the deeply progressive liberal who virgie cried with advertising would do when he was secretary of commerce but it became supported by advertising and there were education stations but they didnt have very powerful signals quite popular around the agricultural universities that there were not that many nonprofit stations. Was nbc threatened by the local networks . I dont know if they were necessarily threatened. They saw them as obstacles potentially to what they wanted to do in controlling the maximum amount of scheduled time. In the dealings with nbc and cbs for that reason it is a kind of mutual antipathy that acceptance mostly because the stations tended to operate in different times when the networks are not offering programs. I would not characterize being threatened. I think an interesting comparison would be a company like sinclair which has a lot of local news stations into syndicates its own news packages so you have things appearing to be local and given our coming from a National Organization that are given a local flavor and the way in which television and radio as well keep up the contents of quickly if we argue today they wil that they will te content where they can get it and economies of scale are important for the profitability of local stations into so that profitability in and of itself can have a little bit of leeway and this is also a story in terms of interaction and local, the intermediaries that made this possible so the different station Management Companies that basically sold advertising for the National Brand and did so in ways they didnt have distribution in the area and didnt want to buy a National Network package. But these are individuals that were creating markets. They were describing them in ways that would make them an appeal to the advertising agencies and responders better they wanted to cultivate. So it isnt a cut and try national entity. There are these individuals moving between them. Alexander russo did the communities get regulated differently than the National Networks . Yes they did. Most of the radio regulation is based around the different particular stations and the stations that had to give program logs which i found important because that was the record i could trace of the different programs they were offering because most of the stations didnt keep their own papers around. So they were regulated differently even in the National Networks they also owned stations and so that was where most of the regulation came in. What is the age or talking about . 1926 to 52, 53. Ip endpoint it was pretty clear to the folks in the industry that television was going to take over in significant ways. In the late 1940s when he took radio stars and brought them over to the network so he would have programming on television got going and because they were so profitable they underwrote version of development at that time before television was economically viable but that process was when they were sure the writing was on the wall. But by that point the radio industry had began to transform itself in these different institutions and entities such that in the final chapter in the 1930s the Radio Networks really wanted to cultivate this idea of the families sitting around the radio said in the evening and everybody listening but theres a recognition by the mid1940s that many people have multiple radios starting to be regularly installed in cars teenagers were listening to. So it would later be thought about in the culture of the 1950s were operating in significant ways long before the actual Network Radio collapsed in the 1950s. How often has the radio been pronounced dead . Any number of times. It will be interesting to see. Right now we are seeing another wave radio has been pronounced dead at delete cookies are complicated processes and as certain kinds of radio, mainstream, popular radio, rock may be waning to some degree. A spanish radio is thriving and there is a new low power. So maybe small local stations operating with a broadcast radius of a few miles but these may provide a possibility for different kinds of programming. This is also the era of artistic radio programming like the festivals have become touchstones for the Youth Culture today and it isnt clear if they are being listened to. The radio gets more listeners to the podcast then the traditional broadcast. To what extent is it radio and the idea of the radio broadcast continued into the future. Branded public radio, about . That is a complicated story. There were educational broadcasters i talked about earlier that operate in the 1920s into the 30s in a reduced capacity into the 1950s with the spectrum allocation an they finally got bandwidth so they began to experiment but he one of the locations, a lot of the places that wasnt a very popular people didnt have that until the 1960s. He began to have public radio comes starting aroun around the 1960s after the creation of the corporation for public broadcasting and you had a funding bill for public to the version that became a mechanism for the National PublicRadio Network so that began to take off starting in the 1960s and 1970s in fits and starts. There was the bankruptcy and 78 or 79 or 80 but it became well institutionalized after that point. What about talk radio . Get started in the 1980s around the relaxation of the fairness doctrine where the radio stations began to be less concerned if they provided 1. 8 they didnt get the fcc coming after them. They have the ability to distribute radio programs by satellites meant that the rise of personalities like Rush Limbaugh could this indicator shows much more easily on a wide basis where that was more expensive or difficult in the reduction of sound quality. We pushed it back a little bit further and have a certain return to the. Now we have local stations but. The public radio traffic guy does the broadcast as he describes the local traffic conditions in washington, d. C. And thats kind of jumping through spaces what makes the broadcasting pretty interesting. The way that they have transformed themselves again and again. Of the radio was as the domain of the amateurism. And the national. In the 1960s it suggests the ways in which Different Technology adapts to different cultural context. They make a media transform itself. What are currently the Public Policy issues. One of the largest sites ive seen around royalties and the fact that because of the late 1930s and early 40s court case. A certain. Where the webcasters have to pay that and a lot of the record labels. Given the truncation of the radio they question how much does radio. But under the exemption to that particular. I think the amount of debt that was taken on by the large. It has. They maintain a level of profitability to a certain extent. How many radio stations are there today . Is that a question that can be answered . Do you count the local people are listening to an audio only stream and want to count that as a certain kind of audio. Podcasting is something to watch. Is that becoming something or is it on the outskirts . It does serve as an interesting precursor into the sort of. We see it in pandora and things like that. Those are the areas to see how the of all of the things like youtube. That is where they shifted a lot of the pop music in the united states. In the attempt of the grammys to bring them together. Just a taste of Alexander Russos buck points on the dial golden age beyond the networks