Primary meanis theprimary meansl information about the universe not even knowing 160 around 1600 was the invention of the microscope in one direction and a telescope in the other direction. Its like doing the backstroke that your sensory systemed wouldnt detect it were it not for the microscope and you could think if that made sense to have entire living creatures inside a drop of water. Its what you normally do when you make a discovery and they thought he was drinking too much gin. They were in denial which is a natural thing to happen. One eyewitness testimony to confirm if its real and then we discover quantum physics how it falls completely outside of not only the sentences but our expectations for how anything should work. How can everything be expandinga at all. St host what is significant about the year 1600 . s a guest . You open up the floodgates when you combine lenses and they made a discovery back and the sky is the limit. N a host theres guest theres a little bit of cleansing depending how long Background Information you get and then when he makes thestoryh discoveries on the Catholic Church they put him on trial and find him guilty as well as with other discoveries hes made with the instruments that they put him under house arrest. What they dont tell you if there was a biography on him is that he actually made fun of the pope. He wrote a book in italian, not latin which is the academic language of the day which means the local people can read it and in it he invents a conversationf and of all statements that have come from the Catholic Church, so he is really a pompous ahole. Can i say that . And socially he cannot express the respect. Nd he could have had it spread around the world and i bet he wouldnt have gone to trial. It is the renaissance after all. And do fresh thought was intome some new thing. So he had it coming because he didnt know how to appease up already. Host back to your book. 14 million years ago to ge ago f her sister did you say and how do we know that . Guest so, the way that knowledge is acquired is you have an idea and if it is an expensive experiment you probably dont have the money to do it in your garage so you propose to get money from sources typically if it is Pure Research in the Science Foundation there is a Research Firm and i in fewer in the other fields like biology or human physiology you might get a grant from the institute of health sou you have this idea and build an experiment and the result matches your expectation to gain some currency. E a co then i never liked you. We are people too. And heres the experiment toso show that youre wrong so then you build an experiment and it kind of matches. Now the results match. You have some outliers because of the experimental uncertainties that exist. There is a genital lean towards the emerging truth. All of these experiments point to the same result so now we come to recognize that this is the new truth and that is what science does. Its the most effective way that we have ever devised as ad species as a culture and decoding what is and is not tr true. Then we say here is how thego world works and we go onto the e next problem and this is aits celebrated thing. The machine is something that converts energy into energy that is useful in another form. So it takes Chemical Energy and gas and turns it into energy inr motion. All of this came out and beforee the industrial revolution, there were no machines since this. Ll technically in the world of physics it is the inclined plane and they make the job a little easier. Simple, watch how this works. I am not Strong Enough to don that but i could lift it up a little bit at a time. The distance is longer but they take this fight and to spread that out over time so it makes it easier for me to complete the task. The same amount of energy is excerpted and that is what the simple machines have always done for us. There are some busy moments. The question on how do we know, heres what we did. We look up in the universe and say okay now we know the galaxy is in trouble and discovered these things in the night sky. Major discovery. 19 then 1929 he discovers these things that weve now identified as the whole galaxy hurtling away from one another. People who just think this up, it was an observation and then we have to see if it fit the general theory of relativity, and did it. Its the modern understanding of gravity. If anything is happening its going to involve gravity so you check to see if it works and it does, so that means we didnt have to reinvent the fury of the universe because it worked. So then we feel like if the universe is getting bigger today than it was yesterday that must mean it was bigger yesterdayig then it was the day before. So what happens if we just c turned the clock back because we see how fast we are expanding so just a verse that on this rate of expansion and the whole known universe is in the same place at the same time. So, everything we know about matter is compressed and under pressure tells us the temperature will rise. So you pump air into the bicycle tire and you are compressing ai through it. So that is just an example and its related thermodynamically moving from one medium to another. For the universe gets smaller and smaller and it would have been harder in the past than it is in the present. They got measured in the 1960s. Ea you walk in every direction and see the heat signature left over after the 14 billion years so now you go back in time how much harder would it have been when the universe was this big and you get this high temperature. Now you ask what is the behavioe of matter and energy under those temperatures so now you turn to the particle accelerator and start approximating the conditions. As thats what the nucleus does, is that what happens so now you take the knowledge from the modern physics and apply it to what is going on in the first moments of the universe and that gives you a pathway in. They make up protons and neutrons and they are made of what we call quarks. And electrons and the antimatter counterparts. Just to be clear it wasnt a Science Fiction invention. It has only one proton. You make this much hydrogen andh helium, you make trace amounts of lithium is the third element on the periodic table and nothing else we will be the universe born with hydrogen and helium. Then you say if thats so, it would mean the boldest that we can find closest to the big bang that would still be alive today would be comprised of only hydrogen and helium the oldest stars have the least amount of heavy elements which we know from the mid20th century of thn calculations enabled by the Nuclear Research in the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb because we are calculating. Pure hydrogen and helium manufacture the heavy elements and some of them explode scattering this enrichment. Now they form annexed generatio and make even more explode tote the next generation and this continues through. So that is more than 9 billion after the start of the universe so we had the benefit of multiple generations so now with the collapse theres all these other ingredients that it uses. All of the manufactured leader is an abundance in the late generation as they were reformed so the lesson here is however weird it is to assert it exploded from there. It happens than that it predicts things that we do measure. What we can tell you is the account is the description of the matter and energy was doing. It was one of the many fathers of quantum physics at the point earlier to understand what nature is doing. It is like 1 trillion,ur 1 sextillion. You write that in 5 billion years [inaudible] i tweet guest apparently it blowss peoples mind and i dont know ibelieve that is a good thing or a bad thing but in 5 billion years it will expand so large that there will in golf the entire orbit of the planet. W earth will be the charred amber as it descends. How do we know, will we be are there . Probably not that there is no shortage of stars. You can staple these bits of information together for a story in other words we dont live long enough it takes millions and sometimes billions or trillions of years and we are around for a few decades so howw is it that we noticed because there are so many stars that in any snapshot of the universe we look tlooked to see these are te steps with the same. It would be any different if yoa took a snapshot of the civilization you would see some humans in a box underground and others with other things crawling on the carpet and other humans who dont have any hair that are little and those that are older. Pe there is a box in the ground and when they come out of the box they get littler and butler and disappear so you keep studying all these photos that you have in piece together a story of what is going on. This took effort. His intellectual capital invested to understand what they are and why they work and a lot of that traces back to the College Observatory in cambridg, massachusetts where theres a room full of computers, these are human calculators and it was judged in offices doing highlevel thing in. In this room was the foundation of our understanding of stellar evolution. There was the collapse of the universe and little did they know when you calculate the data that was collect the there was a source of how and why they live out their lives and die. First this is our monthly indepth program and we have the author and the astrophysicist as our guest and as you know we spend three hours with one author talking about his or her body of work. Beginning in 1989 doctor tyson has written several books. The two were of the universe was the first that came out in 1994. The sky is not the limit thatt was the fourth in 2000. One universe also came out and then cosmic team out in 2001 and in 2004. Death by a black hole. Space chronicles, three years later. Then last year welcomed the universe and o the most recentok astrophysics for people in a hurry. If you would like to participate, here is how you can do so for those in the east and central time zone and 8201 ine the center. Cassandra laid down ten time zone. If you cant get through but still want to ask a question or participate, try us on social media. You can also make a comment on facebook page. Facebook. Com booktv. We will begin taking those in just a few minutes. Back to the recent book. 40 billion earthlike planets. What is the milky way and how bibig they space are we talking . Guest its a term used from ancient rome. When you look at the night sky. In china where it is a less popular beverage they call it the silver river. It is crossing from one horizon to the next and it wouldnt be n until galileo and others brought to bear on the question. There were countless stars where the white petals together. There were stars in front of our face and from far away. It would take until the 1920s before we would resolve the debate about whether the fuzzy things in the night sky or undet the gallery separate from theat milky way. That got resolved after 1920. There are other entire galaxies beyond the milky way. So theres nearly 100 billion in the universe and they havehu hundreds of billions. Thervery few have the observable universe scattered throughout the landscape. Its the local areas. It was named after him he was a bit of a pompous astrophysicist in the early part of the centu century. He had access to the biggest telescope and anybody with access would make the greatest discoveries or does it require some insight to know what question to ask. Its a partly british accent from backwoods america. The good thing about assigning, but personality is euros until the work in the lab so you can praise someones work without being praiseworthy of the person themselves. He worked for the observatories and i think back then they would have given him a nobel prize for his discoveries. Be the prius and physics. Host did you use this example for people in a hurry. The skin of the apple is wherere weve traveled. We think to ourselves we are Walking Around the surface of the planet and there is this ocean of atmosphere where as the functional thickness of thetmosr atmosphere is to the size of the earth with the skin of an apple is and what the shellac is to a school world globe so this atmosphere isnt some infinite extent of air molecules. It is a fragile thin skin on this thing we call earth and i can quantify this for you it has particles associated that go up thousands of miles but theres not an edge. You can say at what distance. Th you can ask that question. The atmosphere scatter sunlight rendering itself so in the daytime it blows into that prevents you from seeing the stars. You look away and theres a ful lifetime sky so when do you travel before the atmosphere is so thin you can see stars in the daytime thats 100 kilometers so that is the functional definition. We go to the far side of the moon. Went to the moon and they never landed. In terms of space craft launched getting some gravity boosts. It was a shot to exploit the Orbital Energy of the planets. It doesnt mean just going past neptune. You go beyond and beyond where the influence on the electronics of the space craft. I would have to look the numbert up. It costs money to keep somethino online with the funding episodes you have something that has exhausted its wife still takingg money so you shut this off and get a fresh project and you might discover something so we have see senior reviews where is the most respected among us to get together to decide what gets turned off and on so thats why it is important to be fair on these assessments. At the rate it is traveling if you aim towards the nearest star it would take 70,000 years to get there. Give up all expectations that we would be visiting other planets. Host 1973 how did you end up in the Mojave Desert fox guest so, i attended a special osteotomy camp so that was my first year in high scho school. I was transitioning from ninth grade to tenth grade so i was transitioning between the two. We lived in the Mojave Desert which was one of the definitions of the desert. There were very few clouds and we all live nocturnal and if you wake up at night and there is aa whole slew of telescopes. Computers were early at the ti time. They would spew out the prime numbers. This was like computation dc. I attended the proms highgh school of science and had a telescope so that was a happy ci summer. Despite first time in the dese desert. You will get van him injected. I could talk to them and it was fun. My mother saw the ad for the cant and knew that id been interested for the previous five years of my life and then how would i even have that as an ambition so my parents were sensitive to what the interests were me, my brother and sister so they carefully observed where we expressed interest in our curiosity. I just lost my father in december. He was 89, so a full life but i still miss him. He was a wise man and i think in modern times we forget what wisdom is. Theres people that know a lot and talk a lot but wise peoplele dont talk a lot. They do more observing and talking and then somewhere in their head they digest it and come out with simple and easy to understand perspectives. Of course they will live previeh you because the digestion of so many pieces they didnt have access to that day were observant. Host to host your book space chronicles came out and on pae 234 you write that the nation is turning into a theocracy. Id theocracy. Guest okay, sure. I am normally more soft with myw critique. Normally the way that i would present such a statement is weat are behaving these ways and ift. That continues. I think if people stop valuingut host did i misquote you . Guest no, it is verbatim. [laughter] its not a system where people simply do not know things. If you dont know something there is no crime. Maybe you didnt spend 16 years at school you spent 12 people get advanced degrees so as an educator i will never hold someones absence of knowledge against them. The problem arises if you haveou an absence of knowledge and you either know or worse you dont dont you have this absence of knowledge and then you have the power over the legislation that should be informed but is not in thing you come to it aggressively in your ignorance. T so part of what it is to beuc educated is to have a sense of when you dont know something. Just because you are not in school doesnt mean that you cant worship off to work. Whether or not the last day of school or any other year untile graduation. Where does that learn from, how is it that your time in school can lead you to celebrate being out of school. What is mi what is missing in the educational pipeline that people resent being in school, what is missing where in college you attend a lecture but the word lecture outside of college is otherwise a bad word, stop lecturing me, i dont want to be lectured. Its a bad word. So maybe what youre missing in the educational system is a reminder that it can be fun toho learn. Wn the last day of School People should walk down the steps sad now theres an entire summer they will not be learning. Ld what a world that would be. So should we teach differently, are we selecting the right teachers, the curriculum, i dont have an answer but im simply sharing the observation. I kno know it isnt helpful truo point it out but a lot of the worlds problems with the salt if if education were a joyful r experience rather than something you want to escape from as quickly as possible. So i drove that film videot be chrissie. Its a world where the people in charge didnt understand fully the consequences of the decisions they were making in the absence came from an awareness of how it works and there is a scene they are feeding gatorade to the plans because it says that replenishes your nutrients so they said it works for us i bet it works for the plans. Plant. You have to see the decisions that have little or no anchor to the reality. In the space chronicles pacing the frontier of all of the elements of society that might not be in the position to judgek would make an informed decision about the value of exploration host that was in the wall street journal this is in the trump era celebrity physicist who adds this is the most important thing hes ever said. People have lost the ability to judge what is true and what is not. That last sentence is from a video that was posted before the science march but didnt reference trump et al. The vote was added to thatlost e editorial. We live in a time people have lost the ability to judge what is true and what is not. If you are looking at something on the internet and think it is true but do not have the capacity to judge, but thereshe another element to the recipe for disaster so trump is a truma manifestation where what is true and what is not the distinction is not made and i would claim they are germinating long before and it has to do wi