Releases plus this syllabus as well as Industry News and trends through insider interviews. You can find about books on cspan now are free mobile app or wherever you get your podcasts. I am cynthia schuster, i am the volunteer coordinator for the wisconsin book festival, and we are so happy to have you here tonight to join us for this presentation featuring kenneth miller, author of trim and posted in a partnership with wisconsin science festival. Before we begin willal so want o thank the madison public library, the medicine book Library Foundation and all of the sponsors for making this incredible free celebration possible. Youve been asked this week on such a vital ask you one more time to be sure to sign that your cell phone and while you here celebrate with us today you can still use yourself up to take pictures to post on social media. You can tag the wisconsin book festival, the madison public library, or use the hashtag wi puck fast and we will share it. Excited to share it. Todays presentation is being recorded by cspan, and so were asking that when you have questions during our q a portion please come up to the microphone over here and speak into the microphone. That make sure the t home audiee can hear you and be part of this event as well. So i wanted to share a little anecdote that yesterday i opened up Facebook First thing in the morning, and the first thing to pop up on my screen was a mean that a friend of mine shared pickett said everyday i wake up and begin the 16 a process of getting ready for bed. [laughing] and i thought, yeah, thats, thats me. Yeah, really, right . And i came upon this meme at 4 30 a. M. Because i woke up and i couldnt get back to sleep. And they give up. U i just decide to get up and make some coffee and go about my day, and that was that. I did had a productive morning but my journey back to bed took far more than 16 hours. Had to be here last night. Well, kenneth millers new book mapping the darkness delves into this important sometimes elusive facet of our lives come one thats so integral to our quality of life, yet when ignored by the Scientific Community for so long. Hisjo book takes us on a rivetig journey through the history of sleep inside and introduces us to four four scientist whoe frontier of sleep research and amid skepticism and apathy for the subject. He iss an awardwinning journalist whose work has appeared in time, life, esquire, rolling stone, and many other publications. His reporting has spanned four con eds on the topic of science, medicine, culture, criminal justice, religion and the environment, and is further testament to his versatility as a writer. Ken won the pulitzer traveling fellowshipde for his thesis on w york citys underground punk rock scene, and we are delighted to also offer free copies of the book today, courtesy of a a gt from the cheryl rosen westin estate. If you didnt get a book tonight, ccs afterwards. We will take down your Contact Information and ship you the book, the matter where you live. And the next time that you wake up in the middle of the night unable to get back to sleep, let this be your bedside companion. And please join it and getting a warm ken miller. [applause] well, thank you, cynthia, for the lovely introduction. Thanks to you, the wisconsin book festival and science festival for having me, and thank you to everybody here for coming tonight. Probably has nod your notice that americans are grappling with a fairly head spinning array of crises these days. The with the most apocalyptic potential the climate crisis, for example tend to dominate the headlines and our social media feeds. But the code red that affects the most people on a daily or nightly basis may our National Sleep crisis. According to the centers for Disease Control and prevention, 35 of us get less than 7 hours of shut eye a night. Thats the tipping point. A pilot studies show for increased risk of obesity diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression and dementia. Around 17 million of us suffer a medically recognized sleep disorder ranging common ailments like insomnia and sleep apnea to rare afflictions like exploding head syndrome, characterized by a terrifying of hallucinated noise or Rapid Eye Movement behavior disorder, whose victims act out their nightmares, sometimes injuring or killing their mates. Scientists have developed effective treatments for many sleep disorders based a growing understanding of the biological machinery that drives slumber. And its. But theyve also that a large proportion of sleep troubles arise not from glitches in our individual or neuropsychology, but from societal factors that play havoc with our internal. Shift work school schedules, the late night temptations of our digital devices, the stresses stimuli of a 24 hour culture beyond the effects on bodily and Mental Health. These disruptions can lead to calamities of drowsiness, car crashes, medical industrial accidents and disasters ranging from the Exxon Valdez Oil spill to the explosion of the Space Shuttle challenger. A recent study by the Rand Corporation found that insufficient sleep cost the us 411 billion a year in lost economic output. And the problem is global surveys show that around the world, fewer than half of adults feel theyre getting enough sleep. Were paying for our sleep deficits in many different currencies. Now. I first learned about the sleep crisis in 2013 when Discover Magazine assigned me a story on the latest breakthroughs in sleep science. The researchers i interviewed emphasized how important it was to fight this growing threat. But the weight of its potential consequences really home for me. Soon after the piece was published. That summer, my 87 year old father fell asleep at the wheel of his car and plowed a tree. He survived despite serious injuries, but the accident marked, the end of his ability to live independently. From my reporting, i knew that daytime sleepiness in older adults typically stems from the decline of sleep quality with advancing age sooner or later. Sleep trouble touches us all. My reporting brought another realization how far sleep science had traveled since the 1920s, when a physiologist named nathaniel kleinman began transforming it into an discipline. A a century ago, there was no thing as a full time sleep scientist. Many experts saw slumber as a wasteful habit that we could to overcome, although doctors noticed a rising tide of sleeplessness, no one bothered tracking the statistics. Fewer than a dozen sleep disorders had been identified at a fraction of the number or recognized today. No one thought that treating them could become the focus of a medical career, let alone the basis for a multibillion dollar sleep health industry. Could have imagined that wed all be using cpr apps and wearing sleep trackers on our wrists. Well, that may wonder how did science come in from the fringe to become a global obsession . And what could we learn from that journey that might help us understand and overcome the crisis were facing today . My book, mapping the darkness, explores those questions through, the stories of four seminal figures a quartet of pioneers who devoted their lives to unlocking the mysteries of sleep and to pushing society to recognize its importance. The first pioneer is kleinman, whos known as the founder of modern sleep science. Kleinman found his way to the field as a refugee, searching for a foothold in his new country. He was born in the russian city of kitchener in 1895. Just as life for in the tsarist empire was growing from bad to horrible as a small child, kleinman showed signs of the extraordinary intelligence that would someday fuel his fame. He learned the russian alphabet as toddler. By age four, he could solve complex arithmetic problems in his head. But it was also clear that he wouldnt be able to fulfill his potential if he stayed in his home country. After surviving two pogroms, clayton escaped a false passport to attend medical school in beirut, lebanon. But world war one erupted the day he left, and in beirut he, his russian classmates, soon became prisoners of war. They were rescued by an american battleship which dropped him on a greek island. From there, cleveland made way to new york citys lower east side. He spent a year living in a tenement flat doing odd jobs for a dollar a day. Then he enrolled at city college, known as the poor mans harvard for its free tuition and high academic standards. Graduated at the top of his class by that time. Kleinman he wanted to go into Research Rather than medicine. He moved on to columbia for an m. A. In physiology and then to the university of chicago for ph. D. But he worked to launch his academic career. Kleinman encountered an obstacle he thought hed left behind in russia, the twin forces of nativism and antisemitism. Both were gaining across america, driven in part by fears of contagion from europes radical movements, which many conservatives blamed on a jewish led conspiracy, immigrants from eastern were especially suspect in academia, leading schools like harvard, yale and columbia impose strict quotas. Jewish students in the 1920s and who sought academic jewish jobs also faced steep hurdles. When kleinman finished masters, the number of on the faculties of u. S. Colleges and University Fees was probably under 100 before he could begin his doctoral in earnest. He had to choose an area of concentration, but its origins place some roots off limits because jewish scholars unwelcome in many long entrenched disciplines, they often newer fields cutting edge Sciences Like psychiatry, biochemistry and, immunology. Clement found his own niche when he came across a book called le probleme physiologic. You saw me in english the physiological study of sleep, which gave a sweeping overview of sleep science its evolution since its birth just a few decades earlier. Although western thinkers had pondered the mechanics of sleep since ancient greece, aristotle thought it was triggered by vapors from the stomach to the heart. During digest. No one had studied the subject seriously until the industrial revolution. Two main forces fueled the surge in interest. The first was the drive for labor efficiency, which spurred researchers to investigate the capacities and limits of the human body because sleep affected not only a workers fitness, but the timing of the workday. Understanding dynamics was essential. The second impetus was the rise of an epidemic that emerged with the arrival of cheap and plentiful artificial lighting, which enabled millions to hitch their routines. The alarm clock and factory whistle, rather than the rhythms of dawn and dusk as insomnia grew, more common questions about how sleep worked or didnt became increasingly urgent. When claimant first became aware, a sleep science, the field was still in its infancy. Researchers had only vague clues about what triggered slumber maybe a reduction of blood flow, the brain, maybe a chemical generated by tired brain cells. The Renowned Russian scientia ivan pavlov theorized that sleep a reflex caused by a buildup of stimuli over the course of the day when the brain grew overwhelmed. He asserted it simply shut down. But the evidence for any of these ideas was scarce at best. Another enigma why people slept heavily at some points during the night and lightly at others. An estonian researcher had discovered that sleep depth fluctuates rhythmically through the night, but one was sure whether those dips in rises followed predetermined cycles or occurred in response to external conditions. Researchers had also found that when sleepers pulse rate and respiration spiked in unison, it meant they were dreaming. But what cause dreams remained unknown . Debate raged to over whether. Sleep was controlled by specific centers in the brain with no way to neural activity. Though scientists could only speculate. One thing that scientists could measure directly was how organisms were affected by a lack of sleep. A russian researcher had that prolonged sleep deprivation could be deadlier than starvation. She reached that conclusion after keeping ten puppies awake for prolonged periods. Although had been known to survive for nearly a month, food the subjects of the experiment all died after a week without sleep. A pair of americans who tried similar experiments on keeping subjects awake for 90 hours, although none of them had died, they experienced symptoms that went beyond mere tiredness. Including hallucinations slowed, reaction time and weight gain. The implication for people with severe insomnia or those doing shift work seemed ominous. Yet none of these scientists had committed to exploring the mysteries of slumber. Beyond these isolated attempts, sleep was still a side line for researchers in a variety of fields. No one seemed to have thought of making it. Their lifes work. Clayman wanted to be the first to go all in. And that impulse grew out of a key insight to fully understand the disorder, like insomnia, narcolepsy, or to schedule our working lives in a healthy way, it would be necessary to develop a detailed physiological picture of normal sleep. So far, researchers only scratched the surface to make real progress. They would have to shoulder task full time, approach it in a systematic way and keep at it indefinite. The best place to start. Kleinman thought, was with the 24 hour cycles of sleep and waking. Where do these rhythms come . What were their essential characteristics . To what extent could be modified . How would such changes affect human health . Probing these questions, he sensed could keep the scientists busy for a very long time. So in 1922, kleinman proposed this course of study to his ph. D. Advisor, who warned him that hed be entirely on his own. No one at the university knew enough about sleep to supervise him to brilliant and fiercely selfmotivated scholar. The warning felt like a blessing. After his doctorate, kleinman joined the faculty, the university of chicago, where you establish the worlds first dedicated sleep lab. And for the next three decades, he remained the worlds only full time sleep. Researcher devoted to a field that no one else thought worthy of sustained attention. Along the way he helped carry sleep science, mainstream culture. The turning point came in 38 when he and and assistant spent a month in kentuckys mammoth cave trying to see if the absence of cues, sunrise and sunset made easier to adapt their sleep wake to a 28 hour cycle. The two men slept in bunks with extra long legs placed in buckets of water to keep out rats. A waiter from a nearby hotel brought meals and cigarets and away the chamber pots. The results of this experiment were inconclusive, but its outlandish details stirred a media sensation. Thrusting sleep science to the forefront of public consciousness. For the first time, clayman became, a celebrity bringing the science he championed out from underground. Clayman also wrote the first sleep science textbook, and he mentored two of the fields key innovators. One of them set the stage for a revolution, and the other wound up leading it. Eugene oransky would always remember first time he knocked on claytons office door. It opened slightly, he later wrote, and a man with a gray head, a gray complexion and, a gray smock, peered through the crack, inquired abruptly. Yes. Each had to be wary of the other as oransky, because the prospect of studying sleep filled him with anticipatory. Kleinman because the ph. D. Student seeking his mentorship lacked an undergraduate. The professor may also have detected a hint of resentment. The students demeanor. Klayman was known as the father of his, and as oransky had a problem. Patriarchs, the man had transformed sleep science, never intended to do anything of the sort. He may have been the least likely candidate imaginable for the role, yet his combative brilliance, cursed obstinacy and prickly proved wellsuited for his mythic task as forensic. He grew up in brooklyn, the son of a low rent dentist. A gambling problem. His father, boris, presided over nightly Pinnacle Games in their shabby apartment. He often recruited the sharp witted boy as a partner. Beyond that, boris showed interest in parenting. Around 10 p. M. When assurance he would ask about dinner. His dads customary response. Im not hungry. How can you be hungry, boris was verbally abusive too. And when the family dog annoyed him, he would it across the room. So after minsky developed permanent hostility towards father figures, and though he was a brilliant young, he drifted for years before a direction in life. He attended college but didnt graduate work desk jobs in an ice company in an Unemployment Office served in the army during world war two, but never saw or rose above dark. Private. In 1949, when he was 28, aciman took his g. I. Bill scholarship. Enrolled in the ph. D. Program physiology at the university of chicago. His dismay the only advisor available was kleinman, who specialized in a discipline as oransky considered a literal snooze, but with no other, he became an apprentice sleep researcher. Claimant recently become interested in eye movements and blinking at different points in the sleep wake cycle as one of astor minskys first assignments. Kleinman asked him to observe infants eyelids as they lay in their cribs through patient vigilance. As oransky detected something, no one had noticed before. During sleep, babies eyes stopped moving for a period of 20 minutes out of every hour after. Inskeep wasnt sure what to make of this. But for the next phase of his research, he decided to watch the eyes of through the night as no other had ever done. His plan was to scrutinize eye movements relative to brainwave patterns that investigators had preview identified with different sleep stages. He hoped the combination of measurements would uncover. He put it some unrevealed aspect of brain function. And to do this assurance, he rigged up an old polygraph that he found in the basement of the physiology building, a device that could eeg patterns and muscle impulses at the same time. And when he ran his first tests on his eight year old son, almond, he noticed something really weird periodically, eyes, ping pong back and forth or up and down at the same time. His brainwaves showed a pattern that resembled waking. Over the next year, asterisk around dozens of sleep tests on other and they all showed the same pattern. He began to call it the Rapid Eye Movement period, later abbreviated as rem. But what did it mean. One possibility seemed obvious as oransky started waking up his and asking them, did you dream . The answer during rem was. Far more often than in other of sleep. In 1953, asa minsky, published an article with