In order to create jobs and build schools and hospitals for those young people. Creating hope is important it. This has to do also with the Good Governance, aspect journal ward mentioned general ward of mention in his opening remarks. Lesson number six, technology. And this is forgotten in our discussion. Think of a country like libya, with long borders with egypt and tunisia, with chad and others. How can a country like this fight to cross border terrorism . Neither country can afford using traditional ways to secure its borders, meaning deployed one attack every single kilometer. They cannot afford to do it. But if we have a hightech equipment, we can do it. And here comes the question, whether the developed countries are ready to provide the underdeveloped countries with this hightech equipment or not. Its not only related to securing borders. It also relates to the tactics. Ill tell you a story. The International Coalition were able to liberate singe our, sinjar, ramadi in tikrit last year. But look what i so did before. They left a lot of mines and ieds behind them in order to prohibit the refugees from returning back to their homes and towns. The Iraqi Government is facing a lot of challenges, cleaning and clearing these minefields. They need a lot of hightech equipment once again. This is a reputed story not only in iraq but in libya, in syria and also. So one sports up to developed countries to decide whether they are ready to provide the hightech equipment or not. Lesson number seven, sectarianism. This is also mentioned by professor yonah alexander. The fact is the sunni victims of isis is more than the shia victims in the christian victims and the yazidi victims. Not ever be deceived by the narrative of sectarian rift or sectarian violence. Its political conflict at the end of the day. Those people are using religion, using sacked in order to achieve, not using and misusing this religious narrative in order to achieve a little goals. Its not about religion. Its not about different sex. Let me conclude by a question. Are those different sects. Are those Lessons Learned or those lessons that we should learn . I think we should come back to this question in the q a. Thank you very much. [applause] thank you very much, professor from morocco, please. Thank you very much, mr. Chairman. I want to tell you that i am very happy to be here. Thank you for giving me this opportunity. Its very difficult to be the last speaker, and i will try to be brief and share with you some reflections about this topic. We have learned a lot about lessons, and in my country, morocco has been victim of this terrorist attack, first one was in may in casablanca in ma may 2003. Since this time we learned a lot of lessons, and we learned these lessons. And since this is time we start practically with a strategy, multidimensional strategy. And the moroccan approach today, we can say that we are in front of some sexist experience. Without, first of all, this strategy, three pillars. The first pillar was Good Governance and security, Good Governance. Of course, we are facing a a similar war, we have to deal with this. So our Security Services have to adapt on what we did before as work. And the first and very important state was how we can bring all the Democratization Services to have deep, deeper cooperation. So the first state was we enter cooperation between Security Services. And we had to leave to the Security Services more capability. And the more, of course training, and we can see that we have today very good experience, and we know more about these groups, how they deal, how they are secured, when they can find the funding and what kind of organizations they have. Inside or outside morocco. The second pillar, imagine the religious spectrum. And imagine religious spectrum, we had, first of all, do start training immense and open this Nation Mission to women. And i can say that this experience in old arab world and islamic world is for import. Because we know all of us, the role, the Important Role of the women in our society. Bring them to the mosques and give them training and give them the opportunity to act as [inaudible] but you can see imams in some cases. This experience of extreme imams, objective was to bring imams to play their role, and the role of the imam most be fresh. It was the opportunity for us to get the role to others who use mosques as a space to give ireland and extremists violate and extremists speech, and political speech, too. Of course, in this experience today we share with a lot of other countries, in africa, in arab world, and in europe. We start to train somebody bomb from france some imam from france, some other European Countries are asking morocco to share with them this experience. With mali, with ivory coast, with other countries. The third pillar come at us all my friends say before, that we have to go to this Human Development. And, of course, to be near of all the needs in the poor areas, the social and economic deficit in some areas. For this strategy of Human Development give today very important results and very good result. We can see that this strategy today is to morocco the opportunity to face these groups. And that you can observe in this strategy, we have one pillar we can see, that we are working on the short term, is the governance security pillar. And the two others, how we can work on the longterm. But facing terrorism from morocco, its a very big challenge but in the same time, the aim of this strategy is how we can fight terrorism and continue to build democracy. How we can fight all this extremism, but in the same time how can we, the american choice, since more than one decade goal for to be state and build democracy. It gives us today a lot of element that in this context, regional context, we can continue, as you know, morocco is, i would say it, the oldest state in all the region. And the moroccan political system, the monarchy come is one of the old monarchy in all the world. Our political system is a fair since 788. So when we deal with morocco, we have to keep in our mind that this state have very deep and long story. Because arafat, we have a very good, the state have a very good control of all national territory. And very important proximity from the citizens. And in the same time we have the chance that the king is not part of the political game. So all moroccans have the most important confidence on the king and in the monarchy. So we can have the feeling that they have one [inaudible] and the one who would be the last institution of which we can of course ask some reassurance. The new context today is complicated completely different in our region from the first bombing in casablanca in 2003. Now we have to face new emergent threat, and i think that even if the moroccan strategy, first of all we have all this nonstate violent actors in this region, militias, rebellious griscom separatist groups, federalist groups, criminal groups, and so. And, of course, often from libya talked about some groups, gets it only in libya we have nearly 300 militias. And military groups. And when you go it will be to this arc of sahel, all those rebels and separatist groups with all the terrorists and a link today to all these terrorist groups. And dont forget organized crime. For this reason i think that the moroccan approach takes on this time, on one hand, as was the major goal of terrorism, and the terrorist groups, we have certainly daesh as you say, but we still have we can observe at this time that it is acting in both african countries come in mali, in ivory coast and others. We still have today very bad and important activity of my friend would say, boko haram. We talk less about boko haram but it is one of bad, very bad groups. And alshabaab. The second point, when we focus on the terrorist groups in the moroccan approach, we never put the transnational organized crime. We have in this region very important activity. And what we learn that today, and i will be, im realistic. Im not optimistic, not pessimistic but just realistic. We are moving to more instability in this region. And the future for industry can is a lot of uncertainty. So we have to chance, in the region we have to do our homework. And we must move out just to put some concepts. But to have some real strategy, and to act as fast as responsible state. And fortunately we still have some kind of thinking in this region, and we still have some dreams or some kind of role in this region. It will bring more disaster. And we still have some people, bad information, bad informant, come in with some proposal or solution and it would be a disaster. I think that today, we know that we have to it will be for us, the foreign fighters. We have 1500 Moroccan Foreign fighters in syria and iraq. 495 was killed, 217 returned from morocco. But we have 1000 from algeria, and we have 5200 from tunisia. And i can move around. If we could just to in the north, we will have 1700 from france, some part coming from france. And we have 815 from belgium. 415 from germany. 500 from uk. I can go around a lot of countries, because what we know today, that daesh, and this is for the first time, the terrorist group had this important member of foreign fighters, and the number today surround 45,000 foreign fighters. What we observed last month, that more than 4000 are dead of syria and iraq to libya. We know also that a lot of young people from the region who have opportunity to move to syria and iraq, and now to libya, are still in. They have today the capability, they have all what they need as many, and they have weapons. So how we can face this a global enemy with only national policies. It would be very difficult, facing the global enemy. We need global responses and we need global strategies. The second element is transnational organized crime, and i think in this issue, we talk less about drug trafficki trafficking. And i remember, we had once years ago very Important Program about these issues. Today, 185 arrived every year to the west of africa and the sahel region. It represents 25 from International Markets of cocaine, and the needs of the European Market from cocaine come from their. And 32 from the city. One kilo of cocaine today in sahel we can sell it at 24,000 euros. You can observe that there is no place for other drugs, cannabis or others, nothing. The second element, its the proliferation of weapons. One of the consequences of the libya wars was that today we have a lot of open markets in this region of sahel. More than 10 years ago, you could buy one ak47 from chinese origin around 75. You can have today in the sahel, ak47 one stock russian for less than 55. And this proliferation of weapons of not only small arms, but we know that a lot of missiles are there, especially some seven and other kinds. So its a very, very big concern, and we know today that all these groups are working together, cooperating together, and using all what they control as the zones and, of course, wrote. We know today are established in the sahel and sahara. We know that they had the opportunity to find somewhere you in the southeast of algeria. Some groups who are speaking spanish. I use them as guides and they are using them in these illegal activities. We know also that illegal immigration and smuggling, human smuggling is very, very important activity, and the terrorist groups use this tragedy, human tragedy, for their goals. For this and the third, the last point in the moroccan strategy is that we believe that we need the international cooperation. Morocco is open to this, sharing information, sharing intelligence. There have been other country. We had examples with france after the attacks in paris. In belgium, after and before brussels, and with a lot come with the spanish government, with a lot of, even today a lot of other countries. But we believe that we need it to build our own regional strategy, and not to have external intervention in the region. It will be bad response and bad solution. But in the same time doing own homework, how can we cooperate in this region, if you still have, and we had all the time. We are happy to share that the borders are closed. You have second example between closed borders, between morocco and nigeria. They can give you idea that no way to cooperate against this enemy. For this decision i think that we need to act as responsible state coming to move out a lot of paradigm coming from one other history and other area. We have to build the future, the future will be either all of us, saved, or all of those victims. And i hope that we will choose the life and we will for the future of our child, all over the world. More stability, more comprehensive and more inclusive policies. Thank you. [applause] thank you very much. We will try to open up for q a for the general and panelists. Please, identify yourself. Yes, sir. My question is for general ward. So far the war on terrorism focus most on security and counterterrorism efforts. How could the u. S. And International Community deal with poor governance, political exclusion, economic grievances and corruption . Thank you. I think based on my experience and what i see as a way ahead in a total sense, i talked about how we cooperate in many of our secured apparatuses from Intelligence Fusion Centers themselves to collective training events to combine war fighting activities to address these specific threats. You heard the comment made by college on stage with respect to these tactics are only important tactics to address that actors on the scene. And we have to do that. And i think we must devote resources to that. At the same time to address it over time, to do those things are required to promote longterm stability, to get at the root cause of why these things are allowed to exist, we must do more. And so, therefore, the thrust of what i talk to with respect to sustained development of engagement, sustained diplomatic engagement, those are things that the likewise in my mind i ought to have the same priority, if you will, in a collective way as we move ahead. Its not the u. S. Required to do it. I believe it is the requirement of the world of nations to produce but in activities, that one provide an understanding of the region, the area that those activities are to exist in, but that it does things that are commensurate with what you by the population. Not from our perspective but from the perspective of those who are there. And then based on that, the deliberate be delivered in conducting activities and to use the term and its a term that like so thats why does it come it, that will provide this arises about. Cant get everybody and it wont a perfect but it will assure go a long way to address the conditions that underlie the undercurrent positions that breed these things. Because folks deal with despair. Its a long investment. Its a lot endeavor. It wont happen overnight. Weve got to be persistent and we have to be focused, and we have to remain to get overtime to see a result. Its a generational activity in my minds eye. Please. I have a question on eventually many of these fighters will return with a lot of combat experience, especially directed to these people will come back. What preparations are being made . What strategy to manage to deal with the returning nationals . Thank you, sir, for that question. Well, actually its one of the major issues that we have to deal with. Because the returnees are already there, and some of them even indulged in some of the acts that have been committed so far. So definitely its a whole strategy that has to be implemented in that regard. As i said in my remarks, its kind of tricky situation, very sensitive. Because we have to deal with those people and to give them special treatment because to avoid any further activities, and so one. But the issue is also preserve their rights to be in line with human rights and so on, which is rather a little bit difficult. So definitely there is a special strategy for that and we are trying to frame these people. The thing is that they be taken care of and they be followed closely to avoid any relapse or any sort of bad activities. It again its still difficult approach, difficult situation that we have to face. In morocco, we resolve this problem. We have this vacuum, now we have the low and massive costs, all too in 15 are now in prison. I think they are criminals. Of course, we have to respect their role and other criminals but at the same time we have to protect society. We couldnt do it before 10 years ago. But today, what we can have as guarantees in the criminals. So they are criminal and they have to come of course, be treated as criminals. First of all to all Panel Members come thanks for your presentations. My question is to general ward. General, your appeal for having this comprehensive three d approach, it really is something we can fully support. Its policy my country. We do it. Also at undersecretary level we have integrated have become prime minister, mission of development, ministry of for a affairs. They talk on a weekly basis. We operate that way. Thats orbiting principle. But my question is the following. When we do this itakes long stamina for our societies. Because here we are in present societies that want quick results, but wants quick action, that wants to see results today and not in a year. And my question is, could you elaborate on, i think thats the thing that is overlooked but we need to have Strategic Communication go a strategic stamina, how do we do it to keep sport in our societies for these very longterm approaches . Because we although that development doesnt happen overnight. Thats a great question that its a great point and thanks for your service as well. I am familiar with what goes on in your country, after having worked with your forces in these endeavors and the importance of it. Too quick think that i will not belabor this. Whatever a nation does, the nation will do in its own national interest. So how we develop a narrative that will allow citizens of our respective nations to include people in the respective countries where these things go on so that they knows been of these things are International Interest and in the best interest. We clearly had that problem in america. And so than narrative that was talked about with respect to how its made to be understood that was unlike centuries ago when great seize provide barriers, when Great Mountain ranges provided various comp and deserts provided various is a longer the case. It was made with respect to sahara and the amount of trafficking. These terrorists that are just bad guys do that same ancient routes from drug traffickers, weapons traffickers, human traffickers but they all use the same systems. Those things impact on neighborhoods. Doesnt matter if its in america, in europe, and asia because of the Global Commons where we are with technology, transportation, markets, access to resources. All those things that advantage populations globally have to be dealt with such that we see where we are at our ability to sell the product, to receiver product, may come from innuendo Global Commons can be agriculture, technological. This piece of equipment right here, if your neighbor in the netherlands or my neighbor in michigan do that were its components were from, lets make sure we have access to that. So how we develop a narrative that lets every citizen understand that what goes on globally has an impact on them locally. And, unfortunately, we dont devote time to that, as you said we are a fast food group of folk, but that doesnt say that we must give up, that we can give up on promoting that narrative. And we must persevere and just not give out. Just like in the korean war when he was charging downhill and he was out of ammunition and to turn around and look at his infantry soldiers and said, our mission is to take that hill. Boss, we have the ammunition. Welcome weve got legs and weve got bayonets. Fix them, lets go. We have used any means we have to continue to deliver that message to move forward even in the face of those who dont want to hear it, but we should not because we dont want to hear, fall away from delivering. General . Obviously we are all done, right . Is just the beginning. Just the beginning. Well, yonah, if nothing else, dr. Alexander you are consistent because want to get were out of time and ive been asked to speak. And so im just going to say thank you to all of you for being with us today. Its been very informative. Take you to all the panelists, and i would say just in passing, obviously we need a global strategy. Obviously, all of the free world has to get involved. Obviously, it has to have a regional connotations and so when because of the regions are very bored, and they are different. And it must be adapted along the way. And we ought to be able to decide to what we want to look like 10 or 15 years from now and then turned to him make it happen. One word that really has been mentioned today which i think is crucial, and thats education. We have got to educate in america our people come and weve got to educate the free world as we know it today, what this terrorists i did and what is all about and what jihad really, really means. We have to go back centuries and really study the history of what this means. We need to understand how the air but linguists mind works. When analyze that and these words a Different Things to different people come and above all it means a different thing to jihadists. We ought to understand also these words have changed, what jihad in the beginning really meant effort and the like a unity of effort. Its changed now and it changed in the beginning of the 20th century and viacom added has to do now with conquering. And so you know, its up to us. Do we want to be conquered or do we want to remain free . We need to remember that many of the free world, they really need security right now, even more than freedom and democracy. Thats what we have to be able to provide. So its a very complicated issue, but it starts, in my judgment, with education. Thank you. [applause] thank you. See you next time. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] if you missed any of these presentation you will be able to watch it again in its entirety on our website. Go to cspan. Org. The Associated Press reporting president obama commuted the prison sentences of 61 drug offenders to date including more than onethird serving life sentences. All inmates are serving time for drug related violations your most set to be released on july 28. The graph youre looking at shows the president has commuted the sentences of more men and women in the last six president s combined. Coming up Later White House press secretary josh are less likely to answer questions about those commuted sentence. He will meet with reporters during his Daily Press Briefing about an hour from now. We plan to have live coverage of that for you here on cspan2. It is surely not going to be washington, d. C. That steps in and solve these problems. Its going to be friends and family, churches, charities, loved ones, treatment centers, people working to help those who are struggling overcome their addiction. Drug addiction is a disease. Ive made this a priority for my administration. We are not new to this. In 2010 we released our First National drug control strategy. We followed that up in 2011 with a Prescription Drug abuse prevention plan. We are implementing those plans, partnering with communities to prevent drug use, reduce overdose deaths, help people get treatment. And thursday at six with an apparent impasse between democrats, the white house and republicans over the next Supreme Court justice. We look at what todays leaders have said in the past concerning the nominating and confirmation process of individuals to the Supreme Court. In my view, confirmation hearings, no matter how long, how fruitful, health worker, how thorough, and provide a basis for determining if th a nominee merits a seat on our Supreme Court. A thoughtful senator should realize that any benefits of barring an ideological opponent from the court are not likely to outweigh the damage done to the courts institutional standing. Ideological opposition to a nominee from one end of the political spectrum is likely to help generate similar opposition to later nominations from the opposite end. Those are some the programs featured this week on cspan. Starting shortly democratic president ial candidate Hillary Clinton will hold a Campaign Rally in harlem, new york, to cspan will carry that live followed by your phone calls, comments via facebook and twitter. Again starting just a couple minutes on cspan. But no remark some investigative journalist and author sonia shah, the moderate a panel on emerging Infectious Diseases and the next pandemic. This took place at the new york academy of medicine afterwards the panelists takes questions from the audience. Its about 90 minutes. Okay. Thank you all for coming here i usually dont like to stand because im short, but i will get up am i to be chosen for you here when i first started writing this book about six years ago, i certainly didnt predict that we would have to be living through a pandemic of a new kind of pathogen kind of washing over the americas right when the book came out. But, of course, he we are with the zika virus. Washing over the americas. And so thats not my talk. Hold on a second. So over the past 50 years weve had over 300 infectious pathogens, either newly emerged over with emerging in new places where they have not been seen before. So we passed, seek is really just the latest one of a plethora of pathogens that have been doing this. Weve had a bowl in west africa, where it had not been seen before. Middle is respiratory syndrome to a new virus that had come out of the middle east. New kinds of Avian Influenza coming out of asia. Of course, the whole range of airborne pathogens, dengue, chicken to india, nile virus, et cetera. So the question i wanted to ask as a science journalist was how do Microbes Turn into pandemic causing pathogens . If you think about it, michael is a tiny invisible thing without independent locomotion and yet it turned out, it turns in some instances it can cause this huge amount of death and destruction. So the wake want to look at bat was through a twopronged approach. The first i looked at the history of one of our most successful pandemic causing pathogens, and thats cholera. Cholera has actually caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged in the 19th century. Duluth, minnesota, going on right now just a few hundred miles off the coast of florida in haiti. Then i couple that with reporting from places where new pathogens were coming up and this was what i was for import by the center. I went to places like south china, new delhi and portauprince and elsewhere to try to see how the start of cholera could shed light on where these new pathogens might be going. And what i learned is that cholera emerged in many ways in the same way that a lot of the new pathogens are coming up today. They came out of the natural environment. So called her back is a bacteria that normally lives in marine habitats. It actually lives in conjunction with dual plankton zooplankton and i performed useful ecological function in the habit of helping to recycle nutrients. Laces like are full of cholera back to you. The water is full of it. This is water that is how fresh, half salty and this is where all the major rivers of south asia are draining into the bay of bengal. Now for a long time, people didnt usually live in places like this. They are covered in swamps, tidally flooded twice a day. There are cyclones, tigers. So people didnt really live in cholera rich environment. That, of course, all changed in the 19th century. The british decided to turn these into ricefields. Over the course of the 19 century, 90 of the area was settled. So suddenly humans invaded cholera habitat that about cholera to spill over to our bodies and adapt to us. And, of course, in our bodies it doesnt perform a very useful ecological function but it can kill people within a matter of hours. About 50 of people infected will die if not treated promptly. So the first pandemic of cholera started in 1817, started to move into russia and now into the industrializing cities of europe. And this is the same thing thats happening today. About 50 of our new pathogens are coming out of the bodies of animals. And it happens when humans invaded Wildlife Habitat or destroy Wildlife Habitat forcing wild animals to come into our territory. So from bats weve got an ebola. From monkeys weve got hiv and malaria come and most likely zika as well. From birds weve got west nile virus, Avian Influenza and others as well. And, of course, we provide these new pathogens with great opportunities to amplify which allows them to even better kind of adapt to bring upon human population. We first started doing this in the 19 century when we started living in cities. That was anything to do back then. People were abandoning the farms, coming into these new cities for factory jobs. And, of course, in places like new york and london, there wasnt suburban dengue to take people outside of the city to scroll. Everyone had to live right in the city, near work or near the possibility of work. So in places like 19th century manhattan, there was about 77,000 people crowded into every square kilometer in the 19th century. About one 12th of the city was covered with cesspools and outhouses. There was no sewage system, so the typical 19 century new yorker, because of this intense crowding, was ingesting about two teaspoons of fecal matter everyday, and this of course provided a great opportunity for cholera bacteria to just explode. And this process of urban expansion that started in the 19 century is really reaching its peak now. So by the year 2030, the majority of the human population is going to live in cities. They will not be cities like stockholm and washington, d. C. They are going to be cities more like monrovia where theres a lot of ad hoc development, a lot of slums. About 2 billion people are expected to live in slums like about 2030. And new passages have started take advantage of this process of urbanization. Consider ebola, for example. Weve had ebola outbreaks since the 1970s at least, but ebola had never infected a place with more than a few hundred thousand inhabitants until 2013. And within a few weeks of emerging in guinea in 2013, ebola had reached three Capital Cities with a combined population of nearly 3 million, which is one major reason why that outbreak was such a huge complication. With human urban expansion. It loved living near people. It will breed in a, drop of water and bottle cap. So all of our plastic garbage provides perfect breeding sites for the mosquito. Unlike mosquitoes carried zika in the past, this only bites humans. In addition to crowding our people together were also crowding our animals together. We have more animals under
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