3520 africanamerican history since 1865. Were at north county, Central University, and today ill be lecturing about activism in North Carolina. So first, ill give you the main of this lecture. Its going to be like five or six, and then well get into the actual examples of so historically black colleges, university were Important Movement spaces for the long black freedom movement. So they were kind of essential to the Civil Rights Movement, the black power movement, black student continuously use the campus space, mobilize for freedom on their campuses and surrounding communities. And in doing so, they transformed their local campuses, communities North Carolina and elsewhere. Typically when were we learn about hbcu activism in North Carolina, theres a focus on the greensboro four or 1960, but kind of Everything Else right gets left out, right . So this lecture is about the decades of activism that predates 1960 and the decade of activism excuse, the acronym that after 1960. So putting those into context and not just talking about right. Some other takeaways is think about the different strategies utilized to end segregation. Right . This is not just one strategy, right . Weve already talked about lawsuits when you talked about marches, direct action. Right. We talk about advocacy using using newspapers and writing some selfdefense. Right. So just think about those different strategies and how used in the hbcu context of this is a point that i talked about a lot the laws and the legal system were important but application in Enforcement Matters right. Because you know, we are we talk of the how the 13th, the 14th and 15th amendments were still on the books. Right. When the black nadir happens. Right. Those laws are still on the books. But they werent enforced. Right. And allow for segregation to go throughout the land. Right. So, again, Enforcement Matters. Right, in large part when it comes to segregation enforcement is through policy culture and the use of violence at the struggle for desegregation occurred in kthrough12 and Higher Education institutions and children and other sacrifice in order for ending segregation to occur right so usually well talk about shorter in youth in terms of the Civil Rights Movement and black power movement. But we see them as activists in their own right. Right. You hear about the brown versus board of education students, but we dont think about the actual children. Right who had to desegregate or try to desegregate schools. Right. We think about thurgood marshall, right. But so short in our essential to kind of this black movement as, people who are agreed by discrimination and racial violence. Right. But also as and organizing great children, organizing students, organizing throughout the whole black freedom movement. Okay. Also student active is of all ages challenged oppression and other inequalities. The Student Movement was diverse in demographics with varying motivations, tactics and causes. And not all africanamericans advocated for integration. Some people advocated for equal resources while maintaining separatism. They advocated for black determination and power to rule over their own communities. Right. So not all africanamericans wanted interrogation in a large, white, central right was able to get a lot of resources strategically during segregation. So because they didnt want to integrate the founder central kind of use that get more resources for central so getting central graduate school early on right using that kind of segregation and racism to help the black community in this university in particular. And so not only hbcu use are just a logo of all the kind of. Know kind of houses this 11 four year institutions. At one point it was the most four year hbcu of any in one of the reasons why we have so many hbcu is because there was a significant black population in North Carolina and that is tied to what . Slavery. Right. So slavery was a major factor. North carolina. And so theyre after slavery, right there remained a large black population. Right. A lot of this population is kind of center stage, particularly in the piedmont region or the middle region of the state. And thats where you find kind of the Major Urban Centers of North Carolina. So you have charlotte, winstonsalem, greensboro, raleigh, durham, all that kind of piedmont section. So most of the schools are within that area. So that in terms of curriculum early enough, kind of hbcu issues and issues in general, they were largely more elementary or more on literacy kind of thing, began gng back slavery in, you know, education being denied education being denied. But wealk about resistance to that and people still learning how to read and write and utilizing that in different ways. But agn, lot of the kind of initial instruction was to teach ople literacy and do more like stuff we associate with kthrough12. Now, that kind of education, these institutions would transform to a more Higher Ed Institutions later did, depending on the need, right . If we educate people to to be literate kthrough12 kind of education they need institutions to be further educated. So thats why they kind of became more higher educated, focused. For example, esteemed scholar in race leader a julia cooper, a tennessee agassiz normal and collegiate institute for her primary and secondary education, as well as serving briefly as instructor at the institution and shes actually one of the first black women to get a ph. D. I mean, she got it. I believe in europe and mary Mary Mcleod Bethune is also a famous race leader who attended primary education of we see use a Barber Scotia College. Right. So a lot of these very important race leaders as seen in auckland we see use her many of the historically black Colleges University the north kind of began with the focus on religious and often their founders religious organizations such as the baptist methodist, africanamerican episcopal and the presbyterian church. The second motivating factor for establishing is we see used in North Carolina was to educate so they could then educate the black masses again because of discrimination, banning of education and writing there was the black mass as a whole. And we are talked about in the south as a whole. There wasnt a publicly funded education in the south until reconstruction. So so its a Large Population thats not educated. So the focus was on religion ministers and also creating teachers so they could educate kind the the primary secondary education. Okay. Although many of the education institutions for africanamericans in North Carolina were founded by white benefactors or funded by white benefactors africanamerican leadership was essential to the survival of those institutions. As soon as the first classes begin to graduate, alumni began teaching at establishing in schools throughout North Carolina. So youll find that a lot of the people that attended the hbc they were early, right . They would go on found other hbcu, right. So the alumni of the older as we see used were found in the hbcus like they will state was founded by alumni of another not hbcu. So you see thats why these are connected so so very much yes so youll find that example throughout the history of all hbcu in North Carolina. So remain connected. Okay. And so this is just a list of years that they were founded. And so as you can see, most of these institutions are founded in the 1860s. So shortly after the civil war. Right. So shall university. 1865, St Augustines university, 1867 barber school. Shaw college, 1867 jesse smith 1867 five State University 1867 Bennett College 1873 livingstone college. 1879 is the city State University 1891 no agricultural and Technical University 1891 was the same university 1892 and last but not least, North Central university 1910. Right . And again, as a lot of them, except were basically not kind of such a University Begin as primary secondary institutions. Okay. Okay. So this slide is going to talk about we talked about the history of hbcu in North Carolina. This slide gets into the history of activism at hbcu in North Carolina. So again, theres a overfocus 1960 and 84 in particular. And that kind of a racist decades of history of activism. And so there were sustained Student Movements this hbcu during the early to mid 20th century north kind it hbcu student activigaged in multiple successful movements they range in participant siz and duration to the 1967 movement, Student Activists engaged in activism directly internally toward mp adminion, faculty, staff and governing board and externally against antiblack oppression right. So they were not only just going antiblack oppression, right . They were also battling their teachers, their administrators. Right. Fighting for instruction. Right. In 1931, William Stuart nelson became the first black president , assuring university after students, alumni, faculty and staff advocated for africanamerican. So a lot of these early president s of these institutions were, white men and getting a lot of the benefactors are white men, as so students in the 1920s as saw really advocated for black leadership. Right. And they also, as spring race repression. Right. They experience suspensions. Right. Threats of expulsions. So this was happening in the 1920s and 1930s, but they were successful at getting the black president. From 1937 to 1938. Bennett college in norman and his students picketed the carolina theater for their antiblackness. So weve talked a little about kind of antiblack movies for the birth of a nation, those kind of things. And so they were antiblack depictions in these films and the students kind of thought to organize against this, right . Also, there was discrimination in seating in certain theaters, blacks, legs, people had sit in certain spaces right. That were not equal in terms of quality. Right. And so in 1937, 1938, some students at at t and Bennett College got together to organize against this. Right. And they were also joined by High School Teachers and other faculty members. Right. So throughout we think about campus activism, faculty members are involved, teachers are involved. Students are involved. Also, people who are activists but graduated. Right. Alumni, right. Are essential to kind of the continuation of this Movement Work. Right. They didnt forget about their institutions and the people, right. When they graduated, they were still together with current student students right to do activist work. Right. And so well find out throughout this. Right, that this is happening. I refer to them as activist alumni. Theyre not currently students. Right. But they have a connection with these institutions. And then they use that connection to have solid or collaborate with current students and teachers. The faculty members that see this is a sample of activist alumni. So jq jackson c, Smith University and noted act was journalist trevor w derson recruited jesse as u undergraduate studen leader hawkins ldroup in picketing against the Charlotte Post office for discriminatory hi practices in 19. Right. So he attended primary and High School Education c smith in a very city in the 1920s. Trevor anderson he then becomes a journalist and activist and he works for the post office. A means discrimination. He also when he was a student and after he was a student he would use newspaper black newspapers to criticize the administration of the issue. And sometimes we do it anonymously right. So it also speaks to the fact that even if you graduate right if even if youre no longer a part of the university, you still feel duty to it. Right . And a duty to having the best environment, the best people in charge. Right. And part of the response of the administration to them, criticizing them was to try to repress, repress that kind of criticism. Right. So, again, part of at campus hbcu is activism on campus nstdmistrators, against teachers. Right. At the same sometimes teachers, adnistrators, the faculty members,olborators were is right. So its kind of the internal work thats going on. And so originally hawkins who is about 17 at the time he starts college at 14, but at 17 hes a student leader and activist he joins the post office of post office picketing in the 1940. Right. It gives other students involved. Right. And then in the 1960s, hes going to be a key alumni activist. Alumni are adults who help Student Activist in charlotte, North Carolina. Right. So you see i see that connection between alumni activists, the current one. So he would be a key person. Someone tries anything, recruited him, motivated him and collaborate him. And then later, 20 years later, he do the same thing for other Student Activists like the end of us. He served as a organizing structure for North Carolina youth activists prior to the 1960 sit in movement, a Student Activist routinely referenced being involved in acp as youth prior to attending college, also, acp had College Chapters throughout state. By 1955, there were 45 Youth Council in College Chapters in North Carolina, right . So when we talk about student activism, we like to talk about how the space kind of encourages radicalism or encourages them to act right. But you dont come to campus a blank space, right . Youre youre before you get to campus, right. In your communities, youre space for Racial Discrimination you may have activists in your right or in your community kind of shapes, what youre doing right. You dont just become kind, cautious when you go to college. Right. So some these Student Activists were already kind of oriented to that. Right. Some of them werent right in in the campus wave kind of serves as that kind of Movement Space that could encourage that kind of work. But i think we have to make room for both that. Right. You come with something, right you can herself a campus right. You can join other like minded people or debate people right strategies and stuff like that. And that serves as a space that kind of motivates Movement Work right. And so this is happening. Acp is essential to that. Well before this, the movement in 1960 there are doing that youth mobilization on college campuses. North carolina. So all those sit ins as a tactic existed before the 1960s. The use as, a sense of it of repression. And i think that so the first in movement does not happen in 1960. Right. Sit ins have been used as a strategy, right. Decades before. But it kind of becomes very popular during this time. Right. And because the way the movement spread in North Carolina and, then throughout the united states, it becomes more of an international thing. Right. Its not just one movement, right . It becomes i mean, its not just one one moment becomes a movement. Right. A dozens of of sit ins as a tactic. It becomes really popular. And so thats why we associate sit ins with 1960, in particular in greensboro. Again, it begins before that. So a sit in is a civil disobedience tactic during demonstrators attempt to integrate public facilities and businesses by asking for service and they refusing to when denied the service. So the sit in on february 1st, 1960 by for North Carolina students in a woolworths in North Carolina sparked the sit in movement. Soon thousands mostly students, followed suit and sit in demonstration as it began throughout the country. Those are the students at the all female local historically black university, Bennett College participated in the movement, including participating in gillians right. So again, you only focus on the anc for right . You ignore all the other as soon as it participated in it, right . You also in the war, the women, the black women who were involved it anc and it been in college. Right . Who were essential to the successes of the movement in terms percentages Bennett College even though its a smaller it was a Smaller Institution the anc had more of a student body participated in the sit ins then anc right and so you wont kind know how these movements were successful if you dont take a step back and look at all who were involved right. These are hundreds and thousands participants. And if you only focus on the for and you only focus on that one day that they started right, you ignore the months and months and months and months that you took. Right. To ultimately integrate. Right. And it also said legal cases right. Theyre not just doing bull, theyre using these di