Would use newspaper black newspapers to criticize the administration of the issue. And sometimes we do it anonymously right. So it also speaks to the fact that even if you graduate right if even if youre no longer a part of the university, you still feel duty to it. Right . And a duty to having the best environment, the best people in charge. Right. And part of the response of the administration to them, criticizing them was to try to repress, repress that kind of criticism. Right. So, again, part of at campus hbcu is activism on campus against administrators, against teachers. Right. At t same sometimes teachers, administrators, the faculty meers, collaborators were is right. So its kind of the internal work thats going on. And so originally hawkins who is about 17 at the time he starts college at 14, but at 17 hes a student leader and activist he joins the post office of post office picketing in the 1940. Right. It gives other students involved. Right. And then in the 1960s, hes going to be a key alumni activist. Alumni are adults who help Student Activist in charlotte, North Carolina. Right. So you see i see that connection between alumni activists, the current one. So he would be a key person. Someone tries anything, recruited him, motivated him and collaborate him. And then later, 20 years later, he do the same thing for other Student Activists like the end of us. He served as a organizing structure for North Carolina youth activists prior to the 1960 sit in movement, a Student Activist routinely referenced being involved in acp as youth prior to attending college, also, acp had College Chapters throughout state. By 1955, there were 45 Youth Council in College Chapters in North Carolina, right . So when we talk about student activism, we like to talk about how the space kind of encourages radicalism or encourages them to act right. But you dont come to campus a blank space, right . Youre youre before you get to campus, right. In your communities, youre space for Racial Discrimination you may have activists in your right or in your community kind of shapes, what youre doing right. You dont just become kind, cautious when you go to college. Right. So some these Student Activists were already kind of oriented to that. Right. Some of them werent right in in the campus wave kind of serves as that kind of Movement Space that could encourage that kind of work. But i think we have to make room for both that. Right. You come with something, right you can herself a campus right. You can join other like minded people or debate people right strategies and stuff like that. And that serves as a space that kind of motivates Movement Work right. And so this is happening. Acp is essential to that. Well before this, the movement in 1960 there are doing that youth mobilization on college campuses. North carolina. So all those sit ins as a tactic existed before the 1960s. The use as, a sense of it of repression. And i think that so the first in movement d not hapn 1960. Right. Sit ins have been used as a strategy, right. For decades before. But it kind of becomes very popular during this time. Right. And because the way the movement spread in North Carolina and, then throughout the united states, it becomes more of an international thing. Right. Its not just one movement, right . It becomes i mean, its not just one one moment becomes a movement. Right. A dozens of of sit ins as a tactic. It becomes really popular. And so thats why we associate sit ins with 1960, in particular in greensboro. Again, it begins before that. So a sit in is a civil disobedience tactic during demonstrators attempt to integrate public facilities and businesses by asking for service and they refusing to when denied the service. So the sit in on february 1st, 1960 by for North Carolina students in a woolworths in North Carolina sparked the sit in movement. Soon thousands mostly students, followed suit and sit in demonstration as it began throughout the country. Those are the students at the all female local historically black university, Bennett College participated in the movement, including participating in gillians right. So again, you only focus on the anc for right . You ignore all the other as soon as it participated in it, right . You also in the war, the women, the black women who were involved it anc and it been in college. Right . Who were essential to the successes of the movement in terms percentages Bennett College even though its a smaller it was a Smaller Institution the anc had more of a student body participated in the sit ins then anc right and so you wont kind know how these movements were successful if you dont take a step back and look at all who were involved right. These are hundreds and thousands participants. And if you only focus on the for and you only focus on that one day that they started right, you ignore the months and months and months and months that you took. Right. To ultimately integrate. Right. And it also said legal cases right. Theyre not just doing bull, theyre using these different avenues. Right. To be successful. But it gave you only focus on that. One day you erase all that. Okay. And speaking to my point, when the sit ins spread in North Carolina, it happens on february 1st, 1960, right in initially spreads, mainly in they also had hbcu in north right. So express places. It had hbcu and also spreads at places that have a significant black high. Right. So black high schools are also participating in the City Movement and they are of the Movement Space, the integral Movement Space in the places they dont have a College University right. So thats happening. So this is theyre 1960 by march 60, you see that that has increased right. E black that is no spaces they had sit in demonstrations and had hbcu. The two blue ones are places that had historically white institutions right and then the red are places that had kind of significant black high school involvement. Okay. But again, schools, youth activism is essential, kind of it spreading right and then is spreading in or on a first. These to Gain Momentum to then spread to states and then spread throughout the country. Right so without its first spreading issues in North Carolina, you wouldnt have a movement right . Itll be only happened in greensboro right. It wouldnt have happened elsewhere. Right. Without kind of the other campuses. Join me in. So again, this is where the hbcu are. Again, this is same pattern as the demonstrations i see that connection. Okay. And i thought know piedmont right in the middle is where most the hbcu are so we see the city are way over there and then fable right there. Okay, so the newspapers were making these connections that oh, theyre spreading it. Hbcu is right. One of the earliest places outside of North Carolina that spread to was hampton at hampton university. Right. So again, theres this connection between this movement spreading where places that had hbcu or significant black high schools. Right. And so the newspapers were making these connections. Right. These newspapers, that kind of thing. What was happening. This place, this place in finally this place in North Carolina. Right. Will see victory in North Carolina. Right. So theyre making these connections between these movements. Right. But when think about this has happened at at t or this has happened in greensboro, right we ignore the spread of these things. Right. And how this also the way that there can be collaboration. Right. And we always talked about with the beta in 1937, 1938, right Student Activists were willing to collaborate with other campuses right to. Do this kind of work and one of the key newspaper, black newspaper writers and editors in North Carolina, he for a student, hbcu students join together and join it and make a larger Boycott Movement in the 1930s. Right. So a lot people saw the power right of atikus joining together the campuses to do this kind of Movement Work. Right and so they started in 1937, right . So when it actually happens in 1960, there is this kind of contest to it, right . It just didnt happen. Adam, anywhere. But again, we only focus usually the mainstream, connect only focuses on february 1st, 1950, right. And so this is a statue day, february for a statue there was criticisms of the statue, particularly about Bennett College activists and their role. Right. The one of the former faculty of Bennett College, shes like, there ought to be a woman on that statue right in. There are two iconic pictures from the greensboro sit in movement, right. Is this one where they make the statue from and theres another one . Well, the sitting i showed the other one earlier. Let me see if i can go back to it this one right there. All these people are not the greensboro four, right . These are these are different men. Right. And n even when onic photos kind of dont the space of this movement is right then to there are more than four people participating at right. And by to day three, right. Bennett College Activists were participating right. And so again, if you focus only on one day, you what it takes to make a movement successful. Right . And the sacrifice they take. Right. So think about college, right . You thinking about going to dances, who you date, right . You think about heart tests and exams, right . They also were organizing movements, dealing with policing, potentially getting arrested. Right. Figuring out, okay, we should have so many people go on this or we should have, you know, some people go for 4 hours, then we have another group come in. They had to carpool right . Some people were some students were parents. Right then. Think about childcare youre right, some some were married. Right. So we we we think of these people as just not people. Right . Not humans. Not students. Right. We ignore all the things they were experiencing. Right. Because in the midst of boycotts, they say were thinking about the dances. If they were thinking about dating. Right . These things hitting go out the way. Also, some Student Activists. Athletes, student athletes. Right. And so all these things factor into the movement, right . Some. Their work could have slid by participating. Some students didnt graduate. Right. Based on their participation. Right. And so i think we need to think kind of those sacrifices made. Right. When we think about these movements. Right. Right. And so speaking to that, we should not just focus on 1960, in 1958, Bennett College allowed Martin Luther king jr to speak on campus and this was controversial because initially they wanted to speak at nc rht Bennett College is for private Institution Anti is a Public Institution and so ty experienced government pressure and threats from the kkk and other members and not allow them to speak at anti and partially because bennett is a private school right they allowed or allowed they didnt have the pressures of Government Resources and things on them. They were able to have mlk kind of speak on their campus right. And so this happens in 1958, in 1959. So december of 1959, Bennett College and their student newspaper, they post article says, do you stand . And theyre really advocating people to do the work right . Do something. Discrimination and violence. Were experiencing right. Take action. And this is happening before february first, 1960. Right. So when the controversial moment is that a lot of times with the 84, we talk about being spontaneous like we just decided to go and join and do this and do this and do this right. But a number of those for were participating in city organizations and meetings. Right. They had were in strategies sessions before 1960. They were in strategy sessions at Bennett College and with Bennett College students. Right. And so some Bennett College students like the men went without us. Right. So they were planning this. Right. This article kind of shows that they were wanting to do direct action. You know, in a student news video saying, what are we going to do right . And then february 1st, 1960, the is well for now start right. But you cant trace the strategy that happened before. Right at least to that right. And so these are just more newspapers, the participation of Bennett College student. Right. Surely after the first sit in, they decided to form a Student Organization and. One of the the president of Bennett College becomes one of the coleaders of that organization. Right. So again, as students at large Bennett College students are part the success of the movement also when the movement keeps going on the summer, what happens this summer . What do you go you stay on campus, you go home, right . So youth, black youth in high school and middle school kind of take up the boycott and demonstrations right. So again, you have to think about multiple people. Theyre participating and leading to the movement. Also students who were home grown, right. They can in keep participating right. So again, this is a long term movement, right. That happened when you only focus on that first day, you ignore of what was necessary to make successful and then. So this is more kind of sit ins. You see the women are involved. Theyre theyre so Bennett College participation was essential to it. Thats it. And you had picketing, right . It was presentnd. A lot of times people be like, well, north con is very progressive, right . But they also experience violence and threats. Right. One of the the ways that they were protected was the football came and was a little intimidating to people. Right. So i guess is progressive rap, right . That isnt me. They experience violence, right . In the 1950s, there was a crossover. Anything on multiple hbcu campuses. So they are experiencing. Right. And later in 1960s, civil rights leaders, homes will be bombed in charlotte. Right. So north kind of has this kind of violence, its underbelly right that well talk about later. Okay. And then 1963 and they may not exist soon in activism in North Carolina is actually larger than 1963, is more theyre participating the mid 1960s than to participating in 1960. Right. And so this picture is a group of Bennett College students being jailed in an old polio. Okay and so one of the big things is their president player, which is one of the first black women president s of colleges, universities. She supported them in their activism. She brought them their homework, brought them food and telegrams to their parents. Right. Because at the same time, administrators and faculty are basically are the parents all kind of guidance, right. When youre on campus. Right. And so she sent telegrams say that, no, i support the students and im making sure theyre safe and protected. Right. So again, ministries are part of Movement Work, right. But she also is part of the thing where a white teacher at Bennett College, her husband was tied to leftist radicalism. Right. Accused of being a communist. Right. And that teacher was run out of Bennett College by doctor player. Right. So it speaks to the fact that administrators, you know, support activism and Movement Work and freedom work. Right at the same time, they can restrict the right. A lot of the times as soon as theyve been a classroom particular day, wish they were rebelling against. They had to wear white gloves and to sunday Vespers Service and, stuff like that. Right. So theyre restricting some of the restraining policies, right . Not going out certain hours. And so administrators are containing these multiple roles. Right. And will it be players . A great example of the person who does that. Right. Shes both and not either aware. But surely after. The 19th, 67 Movement Starts in february, one of the king junior comes in support. He comes to durham, North Carolina, to support and they have a meeting at a local church. And part of that meeting, they encourage activists and Student Activists to come together right from different campuses to come together, try to organize. Right. And he also says quoted as saying, fill up the jails. Right so he sees encouraging very publicly Student Activists in North Carolina to keep doing that work. Right. But hes also giving the space. Right, using the resources of slc. Right. To organize students. Right. Working together. Right. So is happening in fe