Of this book might not think its a great thing to deploy a single mom, but thats easy for you to say. You are trying to raise my children on what i was learning. The perspective was uppity. Which i think she was. The class angle is rare and its very real. If you think about it in a certain way, it sounds like you are looking down on all and desma wouldnt like that at all. So she is not somebody who wants to be seen as if it do. So there is something there in my live on the fact that i dont think it is great as a society to deploy single mothers. And i feel critical of that propensity on our part because i feel that the children are suffering as a rates told and desmas disagreement with me, i think there is a lot that we can talk about. You actually got around they were supposed to allow single mothers to have my spirit she kind of cheated. You are making an important observation. The National Guard was not recruiting single mothers, Single Parents to find out and desma got married right before she went to basic training. She was not in the position or she could have given up custody of her child which is the decision another person might make. She chose to marry her boyfriend so she was technically no longer a single mom. But there are many people in the forces who wind up in the situation later on, which is she got divorced and the marriage didnt last and she winds up a single parent again later. Now if you are married when you sign up and have custody of her children and later divorced and have custody of your children or a single parent with full custody you can still get deployment orders as patented. The longdistance parenting from her deployment in afghanistan and later in iraq is heartbreaking and she is trying so hard to be there for her kids and be a good mother. Anyway, im afraid we have to end there. I want to thank helen thorpe so much. [applause] please dont forget she will be sending upstairs. Thanks. [inaudible conversations] enough from the front and the press club of madison, mary norris offers two solutions to some of the most common grammatical problems. We are delighted to be hosting mary norris for her book between you and me pritchett began as if the checker at the Cleveland City pulled from a dutifully checking patients feet for athletes foot. Its strange to some annoyance but a major superhero origin stories, it is a fact that it is essential and foreshadows meticulous life spent defending one of the most venerated and celebrated style guides in the world. Too many here today and across the country, and mary norris is copyedited minitour occurs nothing short of superheroic. Reading between you and me, we see her humble beginning crossreferencing Article Topics all the way to the present day where she stands atop a skyscraper im a black ring pencil in hand, ready to defend the new yorker from all manner of assailants, grammatical, colloquial and otherwise. Please help me welcome transport. [applause] thank you for the amazing introduction. And thank you all for coming inside on this glorious day. We got lucky, didnt we . It is kind of true area so people are into reading when it is raining out. It is true about the foot checking, but i thought to give you an introduction i would visit the introductory part of the book that is actually about my career in the berry industry since we are hearing was on then. I went to rutgers university. That is where i chose to go when i got out of cleveland listed new brunswick, nature z. Because it had a renowned requirement of dairy science and while i was there a dictate one course in how to judge dairy cattle and i learned the differences between jerseys in brown swiss cows. Do not come in handy at all. But when i went back to cleveland after college i couldnt think of anything else to do. I called a local dairy and asked whether there were any openings for milkmen. At that it would be interesting to be in the dairy industry at any level. I had an affinity for years about owning a dairy farm. I liked cows. They lived across the cap forgot that life could weve never had a lady treads a milk truck but theres no reason not a myth that so he let me come in and talk to them. The plant was gleaming stainless steel, heated milk undercut the width of ammonia. It was the first time that could completely honest in a job interview. I didnt have any ears but it was sincerely interested in the dairy industry and you can tell from that that i had perhaps told a lie or two about the speed at which i type trying to get a job before then. I guess i didnt have to lie about the foot checking job either but that only because they didnt ask me if i knew what athletes that looked like, which i did not. On a frigid morning in february, i went along with a milkmen on a route in fairview park, a suburb on the buy side. The two sets of puzzle. A stick shift sitting down when you go long distances and the other for driving standing up when you are hopping between houses. The second set had two pedals could the clutch and brake were combined in one. When you needed to slow down or shift gears, who left the squeeze down the break on one title and you had to lift your right foot off the accelerator and balance on one heel. The route was available or they gave me the job. A generous friend lent me her car for a crash course in how to drive a stick shift. The ford man who was training me notice that i handled the chuck batters and did not mean down. The seat was designed to fold up and swing around to decide where it could be stowed out of the way. All of that had loosened it up so when i turned the Steering Wheel, the seats won in the opposite direction and i would find myself facing out the side in bed at the direction the truck was going as if i were on some disoriented Amusement Park ride. I was driving back to the plant standing up on hope park road which is the road in cleveland after the airport. I went through an underpass on the far side of the traffic light and i was almost under a nice but it was red so i had to slam on the break and steer while gripping the Steering Wheel balancing on one heel. I lost control. The truck crashed into a concrete barrier. The format was thrown into the ice cream freezer and i landed on the floor. He was okay. I was bruised and humiliated. The plant had its own tow Truck Mechanic and i wrote back wanted to buy one of his unfiltered camels. The fact that the plant had it down to attraction of led me to realize this had happened before but i thought it was a first. Performing baffling because the boss said he shouldnt of had me driving standing up and i got another chance. I had some really nice customers. There was a couple who bought only a pint of halfandhalf once a week for their coffee and some deadbeat of the kind of people who knew if they ever paid their bill in full you drop them. There is a man who rehabilitated queen ginger so contractions barrels, quarters, nickels, pennies and dimes on our belts. The houses had milk shoots her box is besides the door we put the milk between the storm door and inside door and shout milkmen. I didnt like the weird lady. It seemed not feminine side with holler milk lady and milk maid was a little too fanciful. I settled for milk woman which is a little bit too anatomically correct and made me sound like a wet nurse. So i muffled the last syllables. Milk woman. Add half a mind to stay in cleveland and tried to marry the boss son. Feebased beef cattle good i gave up the group to accept a fellowship at the university of vermont. While pursuing a masters degree in in english i cap but the interest in the dairy industry. Upn had an Agricultural School in an Ice Cream Cone program not unlike the university was complementary to milk cows that they were university cows. My first job once the academic life had worn me down was packaging mozzarella on a night shift in a cheese factory. A team of women wearing white rubber aprons pulled mozzarella out of salt water, labeled by magnum come to by magnum chemistry of the bags and stacks of boxes. I had a secret yen to drive the forklift truck. The popeye style muscles i develop my forearms catastrophe soon after i moved to new york. Sometimes on the sides of trucks making deliveries to pizzerias i still recognize the wholesalers, and the susie ramona in the red white and green on the sides of the trucks that deliver a cheese to pizzerias in brooklyn. I dont suppose i will ever belong to the brotherhood of teamsters again though i still have a show for his life and. Or have calluses on my palm from a standstill carrier full of milk. So i moved to new york and i got a job at the new yorker and the Editorial Library my first day they are there was a big snowstorm and most everybody went home, but i stayed with my boss, alan stark in the library until quitting time. When we were leaving, an editor named pat crowe got on the elevator with us. I noticed his good come of it green mud boots and set those are the kind of news we were in a cheese factory. He looked at helen and said so this is the next stop after the sheets jury . [laughter] a kind of soft peddled the dairy industry might editorial capacity after that, although with the came up once in a while. I thought for today i know youre all dying to learn about, since sorry i didnt wear my crown. I thought id give you your moneys work and then i remembered shed gotten it for free. [laughter] but i thought i would try to cover the three most important things about english grammar and usage. Some of them have to do it, as, some of them dont. But it seems to be more crucial to do today. So just to introduce what i do as a copy editor, this is from a chapter in the book called that witch. The issue is the use of that and which. Which whenever i amassed about it in public i fumble. So far i found it impossible to give a straight answer but i am going to try to stick to the book. I always forget in the popular imagination the copy editor is a bit of it which ended surprises me when someone is afraid of me. Not long ago young Editorial Assistant in her first tour of the new yorker offices pasta maker to be introduced and when she heard i was a copy editor she jumped back. As if i might poke her with a redhot or feed her a pound of commas. I dont make a habit of correcting people unless its in print and im getting paid. We wanted to change the course of the missile, harper away with a piece of prose. The image of a copy editor is someone who favors a rigid consistent v. , a mean person who enjoys pointing out other peoples errors. A lovely person just starting out in her career in publishing and is eager to make an impression. Or at worst, a bitter toward a person like to be a writer and instead got stuck. Avi is and crossing t. s and otherwise advancing careers of other writers. I suppose i had policies. There is a big fancy word for going beyond your promise. Its in websters second unabridged. So a lot of times, copy editing is about not going beyond your problems. Anticulture propagation arianism peer writers might think were applying rules and sticking it to make it to a substandard but just as often we are backing off or trying to find a balance between doing too much and doing too little. A lot of decisions you have to make our subject death. Or in tents, an issue that comes up all the time, whether to use that or which depends on what the writer means. Its interpretive not mechanical. The example in the book is that dylan thomas find the force that through the green fuse drives flowers. The force of that through the green fuse drives the flowers beard attested if you can take out the phrase what is that called . The clause. The relative clause. If you could do without it, then it is not restrict this come the something extra and you would use commas. If the sentence makes no sense, in this case the force drives the flower, that is not poetry. That means the clause is restricted and defined the meaning, in this case, the floors that through the green for use drives the flower. Not restrict his is anything else. Americans have agreed to use that when the clauses restrict venues which set off by commas when the clause is not restrict it. It works pretty well. But not always. An example of the clause everyone knows him to be their restrict the burden on restrict to is in the lords prayer. Our father who art in heaven. Matt do, verse six, line nine. Suddenly it is said and we are all in church. Just where is god . I think it is not restrict it as indicated by that. That is the phrase who art in heaven doesnt define the father. It just tells where we live. It is as if you could in their either way. Our father who by the way lives that have been except that our father is the grammatical term for direct address. In direct address there would be no need to tell god 30 years. So in the original context, and it is a cycle. If there are no commas, the implication is whoever is praying as another father. Joseph . Considerably it is restrict it to identify the heavenly father as opposed to the earthly one. Putting theology aside for a moment i might face peeking for my siblings and me, our father who art in cleveland. We would all understand that i was talking about our one and only dad in cleveland. New testament greek did without that, and the sensitive in translation has been up for grabs at first and. The latin which comes with saint jerome. Not restrict it. You can hear the comma. The english translation from the book of prayer makes it our father tran 11, which art in heaven. Even if he did later change it to you. God here is the creator, but other in a figurative sense and in a monotheistic tradition there is only one. But a modern anglican version makes it simply our father and has been, which is restrict the period our heavenly father, not an earthly one. One English Version does without thatcomma. Its a little weird. You have to admit the restrictive one is more direct. It almost goes out of its way to snub the earthly father. Do not restrict it is acknowledging that he is the father of us all in making known of his whereabouts. Im not religious, tree. So that is not a manitoba that i know a period going to persist with it. The other huge issue in English Usage today is gender. He not english blacks a genderneutral word before a pronoun of both tng. This becomes sensitive to when it becomes sensitive to the people in our lives. I am going to read a little from my chapter on gender. Perhaps the most intractable problem hovers around the consensual use of the masculine pronoun to include the feminine than the antecedent is mixed he or she or unknown or revalidate. As the last fashion of chromatic gender and the english language, the third person singular personal pronoun, he come the sheet, ham, hers, and the ancient words surrounded with where have become the most ticklish subject in modern English Usage. If the english language has some prop early organized, a word which meant he and she and i could write is shown or mary comes, he will want to play tennis. Which would save a lot of trouble. There have been many attempts to come up with a genderneutral pronoun. It would be called at the same pronoun. For instance, him or her, tom and tom and which would be borrowing from entering. Sad and here. These are used by an online group devoted to bondage. None of these have caught on but we had the venerable english language uses pandit h. W. Fowler in his book modern English Usage. He sees three makeshift solutions for this deficiency in our language. We can use to socalled masculine role in which he thunders to permit that the masculine or feminine pronoun. We can use here she, himself or herself however awkward or we can research at the nongender specific plural there, which bends the number will want finessing the gender. That is actually what is happening and what is going to happen. But we prescriptive this or against it and we will hang onto her pronouns for as long as we can. I hate to say it, but the colossal use when you meet his or her is just wrong. It may solve the gender problem and there is no doubt it is taken over the spoken language but it does so at the expense of numbers, and antecedent and get it as all the time, certainly in speech. It is not fair. Why should a common gender plural program, are feminine and not doing down, our kings and queens in jest. Nobody seemed to take very seriously a fourth possibility. Why not mix it up a little . Why cant a woman is feminine pronouns if she feels like it and what is stopping a man for once in a while throwing in her or she. Ryan garner was modern american usage. He entertains us very briefly, but he thinks it could be dangerous but a male writer could be making it even worse and teasing women, but i personally find when a male writer uses a feminine program i find it very in hearing. I know that it was a thing that david foster gave him ascend to your providers have started to do it and i think that in a male writer in the use of pronouns is admirable. Singing the odious of the small minority of men who are secure in their masculinity to use seven and third person singular. So i think it is possible that the makeshift come more easily. Sometimes her, sometimes him because ive experienced pronoun transplants. Nothing makes it clearer how intimately and deeply pronouns are embedded than having to alter them to refer to someone youve known all your life. When i started studying italian i was trying to figure out which nouns are amended and which are masculine and its not always easy. Because it is a notice in the next masculine. All kinds of tricks to it. Was trying to figure this out, and gender of the set of the text that came into my life. My younger brother announced he was trained gender. Hes two years younger than me and we have been close for the state that we at close to be grouped together in cleveland. They both escaped to new york. We were friends, calm for not, drinking buddies. This chapter goes on to describe the pronoun were simply fun and im happy to say my siblings and i come to my sister and i are good friends now. What has really jumped out in this paragraph. I dont know if you know the sentence deane was two years younger than me. I got so many letters about that sentence. People are reading along in the book and they think they should read no mistake because theyre absolutely right and im sorry if there are mistakes in the book. That is not one of them. Ive been doing these videos for the new yorker and i just made one about the word fan and i try to answer all these letters at once so i could just answer the letter saying please see my video. Then can be a conjunction and i also learned third grade that sentence should have been d. Was two years younger than i because it would introduce subordinate clause i think. And youre supposed to hear the understood younger than i was. Do you need a pronoun that is in the nominative case. But then its also prepositioned i