And the election isnt until next week so we have this lovely window of time in which to prepare professor mueller. He crashed his own revolutionary theory. When it makes testable predictions becky begins by laying out a remarkably clear explanation of the Physics Building blocks. I even understood that part. Relativity, entanglement, antimatter and the big bang which you all just been talking about. With the state said he reveals a startling way forward which i a mere mortal could not begin to explain. His new book has gotten wonderful reviews from people like Neil Degrasse tyson says its a master class in what time is an outline why we proceed with the way we do. Saul perlmutter the Nobel Prize Winner in physics said a remarkably fresh and exciting approach to the analysis of time. His usual clarity and weight he perceives from established principles but when he gets to the meaning of the flow of time and now, he forges a new path. There are also cartoons in this book. Quite fun. Tim ferris, the author of comingofage in the milky way said, concise shed light on times dark mysteries rex Richard Muller makes his case in this clear, provocative and wide reaching investigation about nature may generate the flow of time. Must reading for all concerned with the why behind when. Richard muller is professor of physics at uc berkeley, by all accounts a legendary and popular teacher and lecturer. He is also the author of physics for future president s, and energy for future president s, copies of which are right here. His outstanding work in cosmology he was awarded in 1982 macarthur genius fellowship. Also as we were just saying a share of the 2015 write their prize in fundamental physics for the discovery of dark energy. Please welcome richard Richard Muller. [applause] thank you very much. I think all of you for coming. Good turnout. This was originally scheduled on the day, the day the last debate. I thought the same people who read books probably force themselves to watch the debate site didnt want there to be an overlap. We changed the date. I dont know if the world series would have stopped you from coming or not, but i watch one baseball game every year. The game of the world series. I watched last night. It was a great game. I was told what i should do is read some excerpts from my book. I thought that does make sense. So let me do that. I have picked out a few. Please feel free to interrupt me at anytime. I have taught at uc berkeley. You dont have to worry about discombobulated me or of changing my flow. Just interrupt me when you have a question. Im going to begin with i think i printed out. On this i have a statement. And the statement is full. It is not true. But in a moment it will be true. And depending on when you read it, i dont know when it will be true. Maybe it wont be true and i will know if it will because maybe you wont read it. Maybe your eyes dont work that well, but here is my statement that i could write that is about to become true. If anybody in the back cant see that. The purpose of this, the bottom part says, this is an excerpt from content. How could i see the truth that i dont know . This was simply an introduction to a quandary about time that has bothered me for decades. I would teach about time in my classes. I would teach relativity to the members of the football team. My class physics to future president. I taught half of the cal football team. My goal was the theory of relativity is not difficult mathematically. Thats not what makes it challenging. It is conceptually difficult. We will come to that in a moment. And i sometimes think its easier to teach to children that it is to adults because einstein was saying time is valuable. Its strange. But its not strange to children. They know when they are having good time, time goes fast. When youre having a bad time, time go slowly. Children are are ready for that. We teach ourselves at different rates. That makes relatively difficult. Relativity itself is conceptually and everything talking about today is fundamentally a conceptual problem. It is not a math problem. You have to understand einstein elaborate and highly mathematical equations of general relativity to understand the basic features of the general relativity and now this all ties together. Let me read some excerpts. I begin the book with what i just showed you. Heres the fact about you, one that few people know, maybe no one other than you yourself, you are reading this book right now. In fact i could be more precise. You reading the word now right now. Or if i stated something that you knew was true but i did know it still dont know, assuming youre reading this book at home, not here. Youre reading the word now right now. I am completely oblivious of that fact unless of course im standing over you, over your shoulder and youre pointing with your fingers as you read. Now is an extremely simple yet fascinating and mysterious concept. You know what it means yet you find it difficult to define without being circular. Now is the moment in time that separates the past from the future. Okay, i try defining past and future without using the word now. What you meant by the past and future, its constantly changing. A short time ago reading this paragraph was in the future. Now most of it is already in the past. Now that entire paragraph is in the past. This is from the introduction. Youre welcome to skip when youre First Reading the book. Books are supposed of introductions, but sometimes the fun begins when the book begins. You read the introduction at the end. The elusive meaning of now has been a stumbling block in the development of physics. We understand time dilation, such relativity, from velocity and from gravity. By the way clocks run faster upstairs. Its been done. People get really sensitive clocks. They put the upstairs, put them down here, they compare them sometime later. So is Everything Else but you wouldnt notice it because you would be running faster, too. Its a small fact that it is measurable and it has been measured. We understand that. These are the things i teach in my class, physics for future president s. What i mean is this. It occurs on the moon and one occurs here. We say their simultaneous. If you were sitting on a moving object like the moon, they would no longer be simultaneous. Which ones comes first . This one of this one . It depends on what youre sitting on. If your rocket is going this way, then this one will be first. If the rock is going this way than this one will be first. This is absolutely part of relativity. If it bothers you its because you have been taught probably by your parents when you were a kid that simultaneity is an absolute thing. Get there on time. Everybody knows what time is. Thats the reading. The basic drawing board of physics is not as a spacetime diagram. You have come across spacetime and diagrams. It ignores these issues and physicist sometime perversely treat this absence as a strength and conclude that the fall of time is an illusion. Thats backwards. As long as the meaning of now eludes us, further advances in understanding time, the key aspect of reality continue to be stalled. My aim of the book is to bring together the physics assembly pieces like a jigsaw puzzle until a clear picture of now emerges. For this process to work with also have to remove the jigsaw pieces that to become mistakenly jammed in the wrong place. Have you ever done a jigsaw puzzle . My fatherinlaw was a jigsaw puzzle and he just, just didnt fit. And then i had this brilliant insight. I said, maybe something is placed in, maybe this, look, i found a piece that maybe that should move down there. And then this moves up there and it all came together. The jigsaw puzzle piece jammed into the wrong place can prevent you from completing the picture. And over the years that ive taught about time several sober things that really bothered me. I was convinced they were wrong. One of them is a pretty standard picture, if youve ever read any book about time you probably read that, why we remember the past instead of remembering the future, sounds pretty trivial but thats the sort of thing that physicists worry about. If you know the future you can predict the past. If you know the past you can predict the future. A classical physics anyway. So why why this time to move forward . Entropy. Most books explain entropy in a mysterious way. I was convinced the entropy theory was wrong and to convince you that its wrong i had to make entropy theory really clear so you would understand what its all about. I try to do that. Yes, please. [inaudible] maybe this is wrong timing but have you ever had the experience we turn on the light and off the light and just where your hand is back year and its actually over here . There something about the mind thats very tricky. Im wondering if it has spacetime of its own . That are times, maybe im crazy, i have trouble turning off the light. Did it go off . It clicked. But i know my hand was down here thats a wellknown effect and if they convinced of it in Japanese Television. So in Japanese Television they have three d movies for kids but there just too deep. Still have object moving like this. Now if you wear glasses one side of this is darker than the other. Then there will be a time delay in the one that doctors. You dont see it as quickly. As a result you will see it in a slight different rush as i can give you 3d effect. There Something Else also going on . Do you think there really is an abstract instinct we had some other throws us off . Is there something in her early and hartley, basically different that were not aware of that we have about time . I think there is, but i think its the effect i just talked about. That the time that you see something depends on the signal getting into your eye but not just getting into. I does a lot of processing. Figuring out what it is and then turns it to the brain and in the brain figures about. That processing takes longer for dim objects than bright objects. That could explain what youre talking about. When you try to make it conscious its one of those things thats so elusive spirit i love optical illusions spew im just wondering if its better left laid unconscious spirit my feeling is, not be unaware of things. Now, heres what einstein said. This was written in a book by a philosopher, physicist, and what, he quotes einstein and saying since science in principle can say all that can be said im on the wrong place. Here we go. Albert einstein was troubled by the concept of now. I did know this until i started writing the book. He was bothered by the same thing that bothered me over most of my life. Einstein said the problem of the now worried him. Heres a guy who took time, which previously was simply a way of describing events and said we can study time itself. To me that was his great genius, to put i say, he gave physics the gift of time. He made it a part of physics. Before that it was like the stage on which the acting takes place, but after einstein, we were studying the stage, too. Einstein said the problems now worried him seriously. He explained the experience of the now means Something Special for man, something essentially different from the past and the future but that this important difference does not and cannot occur within physics. The physics page cannot be grasped by science seem to have a matter of painful but inevitable resignation. So he concluded quote that there is something essential about the now which is just outside the realm of science. Wow. Einstein. [inaudible] spirit the initial statement, id like to hear that one more time, please spirit einstein said the problem of the now worried him seriously. The experience of having Something Special for man. He didnt have an answer. He was looking for something. Id like to dream about what einstein, i dont think einstein had the physics known at the time that was necessary for the elucidation of now. I think since einstein, the advances weve had in quantum theory, the advances in understanding the big bang, these are what make time and the flow of time once again part of physics. Now, to get to the end of the book, let me simply say that i bring time into the realm of physics. I had an experiment that will test my theory of time, and yet the reason that now, that moment is so special to us lies outside the realm of physics. It has to do with our consciousness. I could talk more about that or you could read the book. Let me go on with some more quotes. Despite its appearance of all does not come from a childrens book. The question is where does this come from . The clue is its not from the childrens section back there. Heres the quote. If for instance, i say, the train arrived here at 7 00, i mean Something Like this. The pointing of the small end of my watch 27 and the arrival of the train are simultaneous. So that quote sounds like maybe something to do with that sentence appeared in the premier physics journal of its day on june 30, 1905. The article was likely the most profound and important article in physics since 1687 when isaac newton effectively jumpstarted visits with his publication. The author of those words was a man who would later become the icon of genius of scientific productivity, a man named 95 years later designated by Time Magazine properly named as the man of the century. Thats an honor that you dispute. These words about the small end of the watch were written by albert einstein. Why is he getting back to what you teach a sixyearold . And the reason was his relativity theory was not difficult mathematically, was conceptually. He had to get people thinking about what they really mean by simultaneous. And he wrote his article and that was in the annalen der physik, the premier science journal. For example, if i say the train arrived at 7 00 i mean Something Like this. The point of a small bit of watch points to a seven. Okay. Thats just wonderful. The same thing is true, everybody who can understand everything in my book. I put in some equation for people who want to go further, mostly they are in the appendix. You dont have to look at them. In fact, you could jump around the book. Go to what you want to read. If theres some term the lexus and chicken i did a really good index. Most book these days have wrote several indices. I insist on doing my own index. Very good. Okay, what are we . This is something original with me which i have taught in my classes many, many times. I call it the tacky on murder. So tacky on is hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light. Wait a minute, nothing can travel faster than speed of light. Its not a law of physics. What the physical law says is nothing can travel at the speed of light unless it has zero mask. You can have anything that moves slower than the speed of light, get up to more than the speed of light but physicists speculate that might be something they call a tachyon. And tacky ons would travel faster than the speed of light at about three years ago there was a report, an observation that the observation of a tachyon from geneva at the institute. And he later they were, it was in this observation. It was going less than th the sd of light. So the people who search for tachyons knowing that if they see a tachyon it will establish their credentials in physics. Let me read a little bit longer accept here but its interesting. A tachyon has a surprising role in our understanding of free will. At that point that out in this book, i think this is the first of this is been in print, this concept. Let me read a deeper the tachyon murder. The strange relativity result that the order of events can be opposite for different reference prints. Remember the mood and here, which have been first depends on which way your objects are going. Latest in aspect of reality. The deeper issue of causality and free will. These issues can be traumatized by the story of the tachyon murder. A tachyon is hypothetical particle the travel faster than the speed of light. And then i say relativity doesnt rule that out. Discovered tachyon it should exist and you make physics history. Yet despite the upside of such a discovered i decided many years ago not to bother searching for tachyons. My reason borders on the religious. I believe that i have free will and existence of tachyons would violate that. Let me explain. Imagine that mary is standing 4e has a tachyon gun that fires tacky and bullets that move up four times the speed of light. She fires skipping a few words here and john is killed. Mary is brought to trial. She doesnt ignite any of the facts that were described the chances on an unusual change of venue. She says shes right to argue the case in whatever reference frame she chooses. They are are valid as of the judge so he allows her to proceed. She chooses a frame moving at half light speed. That frame is valid. In the earth frame the two events are separated by 10 nanoseconds. But as i show in the appendix in the frame she picked, john died before she fired. So this you think of as the paradox. This physicist, people like richard dawkins, would say thats not a paradox. John dies, she fires, she had no choice. We are simply the result of lots of little molecules bouncing around. We may have the illusion of free will but she couldnt decide not to fire. Those two events are linked. Which happened first hardly matters. Thats dawkins pointed, about atheists. Okay . I draw a different conclusion. If someone finds a tachyon and approves possible to do this then i will admit that my understanding of free will is wrong, that mary doesnt have free will, and we have thrown free will i think free will is testable, its falsifiable. Thats fastened to me. Thats never been said anywhere in print. I have said that in my class many times. Its never been set in print. It shows there is a relationship when were thinking about time and thinking about free will, that you are late to each other. I delve into the book after you establish all of physics. You have to read it and if you dont like that kind of stuff but it is in their. Spirit is there a part of you that has free will something that physical, chemical and something extra . Thats what i think. I talk a lot about that. There are many things that are a physical, a chemical. Ill give you an example that you understand, the fact that the square of two is irrational. Could never have been discovered from physics, from chemistry, from any of the experimental sciences. Its an abstract truth that exists independent of the physical world. I get lots of other examples, too. I started, this book is an interesting genesis. It started when my wife it was here, rosemary, say hello. And i were watching a tv series called outlander about time travel. Time travel use to be, there were a few books about it. The first book i ever read on time travel was mark twain, connecticut yankee in king arthurs court. That came out six years before wells came out with his time machine. Go back to the