Humans can fly. Thats a truth that is only been with us for over a century. Humans can walk on the moon, again, less than half a century of truth to us. Considering our time as human species on the planet, those are all really short times to know these things. Now, what i expect that in 16 years of now, a small crew of six women and men will be en route to mars. Think about it, only 16 years from now that can be true, too. But if we want that to happen, we today will have to ensure that we keep track with our human mars program. Looking at you, my audience, i know that im looking at the experts that can make this happen. As you truly are the best and the brightest in all fields we need to send humans to mars. Lets show our resolve. Lets keep building the infrastructure needed. Lets keep testing and proofing. Lets make humans on mars and obvious fact, too. Lets get underway now. I now have a great pleasure to introduce to people that have worked diligently in getting humans off plan and to mars for many years at first, bret drake, space architect with the space, the aerospace cooperation. Bret has over 32 years of experience of Systems Engineering spaceflight architecture, mission design, experience both at nasa and industry. In his 26 years with nasa, bret drake helped lead the agency in the design and analysis of human spaceflight approaches beyond lowearth orbit, and bret works, as i said, for the Aerospace Corporation leading the humans off plan and on to mars. The other speaker i would like to introduce is mike raftery. He is one of the leaders of our last great space project, and if i say great space project, i of course am mentioning the International Space station. And i think that being so that makes them very wellsuited for our present expense project, putting humans on mars, as he brings experience of largescale System Integration and International Corporation to our team and both will be necessary for Human Missions to mars. Mike has worked 33 years as part of boeing company contributing to human spaceflight. Plenty of experience for Human Mars Missions and, therefore, explore mars is proud and happy to have him also on our board of directors. At present mike as president of the corporation which is a a texasbased business dedicated to Planetary Science and education. Bret and drake, please come out. [applause] thank you, artemis. Good morning, everybody. Im standing in for joe. So good morning, everyone. We are here to talk this morning about the mars report, which we just finished published, and he came out this morning with the press release, and is available online. All of you that here at the conference got the support in your packet so i would encourage you to check it out, read it. Its an excellent report. So bret and i just got to spend a few minutes talking of whats in the support and give you a high level overview of it. We started this report, explore mars, three years ago to try to pull together reliable information that the community could use about the progress towards mars and making the mars mission happen. One of the really interesting and nice things about this is that over time these reports will chronicle the progress the were making and will be able to look back at them and see how we did. This year weve made a lot of Good Progress come subbasin that we will be going through each of the sections of the report pretty quickly. It you take it to minutes or so for us to do that. Basically we will get going on that now. So the first section of the report and a critical element of the mission to mars is the science precursor missions or Robotic Missions that we doing prior to the Human Missions. They allow us to get all the information we need about mars thats critical to make the later missions happen. This has been a very big year for the Science Program. Weve had a lot of great progress from msl curiosity rover its been working its way up mount sharp and dishes been working its way through the murray formation area and got some of the most fantastic pictures that if ever been taken on the surface of mars. So if you havent seen these pictures i really recommend you go online and find them. But it makes it really clear that this was a wet environment, this murray formation area had water in it for many, many years, and the sedimentation layers are clearly visible in the photographs that were taken, such as fantastic. Also supporting is the orbiters that are in orbit around mars, so the odyssey and maven and exomars of course is there as well. These orbiters have been finding subsurface ice, and this is a lot of ice, estimates initially are several areas that look to be on the size of lake superior. So these are quite large ice formations, they are subsurface. The future of the Science Program is very busy. There are a lot of activities planned and you can see those on the chart. A lot of International Missions are coming to the fore noted chinas announced a mission, Robotic Mission to mars. Of course weve got nasa several missions that are in the plans. Exomars has another mission thats coming also. And, of course, india and united emirates are also, india has a a mission their net and united emirates has one on the way. So its become a very International Program and obviously there are commercial efforts as well. You can see spacex has a mission they are hoping to do up there as well. But if the team looks forward to the things you really need to get done, they had some recommendations and one of the first is, we need a replacement orbiter for the mro. The mro has been on orbit for ten plus years now, and so its been doing a marvelous job but its been there quite a while and so its time to get ready for a new orbiter that will take up that mission and provide the communications that are necessary. Also a Mars Sample Return Mission is a high Priority Mission for the team, this will start to work some of the other aspects that we will need for the human mission. We sent a lot of Robotic Missions to mars but nothing has ever come back from there. So the ascent portion of the mission is critical, and the mars sample return will work that. All right, thank you, mike. Next section in the report you will see is a discussion of architectures of systems necessary for human exploration of mars. One of the things thats happened into a 16, early 2017 is there some advancement from a lot of the companies and organizations after looking at human to Mars Missions and what it would take pics of exams are shown, i keep martin improved their thinking on the Mars Base Camp strategy which is starting off its horrible missions around mars, suppercaseletter and on the service, exploring the moons and eventually leads to a human landing on the surface of mars, reusable single stage launch vehicle, descent vehicle using liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen. The boeing company approve that they get on their lunar outpost leading to a mars mission withered and presystems in space and conduct Orbital Missions exploring surface landing missions. Theyve improved their thinking. September spacex elon musk announced his thoughts on human exploration of mars. Its more of a colonization approach where he envisions reducing the price cost of launch and transport to mars drastically to enable any citizen to try to go to mars here hes improving his thinking, dancing things like his raptor engine, his large oxygen tank which are critical elements. Hes got some additional thoughts of what the early expiration would look like. Aerojet rocketdyne, so investment in electric propulsion and thinking of some of the precursor missions. Recently nasa release some other thoughts on what they call deep space gateway, establishing a small outpost near the moon that would be critical in understanding assistance, operations, defend some of the key technologies and understand a lot of the Human Factors aspects we can talk in a little bit. But that gateway can serve as a deep space port if you will put it simply of the mars transfer vehicles that return back for the next mission. So in a vision of regional Transportation System is what nasas thinking about right now. In terms of some of the key findings that the team has come up with, looking at things, feel that affordability is one of the key aspects. With all these teams look at different concepts, and you saw in the earlier discussions, theres a wide range of system capabilities and concepts for architecture development, but thats a good, healthy thing getting alternative viewpoints, alternative ideas onto the table helps understand, helps the community understand what makes sense and what doesnt. So its a healthy dialogue amongst the space community. Affordability is one of the key aspects. Way to make sure tried the costs down and affordability is a key aspect that explore mars is looking at, trying to develop architecture and system concepts that provide sufficient return for the stakeholders. Thats always going to be keeping if it does have sufficient return for the stakeholders then they will not fund it. And sustainability is not the key aspect that the team has really been looking on. In a lot of these aspects, developing an architecture as a sustainable, one that is not just a flash in the pan, that would be a short duration system but one that can be conducted over many years. Theres a strong belief that a wellfounded science objective and site strategy could help bring the site and the human exploration communities together. So continuing that effort is very key. And bottom line from all of this, the team, mars is achievable. Theres been a lot of discussion in the previous, previous architecture discussions and thinking that mars is really hard and theres all these key impediments keeping us from going to mars, but there was a workshop that was held with explore mars, American Astronomical Society back in december what we brought experts from the costs from across the country to look at what are the key long poles of keeping us from getting to rvr today to mars . Looking at all the systems and technology and all those teens look at whats required to get from where we are today to there, and the common consensus was mars is achievable. It will be hard but it is not, its not an impossible dream. That was good news from a lot of these aspects. In terms of the systems for the architecture, a lot of them are making a lot of progress. Orion are in production right now, orion crew module is at the Kennedy Space in and theyre going through assembly and test. The Service Module is in construction in germany as part of the esa contribution for the mission. Sls, a lot of production going on at marshall, at the Kennedy Space center. A lot of assembly getting ready for the expiration mission, one test coming up soon. In terms of habitation, deep space habitat, nasa is following a deep space, next up broad area announcement. With several different organizations looking at different habitation concepts, lifesupport systems. Again thats driving towards the deep space gateway of a system that we can use to prove the systems and the technologies. Advancement continuing and advanced space propulsion. Solar electric propulsion for cargo vehicles and perhaps the crew vehicle is being worked on hard, aerojet, thats advancing really well. In terms of the senate and as sent, descent and a set, there are critical issues. What are we trying to accomplish . Of record use resources or bring all of our fuel with us . Those all drive size of the Asset Vehicle which eventually drives the size of the descent vehicle. We know we need to land larger payloads to the only land about one metric ton. Weve got to get at least 20 metric tons. New concepts are being explored for that and is making progress there as well. Then the Service Systems can what were doing on the surface of mars, the rovers, habitat the things like that are still in early conceptual phase right now. We have a special section on that that she will try go into more depth for some of the Human Factors aspect of some the things last year, 20152016 the was a Yearlong Mission conducted by scott kelly that provide as a wealth of data showing that humans can live in space for long page of time. There are still some aspects we need to solve, bone the calcification and things like that the calcification. Were getting good data, space station will continue help us in understanding how he was live and work in space for long prints of time. Then we will evolve to this deep space gateway. Giving humans out beyond the earth magnetosphere into deep space, how the crews operate in remote environments in confined spaces for long present time will help provide is a lot of information that we will need on the drive towards mars. And not just Human Factors but also the whole human health and Research Program is also looking at 31 critical aspects of the human health. Im trying to try this risk and as much as can so we have a Rich Research advancing that aspect as well. Policy is also a really important part of this report, and we have to looks like i went too far. There we go. Weve focused on it again this year, this report. Normally its international and domestic policy. This year tends to be a look at more domestic. We are pretty standard of the domestic partner is not that it is anything happening in the International World that theres a lot of things happening in the domestic world. Thats what we focus on this year. And, of course, one of the big events that happened was the passing of the nasa transition authorization act. Just to remind folks, the last time that we had an authorization act fast was in 2010. This was a really big deal that we had at administration change, and yet we still had strong bipartisan support for nasa and got this act fast and into law. Also in the act is some of the strongest language that weve ever seen associated with endorsing a mission to mars. So this is a really good harbinger for the Mars Community come people that are working on missions to mars. Im proud to say that our report was actually referenced in the act, so thats good. That means that people are reading it and its helping make a difference. The other big event thats happening is the administration has announced the formation of the National Space council. We havent seen this actually happen yet both we know that this plan so well be watching that with great interest and will be talking about that probably next year in the report. The final section of the report has to do with public engagement. This has been in the report from the beginning as well because its a really important part of the overall effort for sending humans to mars. Making sure that the public understands what were doing, why were doing it and is able to participate in it as well. We think its very important and we think that their signs that this is really starting to catch old. Youve seen a lot of media offerings coming out in the last year, new movies, books, Netflix Series on mars generation. So these are all signs that the public is really starting to engage. Weve always had very strong polling numbers for mars support with the public. That strength continues. So as a community we need to continue to support this and support the media when they ask us for help. Finally, i just want to put up here the names of all the folks that worked on the report. A pretty distinguished group of people. I think youll agree as you look at that. They worked very hard on this and did a terrific job. So if you get a chance, pull it out of your packet and read it. If youre watching this Conference Online you can go to explore mars website and youll be able to download a copy of the report from there. So with that, chris, i think we are done. So questions . I think we may have a minute or two. [applause] thank you. Here comes artemis. Thank you very much. Thanthank you, mike and bret. Well, it is my pleasure to introduce the president present administrator of nasa, acting administrator as it said but administrator nevertheless. Robert lightfoot became administrator when the new president took office on the 23rd of january, 2017. He has, like many of our speakers, over 30 years of experience in space, has been with nasa for nearly 30 years, and he started there is a test engineer for the shuttle engines in 1989, serving in many capacities. In ten years later nasas Astronaut Corps present him with a silver snoopy award. I love these awards. For his contributions to the success of human spaceflight missions. So all in all a good man to have on our conference. I would like to introduce to you robert lightfoot. [applause] well, good morning. Its great to be here. I really appreciate you asked me to participate in this gathering, you know, the way we talk about mars you would think he was onto something we were interested in doing. I was at a summit last week with the aeronautics and space expiration board, engine report over at the academies. This was a topic that came up quite a bit in terms of civil space and destination for civil space in general. Its always interesting to see the different opinions and the different thoughts. I think a nice thing about it is that everybody believes that this is a horizon will as an agency, is get to mars. If you think about it, humans, clearly we are always there from a scientific perspective with the rovers we have on the surface now. But i think ever since viking, weve kind of said well, we need to get there, we need to be ther